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Syllabary

A syllabary is a writing system in which each character, or grapheme, represents a distinct syllable—a phonetic unit typically consisting of a vowel alone or a consonant-vowel combination, and occasionally a consonant-vowel-consonant sequence.^[1] Unlike alphabetic systems that encode individual phonemes or logographic systems that represent whole words or morphemes, syllabaries provide a middle ground by approximating the rhythmic structure of spoken language through syllable-based signs, making them particularly suited to languages with relatively simple syllable inventories.^[2]^[3] The origins of syllabaries trace back to ancient Mesopotamia around 2600–2500 BCE, where the Sumerian cuneiform script evolved from an earlier accounting system into a mixed logo-syllabic form, incorporating phonetic signs to represent syllables alongside ideograms for broader expressive purposes such as royal inscriptions and religious texts.^[1] This innovation marked a pivotal shift in human communication, enabling the transcription of spoken language beyond numerical records and influencing subsequent scripts across the Near East and beyond.^[1] By the 2nd millennium BCE, syllabic principles appeared in the Aegean region with Linear B, a script used for Mycenaean Greek from approximately 1450 to 1200 BCE, consisting of about 89 signs that primarily denote open syllables (vowel or consonant-vowel) and were inscribed on clay tablets for administrative purposes.^[4] In more recent history, syllabaries have been independently invented or adapted for specific languages, demonstrating their adaptability to diverse linguistic needs. The Cherokee syllabary, created by Sequoyah in the early 1820s, features 85 characters representing the language's syllables and rapidly achieved near-universal literacy among the Cherokee people, facilitating the publication of newspapers, laws, and literature in their native tongue.^[5] Similarly, Japanese kana—comprising hiragana and katakana—emerged in the 9th–10th centuries CE from simplified forms of Chinese characters (kanji), serving to phonetically transcribe native Japanese words, grammatical particles, and foreign loanwords, respectively, and forming an essential component of modern Japanese writing alongside kanji.^[6]^[7] Other notable examples include the ancient Cypriot syllabary and the modern Yi script of China, underscoring the enduring utility of syllabaries in preserving and revitalizing languages with syllable-prominent phonologies.^[2]^[8]

Fundamentals

Definition

A syllabary is a phonetic writing system in which each character, or glyph, represents a syllable, typically consisting of a consonant-vowel (CV) combination, a vowel alone (V), or occasionally other simple syllable structures.^[9] This contrasts with alphabetic systems, where characters denote individual phonemes, and logographic systems, where symbols represent words or morphemes. Syllabaries thus bridge phonetic representation and syllabic units, allowing writers to encode spoken language by combining these symbols to form words.^[1] In linguistic terms, the core principle of a syllabary is that its symbols directly map to the phonetic syllables of the language, rather than breaking them down into smaller segmental units like consonants and vowels separately or larger meaningful units like morphemes. This design facilitates a balance between simplicity and expressiveness for languages with relatively predictable syllable structures. For example, in the Japanese kana syllabaries (hiragana and katakana), the character か (ka) stands for the entire syllable /ka/, without distinct signs for /k/ and /a/.^[9] The term "syllabary" has been used since at least the 16th century but gained prominence in the 19th century to describe innovative non-alphabetic scripts, such as the Cherokee syllabary developed by Sequoyah around 1821, which consists of 85 symbols each representing a Cherokee syllable.^[10]^[11] While pure syllabaries exist, some systems may include minor deviations, such as additional markers for certain sounds, though the primary focus remains on syllabic representation.^[9]

