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Tecolote

Tecolote is a term for , borrowed from the word tecolōtl, and is commonly used in and parts of to refer to various species of these nocturnal birds, including the (Bubo virginianus), (Athene cunicularia), and pygmy owls of the genus Glaucidium. The etymology of tecolōtl is onomatopoeic, imitating the owl's distinctive hoot—"tecolo, tecolo, o, o"—as documented in the 16th-century Florentine Codex, a key Nahuatl text compiled by Bernardino de Sahagún. In classical Nahuatl, the term primarily describes the great horned owl, portrayed as a round-bodied bird with horn-like ear tufts, yellow eyes resembling spindle whorls, and a deep voice active only at night; it was noted for being blinded by daylight and inhabiting crags or trees. Over time, tecolote entered broader Spanish usage, extending to other owl species and even serving as a basis for place names and personal names in regions influenced by Mesoamerican cultures. In Mesoamerican traditions, particularly among the (Nahuas), the tecolote held profound cultural and symbolic importance as an omen of death and a messenger linked to the . It was associated with deities such as Mictlantecuhtli (lord of the dead) and (god of destiny), often embodying lethal portents in an animistic worldview where animal calls were interpreted as intelligible dialogues about disease, pollution, and warfare. The also symbolized , appearing in compounds like tlācatecolōtl ("person-owl" or "devil"), referring to shape-shifting nahuales or monstrous figures. This duality—as both a natural predator of small mammals and and a supernatural harbinger—persists in modern Mexican folklore and environmental contexts, where species like the Near Threatened Tamaulipas pygmy owl (Glaucidium sanchezi) highlight conservation efforts in tropical forests.

Meaning and Etymology

Definition and Origin

Tecolote is a Spanish-language term derived from , denoting "" and primarily used in , , and the to refer to owls in the family . The etymology traces to the word tecolotl, an onomatopoeic formation that imitates the owl's distinctive hooting call—"tecolo, tecolo, o, o"—as documented in Bernardino de Sahagún's (completed around 1577). This term was incorporated into colonial Spanish during the 16th-century European conquest and settlement of , reflecting the linguistic fusion between indigenous speakers and Spanish colonizers in regions like central . Among the earliest recorded instances of tecolotl appear in 16th-century colonial ethnographies, notably Bernardino de Sahagún's (completed around 1577), which documents Aztec descriptions of the owl's appearance and vocalizations while exploring its cultural role in society.

Regional Variations and Synonyms

The term "tecolote," derived from the Nahuatl word , exhibits distinct regional variations in its usage across Spanish-speaking areas, primarily as a designation for certain owl species. It is most prevalent in and Central American nations including , , , and , where it commonly refers to owls such as those in the genus Megascops (screech owls), often interchangeably with "búho" in colloquial speech. In these regions, "tecolote" captures a blend of and colonial linguistic influences, emphasizing its role in everyday nomenclature for nocturnal raptors. In , however, "tecolote" is far less common, with "búho" serving as the general term for larger and "lechuza" for barn owls or similar , frequently augmented by local names such as "ñacurutú" in or "tucúquere" in . This shift reflects broader dialectal patterns where roots dominate over Nahuatl-derived vocabulary. synonyms for "tecolote" vary by context and subregion, including "mochuelo" for small -like , "autillo" for , "cárabo" for tawny , and occasionally "chucho" as an imitative term in isolated Andean or Central American dialects. In U.S. contexts, English equivalents align "tecolote" with like the (Megascops asio) or (Micrathene whitneyi), particularly in ornithological descriptions of North American avifauna. Dialectal persistence of "tecolote" is notable in the , especially among Mexican-American communities in and , where it maintains roots amid ongoing Spanish-English bilingualism. Linguistic surveys from the , such as those mapping , reveal "tecolote" as the predominant or sole term for "" across extensive rural and urban areas, underscoring its cultural retention despite broader anglicization. For instance, the 2008 Linguistic Atlas of New Mexico and Southern Colorado documents its uniform usage in informant responses, highlighting dialectal stability from 19th-century colonial patterns into modern times.

Biological Aspects

Taxonomy and Physical Characteristics

Tecolote refers to certain small owls in the order Strigiformes, which encompasses over 250 of nocturnal worldwide, with approximately 230 species belonging to the family , known as true owls. This family is distinguished from the barn owls (Tytonidae) and is subdivided into several subfamilies, including Striginae, which comprises larger owls such as eagle-owls and wood owls, and Surniinae, which includes smaller, more agile species often associated with the term tecolote. Key genera within Surniinae relevant to tecolote include Megascops, encompassing screech owls, and Glaucidium, comprising pygmy owls, both adapted to diverse environments. Physically, Strigidae owls exhibit adaptations suited to nocturnal predation, including large, forward-facing eyes that provide enhanced for during hunts. Many feature prominent feather tufts on the head, resembling ears but serving primarily for and signaling rather than auditory function. Their flight is notably silent, achieved through specialized fringed or serrated edges on the primary wing feathers that reduce and , allowing stealthy approaches to prey. For tecolote-associated , body sizes typically range from 15 to 40 cm in length, with mottled gray, brown, or plumage providing effective in arid scrub, forests, or woodlands. The evolutionary history of Strigiformes traces back to the early , but Strigidae fossils indicate diversification in the by the epoch, approximately 23 to 5 million years ago, with early records from North American deposits reflecting adaptations to emerging habitats. These traits, such as silent flight and acute vision, have contributed to the owl's symbolic role in Mesoamerican as a harbinger or guardian, though such interpretations extend beyond biological function.

Species Commonly Called Tecolote

Several owl species within the Strigidae family are commonly referred to as "tecolote" in and parts of the , a term derived from that broadly denotes small to medium-sized , particularly those in the genera Megascops and Glaucidium. These species are adapted to diverse environments ranging from arid deserts to montane forests, where they exhibit nocturnal behaviors such as perching hunts and cavity nesting. Key examples include the (Megascops kennicottii), whiskered screech owl (Megascops trichopsis), (Glaucidium brasilianum), Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida), and (Athene cunicularia), each known locally by names like tecolote occidental, tecolote rítmico, tecolote bajeño, tecolote moteado mexicano, and tecolote , respectively. The , or tecolote occidental, is widespread in low-elevation woodlands, riparian areas, and deserts from central northward through the U.S. Southwest to southern . This small owl, measuring 17–24 cm in length, prefers habitats with mature trees for roosting and nesting in natural cavities or abandoned holes. Its diet consists primarily of like beetles and moths, supplemented by small mammals (e.g., ), birds, and occasionally or amphibians, which it captures by swooping from perches at or night. While mostly resident, northern populations engage in partial or altitudinal shifts during winter to avoid harsh conditions. In contrast, the whiskered screech owl, known as tecolote rítmico, inhabits oak woodlands, pine-oak forests, and canyons in the Mexican highlands, extending marginally into southeastern and southwestern at elevations of 1,200–2,800 m. This 15–20 cm , distinguished by whisker-like facial feathers, forages mainly on large such as grasshoppers, , and caterpillars, along with small reptiles, mammals, and , often prey from foliage during nocturnal hunts. It nests in cavities and is largely non-migratory, though individuals may move locally in response to food availability. The , or tecolote bajeño, thrives in arid and semi-arid zones including scrub, mesquite thickets, and riparian woodlands across northern and central , southern , and . This diminutive 14–18 cm predator favors habitats with cacti or thorny trees for nesting in woodpecker-excavated cavities. Its opportunistic diet emphasizes birds (up to twice its size), insects (e.g., crickets, moths), , and small mammals, hunted aggressively by day or dusk from low perches. It is sedentary but may wander short distances in arid regions during dry periods. The , referred to as tecolote moteado mexicano, occupies mature mixed-conifer and pine-oak forests, as well as steep rocky canyons, at elevations above 1,500 m from central to the U.S. Southwest, including and . This larger 40–50 cm relies on old-growth stands for nesting in natural tree cavities, snags, or cliff ledges. Its diet is mammal-heavy, featuring woodrats, mice, rabbits, and squirrels (94% of ), with birds, bats, and as secondary prey, captured via short flights from roosts. It is non-migratory but exhibits some altitudinal movement in northern ranges during winter. The , known as tecolote llanero, is a small, long-legged owl found in open grasslands, prairies, and deserts from southern to southern , including much of and the U.S. Southwest. Measuring 19–25 cm in length, it often nests and roosts in abandoned mammal burrows or artificial ones, unlike most owls that use tree cavities. Its diet includes insects (e.g., beetles, grasshoppers), small mammals, birds, and reptiles, captured both on the ground and in flight, with crepuscular and diurnal activity in addition to nocturnal. It is migratory in northern populations, with southern ones resident. Conservation challenges affect these tecolote species, with habitat loss from , , urban development, and invasive grasses (e.g., buffelgrass) posing primary threats across and the U.S. Southwest, alongside pesticides, wildfires, and altering arid ecosystems. The is listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act since 1993 and threatened (Amenazada) under Mexico's NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, with a population estimated at approximately 2,000 breeding pairs in the U.S. and fewer in Mexico as of the early 2020s. The cactus ferruginous pygmy owl (G. b. cactorum) was relisted as threatened in the U.S. in 2023 due to ongoing declines from . Western and whiskered screech owls face localized threats but are generally of least concern globally; however, several Mexican owls, including these, are categorized under NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 as threatened or subject to special protection, emphasizing the need for protected areas and fire management. The is listed as threatened in Mexico under NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 and of least concern globally, but faces declines in some regions due to habitat conversion and predation.