Core Characteristics

In a syllabary, each character represents a distinct syllable, typically structured as a consonant-vowel (CV) combination, a lone vowel (V), or occasionally a consonant-consonant-vowel (CCV) sequence, thereby encoding phonetic units larger than individual phonemes but smaller than whole words.^[12] This approach results in a finite inventory of symbols, usually ranging from 50 to 100 characters, sufficient to cover the syllable patterns of languages with relatively simple phonological structures.^[13] For instance, the Japanese hiragana system employs 46 basic symbols for core CV and V forms, with diacritics for modifications.^[3] Syllabaries are generally arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom, depending on the script's tradition, and words are formed by sequencing these symbols without intervening spaces in many cases, creating a continuous flow that mirrors the rhythmic flow of spoken syllables.^[14] This arrangement facilitates readability in syllable-timed languages, where the steady beat of syllables aids in parsing the text visually.^[15] One key advantage of syllabaries is their relative ease of acquisition for speakers of languages with predictable syllable structures, as learners can quickly master a compact set of symbols to represent common phonetic chunks, leading to high literacy rates in some implementations, such as the Cherokee syllabary in the 19th century.^[3] However, a notable disadvantage arises from the limited symbol inventory, which can lead to ambiguities in distinguishing homophones or subtle phonetic variations, particularly in languages with tonal elements or complex consonant clusters that exceed the basic CV framework, potentially requiring additional conventions like diacritics.^[12] Furthermore, related syllables (e.g., /pa/ and /pi/) often lack visual or structural similarity in their symbols, complicating intuitive learning compared to alphabetic systems.^[3]

Historical Development

Ancient Origins

The earliest known developments of syllabary-like writing systems emerged in ancient Mesopotamia, where cuneiform script evolved from a logographic system of pictographic signs representing words or concepts, initially used for the Sumerian language around 3000 BCE.^[16] As non-Sumerian speakers, particularly the Akkadians, adopted the script for their own Semitic language, they repurposed many logograms to represent phonetic syllables, creating a mixed logo-syllabic system by approximately 2500 BCE.^[16] This adaptation allowed for the recording of Akkadian texts, such as administrative documents and royal inscriptions, marking one of the first instances where a syllabic principle was systematically applied to accommodate a different linguistic structure.^[16] The Byblos script, also termed the pseudo-hieroglyphic script, appears in inscriptions from the Phoenician city of Byblos dating to between the 24th and 15th centuries BCE, and is interpreted by some scholars as a primarily syllabic system used for a Northwest Semitic language.^[17] These roughly 100 distinct signs, often resembling simplified Egyptian hieroglyphs, were employed on artifacts like stone slabs and ivory plaques, suggesting an attempt to develop a more phonetic writing method distinct from pure logography, though its full decipherment eludes modern linguists.^[17] Another ancient syllabary is the Cypriot syllabary, used from around the 11th century BCE to the 3rd century BCE for writing the Arcadocypriot Greek dialect and the undeciphered Eteocypriot language. It consisted of approximately 55 signs representing open syllables, inscribed on clay tablets, coins, and monuments for administrative, religious, and dedicatory purposes.^[18] A more clearly attested syllabary arose in the Aegean with Linear B, developed around 1450 BCE for writing Mycenaean Greek, the earliest documented form of an Indo-European language.^[19] This script, consisting of about 90 syllabic signs representing open syllables (consonant-vowel combinations), was adapted from the undeciphered Minoan Linear A system and used primarily on clay tablets for palatial administrative records in sites like Knossos and Pylos until around 1200 BCE.^[19] Linear B represents the first fully verified syllabary tailored to a non-Semitic Indo-European tongue, highlighting its utility in linear, phonetic notation over complex logographic forms.^[20] Syllabaries frequently originated as practical simplifications of preexisting logographic systems, enabling speakers of non-native languages to phonetically approximate foreign scripts for their own use, as seen in the Akkadian adaptation of Sumerian cuneiform.^[16]