Cultural Significance

Folklore and Superstitions in Mesoamerica

In Mesoamerican folklore, particularly among the (Nahua), the tecolote, or (tecolotl in ), held profound symbolic associations with underworld deities such as , the "Smoking Mirror" god of destiny, sorcery, and hidden knowledge, and Mictlantecuhtli, the lord of the . These birds were viewed not as inherently malevolent but as messengers bridging the human world and the spirit realm, often embodying the nocturnal mysteries of and transformation. In Aztec cosmology, the owl's eerie calls were interpreted as communications from these deities, signaling impending doom or revelations from the , a belief rooted in the bird's silent flight and piercing gaze that evoked themes of and omniscience. Among the , especially in highland communities, owls—known as tukur—served similar roles as intermediaries from the , as depicted in the where they summon figures to the realm of the dead. Their appearance or cries were seen as warnings of mortality, linking them to ancestral spirits and cosmic cycles of night and darkness, rather than pure evil. Superstitions surrounding tecolotes emphasized their role as omens, with the proverb "Cuando el tecolote canta, el indio muere" ("When the owl sings, the Indian dies") encapsulating the widespread belief that an owl's hoot foretold death or misfortune for the hearer or a loved one. This notion extended to nahualismo, a shamanistic practice where individuals, or nahuales, could transform into owls to perform , cast spells, or even abduct souls, as exemplified by the tlacatecolotl, an "owl-man" figure terrorizing communities at night. These beliefs are documented in 16th-century sources, including Bernardino de Sahagún's , where owls appear in Book 5 as omens of death and misfortune within Nahua divinatory practices, and in Book 11 as natural phenomena tied to broader cosmological views. Nahuatl-language records from the period describe interspecies dialogues with , reinforcing their status as divine emissaries in animistic traditions. Such superstitions persist in rural Mexican and Central American indigenous communities into the , where owl sightings or calls continue to evoke fears of illness, loss, or spiritual intrusion, often intertwined with nahual lore.

Representation in Modern Media and Art

In 20th-century , the tecolote serves as a potent of guidance, , and the , often bridging with personal transformation. In Rudolfo Anaya's seminal novel (1972), the owl accompanies the curandera Ultima and embodies her mystical power and connection to the natural world, acting as her protective spirit and a harbinger of both healing and death. This representation draws briefly from Mesoamerican superstitions associating with omens, but Anaya reinterprets it to explore themes of and rural New Mexican life in a U.S. context. Mexican music frequently features the tecolote in and traditional ballads, portraying it as a nocturnal messenger evoking mystery and rural solitude. The song "El Tecolote," a longstanding tune, has been adapted into various forms, including that narrate tales of , loss, and everyday struggles in . Notable renditions include those by groups like Imperio Norteño in their album Puros Corridos Explosivos (), where the owl's hoot underscores dramatic storytelling in the corrido tradition. In film, the tecolote appears in Mexican-American cinema as an omen of mortality; for instance, in Gregory Nava's Mi Familia (1995), an owl signals impending death, reinforcing its cultural role in narratives of family and migration. In , the tecolote has become an enduring commercial icon in , symbolizing wisdom and heritage since the early . The logo of the Sanborns restaurant chain, established in 1903 by brothers and Sanborn, features three owls—designed by artist Palcologue and registered in 1917—representing Frank Sanborn and his two sons, symbolizing the company's legacy of blending dining with retail. This motif persists in contemporary Mexican , such as Huichol (chaquira) pieces depicting owls amid vibrant indigenous patterns, which highlight environmental harmony and cultural pride in modern artisan traditions.

Geographical Names

Places in the United States

Tecolote, , is an unincorporated community and (CDP) in San Miguel County, situated along historic Route 66 and the near Interstate 25. The settlement was established in the mid-19th century by Mexican settlers drawn to the area's fertile lands along Tecolote Creek, which provided water for agriculture and ranching. A key landmark is the Nuestra Señora de Dolores Church, an structure constructed around 1838 that remains in use and exemplifies early in the region. The community's small , estimated at 161 residents as of 2020, underscores its rural character amid the Valley's expansive landscapes. In , Tecolote Canyon Natural Park in spans approximately 903 acres and serves as an urban oasis preserving riparian habitat and native . Named for the term meaning "," reflecting the presence of local raptors noted on 19th-century maps, the canyon features 6.5 miles of multi-use trails suitable for , biking, and . Acquired by the City of and dedicated in 1978, it includes the Tecolote Nature Center for and borders the Tecolote Canyon , blending recreation with conservation efforts. The area holds significant , with evidence of ancient habitation and resource use along its waterways, now protected as a vital ecological corridor through urban development. Other notable U.S. locations include the Tecolote neighborhood in Goleta, Santa Barbara County, which originated from 19th-century ranchlands like the Tecolote Ranch and has evolved into a nestled in 's western reaches. Similarly, Tecolote Creek in functions as an ecological corridor, channeling seasonal flows through the canyon to support connectivity and restoration in a densely populated coastal .