Evolution Across Cultures

In the 9th century CE, during Japan's Heian period, the syllabaries hiragana and katakana emerged as phonetic adaptations of Chinese kanji characters to better represent the Japanese language's structure. Hiragana developed from cursive forms of man'yōgana, a system using kanji solely for their phonetic values, simplifying complex characters into fluid symbols for native Japanese words and grammatical elements. Katakana, meanwhile, arose from abbreviated kanji radicals, initially used by Buddhist scholars to gloss Chinese texts, evolving into a distinct script for foreign loanwords and onomatopoeia. These innovations addressed the limitations of kanji's logographic focus, facilitating broader literacy among the aristocracy and women who were often excluded from formal Chinese education.^[21] Across the Atlantic, the Cherokee syllabary represents a remarkable 19th-century innovation tailored to an indigenous North American context. In 1821, Sequoyah, a monolingual Cherokee silversmith lacking formal education, completed a system of 86 symbols (later refined to 85) after over a decade of experimentation, drawing inspiration from the visual efficiency of English writing but designing it purely to encode Cherokee syllables. Unlike alphabetic systems, it prioritized the language's polysyllabic nature, allowing fluent speakers to master reading and writing in days. The Cherokee National Council officially adopted it in 1825, sparking rapid cultural dissemination.^[22]^[11] Other syllabaries illustrate similar adaptive evolutions in non-Western settings. The Yi script of southwestern China, used for Nuosu and related languages, traces its development to at least the 15th century, with traditional accounts linking it to the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), though the earliest surviving inscriptions date to the Ming period around 1450–1600; it functions as a syllabary with over 800 glyphs, historically restricted to ritual and elite use before 20th-century reforms. In 1905, British missionary Samuel Pollard, collaborating with Miao (Hmong-Mien) speakers, invented the Pollard script for the A-Hmao language in Guizhou Province, blending Latin influences with syllabic principles to promote evangelism and education among Miao communities previously without a writing system.^[23]^[24] These developments underscore syllabaries' role in cultural empowerment and literacy expansion. The Cherokee syllabary, for instance, achieved near-universal adoption within years, enabling the launch of the Cherokee Phoenix in 1828—the first Native American newspaper—bilingual in English and Cherokee, which disseminated news, laws, and literature to foster national identity amid colonial pressures. Such adaptations not only preserved linguistic heritage but also accelerated societal progress in marginalized communities.^[22]^[11]

Classification

Pure Syllabaries

A pure syllabary is a writing system in which each symbol corresponds directly to a single syllable, typically without diacritics or modifications to alter vowel qualities within a consonant-vowel (CV) framework.^[25] This one-to-one mapping ensures that symbols represent fixed phonetic units, such as open syllables (CV) or occasionally pure vowels (V), making the system suitable for languages with relatively simple syllable structures and a limited number of distinct syllables.^[25] Prominent examples of pure syllabaries include the Mycenaean Linear B script. Linear B, used for an early form of Greek from approximately 1450 to 1200 BCE, consists of around 87 to 90 signs, primarily encoding CV syllables with five vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and no systematic way to modify signs for voicing or other features.^[26] The Cherokee syllabary, developed in the early 19th century, features 85 characters that represent CV combinations as well as a few single consonants (C) for syllable-final positions, accommodating the language's phonetic patterns without additional modifiers, though some analyses classify it as imperfect due to these features.^[27] The inventory size of pure syllabaries generally ranges from 40 to 100 symbols, determined by multiplying the number of consonants (often 10–20) by the number of vowels (typically 5) and adding specialized signs for pure vowels or rare clusters.^[25] This scale balances efficiency for syllable-based encoding while avoiding excessive complexity, as seen in Linear B's approximately 75 core CV signs plus extras and Cherokee's 85 fixed characters covering its six vowels and relevant consonants.^[26]^[27] One key limitation of pure syllabaries is their challenge in representing consonant clusters, which often require approximations like inserting "dead" or dummy vowels or omitting final consonants, leading to ambiguities or adaptations in transcription.^[28] For instance, in Linear B, clusters such as *khr- are rendered using sequential CV signs with the same vowel (e.g., *khe-re for *khēr), while final liquids may be dropped entirely.^[26] Similarly, Cherokee handles rare clusters through its limited C signs or contextual inference, but this can complicate precise notation for borrowed words or complex phonotactics.^[27]

Imperfect or Mixed Syllabaries

Imperfect or mixed syllabaries, also termed impure syllabaries in linguistic literature, deviate from the strict one-to-one mapping of symbols to complete syllables characteristic of pure syllabaries by integrating additional elements such as standalone consonant or vowel signs, or modifiers to suppress or alter vowels.^[29] Basic symbols in these systems typically denote a consonant paired with a default vowel (CV), while modifications like diacritics, reduced-size symbols, or supplementary markers allow representation of vowel omission, consonant gemination, or closed syllables (CVC).^[30] The concept of an "imperfect syllabary," which emerged in 19th-century linguistic analysis, describes systems with inherent ambiguities or incomplete syllable coverage and is sometimes viewed as transitional between pure syllabaries and abugidas, though the distinction is not always rigidly applied in modern linguistics.^[31] Notable examples include systems like the Cherokee syllabary, where primary glyphs represent CV combinations, but dedicated symbols for isolated vowels and consonants enable depiction of non-CV structures.^[29] In Japanese kana, the system is predominantly pure but incorporates mixed features through the sokuon (small tsu), a diminutive marker that signals gemination of the following consonant without an intervening vowel.^[32] These systems provide advantages over pure syllabaries by accommodating consonant endings and clusters more effectively, using modifiers to avoid the insertion of epenthetic vowels that might distort spoken forms.^[29] Unlike pure syllabaries, which limit representation to open syllables and require workarounds for complexity, imperfect variants enhance adaptability for diverse phonological patterns.^[29]

Usage in Languages

Primary Languages and Scripts

The Japanese language employs two primary syllabaries, hiragana and katakana, each consisting of 46 basic symbols that represent syllables, used alongside kanji characters for logographic elements.^[33] Hiragana is typically used for native Japanese words, grammatical particles, and inflections, while katakana is reserved for foreign loanwords, onomatopoeia, and emphasis.^[34] This syllabic system contributes to Japan's adult literacy rate exceeding 99%, facilitated by the straightforward phonetic mapping of kana symbols that children learn early in primary education.^[35] The Cherokee syllabary, invented by Sequoyah in 1821, serves as the primary script for the Cherokee language, an Iroquoian language spoken by communities in Oklahoma and North Carolina.^[36] It comprises 85 characters, each representing a distinct syllable in the Cherokee sound system, enabling efficient writing without reliance on Latin script.^[37] This system has supported Cherokee literacy and cultural preservation, with widespread adoption following its informal recognition by the tribal council.^[38] In China, the Yi language, part of the Tibeto-Burman branch of Sino-Tibetan, uses a standardized syllabary known as the Yi script, primarily among the Nuosu (Northern Yi) people in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces.^[39] The modern standardized form includes approximately 819 unique syllabic signs out of a total of 1,164 possible combinations, reflecting the language's tonal and syllabic structure.^[39] This script, approved by the Chinese government in 1980, is taught in schools and used for literature, administration, and daily communication within Yi communities.^[40] Linear B, an ancient syllabary used for Mycenaean Greek dialects from around 1450 to 1200 BCE, represents one of the earliest attested writing systems in Europe, primarily for administrative records on clay tablets from sites like Knossos and Pylos.^[41] It features about 87 syllabic signs, along with ideograms, to encode an early form of Greek, deciphered in 1952 as the oldest known script for an Indo-European language.^[42] Though extinct, Linear B's use highlights syllabaries' role in prehistoric record-keeping for palace economies in the Aegean region.^[4]

Modern Adaptations and Revivals

In the digital age, the integration of syllabaries into modern computing has been pivotal for their survival and adaptation. The Cherokee syllabary received Unicode encoding in version 3.0, released in September 1999, which standardized its 85 characters (U+13A0–U+13FF) and facilitated its use in software, websites, and mobile applications across Cherokee-speaking communities in the United States. Similarly, Japanese hiragana and katakana, core syllabaries with 46 basic symbols each, were encoded from Unicode 1.0 in October 1991 (hiragana at U+3040–U+309F and katakana at U+30A0–U+30FF), enabling seamless incorporation into global digital platforms and supporting Japan's extensive text-based communication in computing and media. These encodings have lowered barriers to digital literacy, allowing syllabaries to thrive in email, social media, and educational tools. Revival initiatives for indigenous syllabaries emphasize education and cultural preservation. In Liberia, the Vai syllabary, invented around 1833, is actively taught in primary schools alongside Latin script to foster bilingual literacy among approximately 120,000 speakers, with textbooks and curricula promoting its use for reading traditional stories and modern texts. For the Miao (Hmong) people in China, the Pollard script—developed in 1905 as a syllabary-abugida hybrid—sees revival through community programs in Guizhou Province, where it is integrated into ethnic education to document oral histories and counter language shift, supported by local governments since the 1980s.^[24] In Canada, Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, used for Cree and Inuktitut, have undergone revitalization via immersion schools and apps. Adaptations of syllabaries extend to practical and experimental domains. The standardized Yi syllabary, formalized in 1980 for China's Yi ethnic group (over 9 million speakers), has been simplified for public signage and tourism in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, where bilingual (Yi-Chinese) displays in hotels and cultural sites enhance visitor engagement with Yi heritage, boosting local economies through ethno-tourism. In constructed languages, experimental syllabaries appear in linguistic projects like the Afaka script (1910) for the Ndyuka creole in Suriname, which combines syllabic efficiency with creole phonology and inspires modern conlang designs for efficient expression in fictional worlds. Despite these advances, syllabaries face challenges from globalization, where the dominance of Latin-based scripts in international business and media exerts pressure on minority systems, leading to declining fluency rates in urbanizing indigenous populations. UNESCO counters this through the International Decade of Indigenous Languages (2022–2032), funding digital archives and teacher training for scripts like Cherokee and Yi to promote multilingualism and cultural rights.