Places in Mexico and Latin America

El Tecolote in is an isolated beach community located approximately 25 kilometers north of , at the tip of the bay along the scenic coastal road next to Balandra Beach. This site features a long coastline with crystal-clear waters ideal for and offers panoramic views of Espíritu Santo Island to the north, attracting families and young visitors for weekend activities. It includes three restaurants and palapas for shade, with rentals for water sports and boat tours to nearby islands, supporting eco-tourism focused on marine ecosystems such as calm bays suitable for observing local wildlife. The area has developed as a key eco-tourism destination since the early 2000s, sustaining a small resident population through seasonal visitation and sustainable practices that highlight its natural beauty and . In central Mexico, El Tecolote is a rural locality in the municipality of Purísima del Rincón, Guanajuato, situated at 1,740 meters elevation about 17 kilometers from the municipal seat. Home to 1,549 inhabitants as of 2020, with nearly half employed in local activities, the village reflects agricultural roots tied to the region's fertile plains and traditional farming practices. The name derives from Nahuatl for "owl," indicating historical ties to the area's avian fauna. Similar naming conventions appear in other Mexican states, such as small hamlets and natural features in Sonora—including Cerro El Tecolote in Álamos and the Tecolote Volcano in the Pinacate Volcanic Field—often denoting habitats supporting local owl populations amid arid landscapes. In Michoacán, El Tecolote near Tingüindín has 222 residents and features like Cerro El Tecolote, a prominent hill in an elevation-gaining terrain that underscores the ecological role of owls in rural, forested environments. These sites highlight colonial and modern development patterns, where settlements evolved around agriculture and natural landmarks named for indigenous observations of wildlife. Extending into broader , the name Tecolote appears in scattered small settlements and natural features, particularly near regions in and . In Guatemala's , Tecolote is a Late Classic (circa AD 600–900) in the Sierra del Lacandón National Park, located about 2.2 kilometers east of the and serving as a fortified for the Yaxchilán . The site includes a core area with vaulted buildings, a palace complex, and rare intact murals with hieroglyphs, reflecting defensive architecture amid dense rainforest ecology and strategic riverine positioning. These extensions often support modest economies through preservation and eco-focused visitation, emphasizing the term's persistence in denoting owl-associated topographies near and ancestral lands.

Other Uses

Media and Publications

El Tecolote is a bilingual (English/) biweekly serving San Francisco's Latinx community, particularly in the District, where it covers , , , and . Founded in 1970 by Professor Juan Gonzalez as a project for a La Raza Studies class at , it celebrated its 55th anniversary in August 2025. It is published by the Acción Latina and is recognized as California's longest-running bilingual . With a print circulation of 7,000 copies distributed across over 350 locations in the Bay Area, including the , , Fruitvale, and Marin County, the publication relies primarily on volunteers for writing, , , and . It has earned accolades, such as being voted the best community by SF Weekly in 2014, and is noted for its in-depth community reporting on issues like and its impacts on Latinx residents. In addition to its print edition, El Tecolote maintains a robust digital presence, including a daily-updated , weekly newsletters, , and the Radio Teco News, launched in as the newspaper's biweekly audio extension. The focuses on community issues, politics, culture, and current events, featuring interviews and discussions that amplify voices from the Bay Area and beyond, such as episodes on the political crisis in and experiences. Another notable publication bearing the name is El Tecolote, the quarterly of the Audubon Society, dedicated to , , and ornithological topics in the region. Established around , it has been produced for over 60 years, with full-color issues and supplements covering local sightings, protection efforts, and educational resources for members and the public. The 's archives are available online, providing a historical record of avian ecology and society activities in .

Organizations and Sports Teams

Tecolote Research, Inc., founded in 1973 in , is a 100% employee-owned specializing in , program management, and digital solutions primarily for the U.S. Department of Defense and other government agencies. By 2025, the company employs over 800 professionals across more than 25 locations nationwide, focusing on cost analysis, statistical modeling, and decision support services. The Tecolote Group is a network supporting educators through annual colloquia and initiatives centered on and curriculum integration. Established in the early , it honors professionals at all levels by fostering , , and practical strategies for engaging students across disciplines. In sports, the name "Tecolote" is prominently associated with in , particularly the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos, a binational team in the Mexican League (Liga Mexicana de Béisbol) that plays home games across the U.S.-Mexico border in , , and . Founded in 1940 and officially named the Tecolotes () in 1944, the team draws on regional of the for wisdom and vigilance, featuring a stylized in its to evoke local . Known for its competitive success, the franchise has secured multiple league championships, including titles in the and a strong playoff presence in the late and early , with five overall wins making it one of the league's most decorated teams.

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