Comparisons with Other Systems

Versus Alphabets

Alphabetic writing systems encode individual phonemes, the smallest units of sound in a language, typically using a small inventory of 20 to 50 symbols, such as the 26 letters of the English alphabet that represent approximately 44 phonemes.^[43] In contrast, syllabaries represent syllables—larger phonological units often structured as consonant-vowel (CV) combinations—requiring larger inventories of 50 to several hundred symbols, which reduces the total number of unique characters compared to logographic systems but introduces greater ambiguity since the same consonant or vowel can appear across multiple syllables.^[44] This syllable-based encoding aligns more closely with the natural prosodic structure of many languages, facilitating direct mapping to spoken rhythms, whereas alphabetic systems demand recombination of phonemes to form syllables, offering precision but at the cost of increased complexity in decoding.^[29] The learning curve for syllabaries tends to be gentler for beginners in languages with predominantly CV syllable structures, as learners master a limited set of syllable-to-symbol mappings—often around 40 to 100 units—enabling faster initial reading of words compared to the phoneme-by-phoneme assembly required in alphabets.^[43] Experimental studies on writing system learnability show that demisyllabic representations, akin to syllabaries, achieve higher accuracy rates (up to 86%) than fully segmental alphabetic systems (73%), attributed to the acoustic and perceptual stability of CV or VC chunks in speech production and recognition.^[29] Alphabets, however, provide greater flexibility for languages with complex consonant clusters or varied phoneme inventories, allowing users to construct diverse syllable types without needing dedicated symbols for each, though this can prolong mastery due to irregular grapheme-phoneme correspondences in opaque systems like English.^[44] For instance, the English alphabet efficiently handles onset clusters like /str/ in "street" by combining three distinct letters (s, t, r), enabling precise representation of intricate sound sequences common in Indo-European languages.^[43] In the Cherokee syllabary, however, such clusters are approximated using a sequence of CV symbols, with one of the vowels not pronounced, which simplifies writing but sacrifices phonological detail and requires contextual inference from readers.^[29] This approximation reflects the syllabary's design for languages where syllables are relatively uniform, prioritizing readability over exact phonemic fidelity. In terms of efficiency, alphabetic systems are generally more suitable for analytic languages with irregular or complex syllable structures and fewer predictable morpheme boundaries, as their segmental nature supports flexible morphological analysis without excessive symbol proliferation.^[44] Syllabaries, by contrast, excel in agglutinative languages featuring regular CV syllable patterns and extensive suffixation, where the direct syllable-to-symbol mapping streamlines encoding of concatenated morphemes and reduces orthographic redundancy.^[43]

Versus Abugidas

Abugidas, such as the Devanagari script used for Hindi and Sanskrit, trace their origins to the Brahmic family of scripts, which emerged from the ancient Brahmi script around the 3rd century BCE in India and spread across South and Southeast Asia; these scripts consist of consonant signs that inherently include a default vowel (typically /a/), with modifications for other vowels achieved through diacritics or vowel signs attached to the consonant base, allowing for systematic representation of consonant-vowel (CV) combinations.^[45] In contrast, syllabaries represent entire syllables—often CV units—as indivisible, atomic graphemes without any inherent vowel or modifiable components, meaning each possible syllable requires a unique symbol, as seen in Japanese hiragana or katakana.^[45] Certain scripts, such as the Thai script, are sometimes misclassified as syllabaries but are more accurately abugidas because they feature consonants with inherent vowels and employ diacritics or separate vowel signs to indicate variations, enabling greater flexibility in vowel representation.^[45] While abugidas retain systematic vowel indicators like diacritics derived from this lineage, true syllabaries diverge by treating syllables as fixed units without such modifications.^[45] Linguistically, abugidas are particularly well-suited to languages with intricate vowel systems or consonant clusters, as the diacritic system allows for efficient encoding of diverse syllable structures without proliferating symbols; syllabaries, by simplifying syllables into predefined wholes, better accommodate languages with relatively uniform, open syllable patterns like CV, though they become cumbersome for more complex phonologies.^[46] Imperfect syllabaries, such as those blending elements of both systems, often exhibit traits closer to abugidas when vowel modifications appear.^[45]

Versus Logographic Systems

Logographic writing systems, such as the Chinese hanzi, represent entire words or morphemes directly tied to meaning, often requiring learners to memorize thousands of distinct symbols to convey ideas without explicit phonetic indication.^[3] In contrast, syllabaries encode phonetic syllables, typically using a smaller inventory of 50 to 100 symbols, where each grapheme stands for a consonant-vowel combination or similar unit, necessitating multiple symbols to spell out a single word.^[3] This fundamental difference means logographic systems prioritize semantic representation, allowing for compact expression of concepts but at the cost of phonetic transparency, while syllabaries emphasize sound structure, facilitating pronunciation but extending word length in writing.^[47] A prominent example of hybridization between these systems appears in the Japanese writing system, which integrates logographic kanji—adopted from Chinese characters to denote meanings and morphemes—with syllabic kana scripts for phonetic support.^[48] Hiragana and katakana, both syllabaries, handle grammatical particles, inflections, and foreign loanwords, respectively, while kanji provide the semantic core; this combination allows Japanese to leverage the efficiency of logograms for content words alongside syllabic clarity for syntax and phonetics.^[7] Such mixed systems mitigate the limitations of pure logography by incorporating phonetic elements, enabling more flexible adaptation to the language's morphology.^[49] Historically, syllabaries have often emerged as phonetic adaptations of logographic precursors, simplifying complex symbol sets for broader accessibility. For instance, Sumerian cuneiform began as a logographic system of pictographs around 3500–3000 BCE but evolved into a mixed logogram-phonogram script, eventually shifting toward syllabic phonograms in adaptations like Old Persian and Hittite to better suit inflectional grammars.^[50] Similarly, Japanese kana developed in the 9th century from cursive simplifications of kanji (known as man'yōgana), transforming logographic characters into phonetic syllabograms to represent native Japanese sounds that kanji alone could not fully capture.^[7] This evolutionary trend reflects a move from meaning-dominant to sound-inclusive representation, driven by linguistic needs for precision in diverse languages.^[51] Cognitively, logographic systems impose a higher memory burden due to their "deep" orthography, where learners must rote-memorize thousands of characters without reliable phonetic cues, leading to slower acquisition rates and greater reliance on visual-semantic processing.^[52] Syllabaries, with shallower orthographies and fewer symbols, reduce this load by allowing phonetic assembly, promoting faster reading strategies focused on sound-to-meaning mapping, though they may demand more symbols per word.^[53] Research on orthographic depth shows that these differences affect learning trajectories: logographic scripts like Chinese engage extensive rote memorization, while syllabic ones like kana support phonological awareness with lower cognitive demands.^[54] Overall, syllabaries thus offer a more accessible entry for phonetic languages, contrasting the semantic depth but mnemonic intensity of logographics.^[52]

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[31]
What is the small kana "tsu" used for? - sci.lang.japan FAQ
The small tsu is used to represent a doubled or "geminate" consonant, known as a sokuon (促音) in Japanese.
[32]
Abugidas / Syllabic alphabets - Omniglot
Abugidas are syllabic alphabets consisting of consonants with inherent vowels. Other vowels are indicated by diacritics or separate letters.Ge'ez (Ethiopic) · Devanagari alphabet · Bengali (বাংলা) · Tibetan
[33]
Japan Workbook | Speaking and Writing - Asia for Educators
There are two standard syllabaries being used today, each one with forty-six symbols. One is called hiragana, and is used for inflected endings, grammatical ...
[34]
Japanese Syllabaries - Asia for Educators - Columbia University
Japanese Syllabaries. The Japanese language is written using a combination of two syllabaries (hiragana and katakana) and Chinese characters (kanji).
[35]
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) - Japan
Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above) · Literacy rate, adult male (% of males ages 15 and above) · Literacy rate, youth (ages 15-24), ...
[36]
Soldier and Brave (Sequoyah's Cabin) - National Park Service
Aug 19, 2005 · Finally, in 1821 he completed a syllabary, consisting of 84 characters, each of which represented a syllable. Because it was a phonetic ...
[37]
Cherokee - Summary - eHRAF World Cultures
In 1821, Sequoyah (George Guess), after twelve years, created a Cherokee syllabary, a writing system comprised of 85 characters representing all the sounds in ...<|separator|>
[38]
EJ936103 - The Cherokee Syllabary: A Writing System in Its ... - ERIC
Informally recognized by the tribal council in 1821, the 86-character Cherokee writing system invented by Sequoyah was learned in manuscript form and became ...
[39]
[PDF] Clarifications on the Usage of A015 - Unicode
The Yi syllabary is used to write the Yi language, a member of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The script is also known as. Cuan or Wei. The Yi syllabary ...
[40]
[PDF] David Bradley
The Northern Yi or Nuosu syllabic script is now extremely widely known and used in Sichuan and parts of Yunnan. This is especially so in Liangshan. Prefecture ...
[41]
What Is Linear B?
The script was rediscovered in A.D. 1900 during the archaeological digs of Sir Arthur Evans on the island of Crete. Since then, thousands of Linear B tablets ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[42]
Linear B - Brown University
Linear B is the name for the late Minoan script which was first found on clay tablets and sealings in the second palace at Knossos on Crete. These early tablets ...
[43]
https://sites.pitt.edu/~perfetti/PDF/learning%20to%20read%20(Koda).pdf
[44]
The History of Writing - Title - Penn Linguistics
Other examples of syllabaries include the Japanese kana script, and the Native American Cherokee script. Alphabets, the most recently-invented writing ...
[45]
[PDF] A MATTER OF TYPOLOGY: ALPHASYLLABARIES AND ABUGIDAS
shows features of both the alphabet and the syllabary; it has sometimes been called an alphasyllabary, sometimes an abugida (borrowing an. Ethiopic term).
[46]
[PDF] Alphabetic vs. non-alphabetic writing: Linguistic fit and natural ...
For the human being, the syllable would be a more natu- ral unit than the phoneme, so syllabaries and abugidas would be somewhat superior to alphabets.
[47]
The Taxonomy of Writing Systems: How to Measure How ...
Nov 3, 2021 · The typology of phonographic units in writing systems, based on what the systems represent, is thus reasonably clear: Syllabic systems. Examples ...
[48]
Outline of the Japanese Writing System - Kanji Dictionary
Jul 20, 2001 · The Japanese writing system is composed of two syllabic scripts, called 平仮名 hiragana and 片仮名 katakana, and thousands of Chinese characters ...
[49]
[PDF] The Development of Japanese Writing
PHONOGRAPHY: THE KANA SYSTEMS. There is a long history of phonographic use of characters for their llabic values in Chinese-language environments. Indeed, part ...<|separator|>
[50]
[PDF] From Logogram to Phonogram - Atlantis Press
Cuneiform scripts were firstly used in a comprehensive way with logogram and phonogram, then modified into phonograms for phonetic purposes.
[51]
[PDF] WRITING SYSTEMS AS A CATALYST FOR COGNITION AND ...
Cognitive load engaged in reading can also vary across scripts. Learners of Chinese characters need to rote-memorize thousands of characters, while those of ...Missing: syllabic | Show results with:syllabic
[52]
[PDF] The effects of orthographic depth on learning to read alphabetic ...
Orthographic depth thus affected both rate and strategy of reading. The effects of orthographic depth on learning to read alphabetic, syllabic, and logographic.
[53]
The effects of orthographic depth on learning to read alphabetic ...
Nov 9, 2011 · This study investigated the effects of orthographic depth on reading acquisition in alphabetic, syllabic, and logographic scripts.