Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

These Three

These Three is a 1936 American drama film directed by William Wyler and produced by Samuel Goldwyn, serving as an adaptation of Lillian Hellman's 1934 play The Children's Hour, with the central accusation of lesbianism between two female schoolteachers revised to a heterosexual affair involving one teacher and the school's doctor to evade prohibitions under the Motion Picture Production Code.^[1]^[2] The story centers on lifelong friends Martha Dobie (Miriam Hopkins) and Karen Wright (Merle Oberon), who operate a private girls' school, only for their enterprise and personal lives to unravel after a spiteful student, Mary Tilford (Bonita Granville), spreads a vicious lie that destroys their reputations.^[3]^[4] Wyler's direction earned the film acclaim for its emotional depth and technical precision, including innovative use of deep-focus cinematography, while Hellman's screenplay retained the play's exploration of rumor, hypocrisy, and social ostracism despite the thematic alterations necessitated by censorship.^[2]^[4] Bonita Granville's portrayal of the manipulative child garnered an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, highlighting the film's impact on recognizing young performers, though the production faced challenges from the era's strict moral guidelines that diluted the source material's provocative intent.^[1] The movie's release underscored tensions between artistic expression and industry self-regulation, influencing later adaptations like the 1961 remake The Children's Hour, which restored the original lesbian accusation after Code relaxation.^[1]^[5]

Origins and Development

Source Material: The Children's Hour

The Children's Hour is a three-act play written by American playwright Lillian Hellman, first performed on Broadway at the Maxine Elliott's Theatre in New York City on November 20, 1934, under the production and direction of Herman Shumlin.^[6] The work ran for 691 performances, closing on July 4, 1936, marking a commercial success amid controversy over its subject matter.^[6] Hellman drew inspiration from the 1811 Scottish court case Woods-Pirie, in which two female schoolteachers were accused of lesbianism based on unsubstantiated student testimony, though the play fictionalizes the events by emphasizing the rumor-spreading mechanism and its irreversible consequences.^[7] The plot centers on Karen Wright and Martha Dobie, two unmarried women who co-own and operate Wright-Dobie School, a private academy for girls in a rural New England town during the early [20th century](/page/20th century).^[8] Trouble arises when Mary Tilford, a manipulative and sickly student, runs away from the school and fabricates a tale to her grandmother, Mrs. Lily Mortar (Martha's aunt and a teacher at the school), claiming to have witnessed Karen and Martha in a lesbian embrace; Mary recruits a younger student, Rosalie, to corroborate the lie under duress.^[8] The accusation spreads rapidly, prompting parents to withdraw their daughters en masse, isolating the women socially and financially; Karen's fiancé, Dr. Joseph Cardin, initially defends her but ultimately abandons the relationship amid the scandal.^[9] In a climactic confrontation, Martha confesses to Karen that she has harbored unspoken romantic feelings toward her, validating the rumor's core in her mind despite its malicious origin, before hanging herself; the play concludes with Karen confronting Mrs. Tilford, who admits Mary's history of deceit but refuses restitution, underscoring the permanence of reputational damage.^[7] Thematically, the play examines the destructive force of unfounded gossip and its amplification through authority figures, portraying how a child's lie can dismantle adult lives without empirical proof or legal recourse.^[7] It critiques societal intolerance toward perceived deviance, particularly female homosexuality, which Hellman presents not as the primary fault but as a pretext exploited by envy and power imbalances within interpersonal and institutional dynamics.^[10] Though the accusation originates as fiction, Martha's self-realization introduces causal ambiguity about the rumor's partial truth, challenging simplistic narratives of innocence versus malice.^[7] The work faced bans in London and several U.S. cities due to its handling of lesbianism, reflecting era-specific moral panics, yet its Broadway longevity demonstrated audience tolerance for realist drama probing human frailty over didactic moralizing.^[11]

Adaptation Challenges and Changes

The primary challenge in adapting Lillian Hellman's 1934 play The Children's Hour into the 1936 film These Three stemmed from the Motion Picture Production Code, enforced more stringently after 1934, which explicitly forbade depictions of "sex perversion," including homosexuality.^[12] The play's central plot revolves around a malicious student's false accusation of lesbianism between two female teachers, Karen Wright and Martha Dobie, leading to social ruin, Martha's confession of unspoken attraction to Karen, and her subsequent suicide.^[13] To comply, Hellman, who authored the screenplay, transposed the rumor to a heterosexual infidelity triangle: the accusation shifts to Karen allegedly sleeping with Martha's fiancé, Dr. Joseph Cardin, while introducing Cardin as a central character absent from the play's focus on the women's relationship.^[14] This alteration enforced a normative heterosexual framework, erasing the play's exploration of same-sex desire and replacing it with conventional romantic rivalry.^[15] Censors identified additional issues beyond the "degenerate" lesbian theme, including the "sadistic nature" of the student Mary Tilford, Martha's confession of internal "mental perversity," and the suicide, which violated Code prohibitions on suggesting sexual abnormality or graphic despair.^[13] Hellman reluctantly acquiesced to these demands to secure production under producer Samuel Goldwyn, retaining screen credit and subsidiary rights to enable a future faithful adaptation, as realized in Wyler's 1961 remake.^[16] The film's title change to These Three—referencing Karen, Martha, and Cardin—further distanced it from the play's incriminating name, which evoked Longfellow's poem about unrequited love but carried taboo connotations under censorship.^[17] Despite these concessions, the adaptation preserved core elements like the destructive power of gossip and Mary's manipulative cruelty, with Wyler emphasizing psychological realism through close-ups and nuanced performances to imply lingering emotional ambiguity between the women.^[18] Martha's arc diverges sharply: instead of suicide, she rejects the false narrative with defiance, survives the scandal, and affirms her bond with Karen, softening the play's tragic inevitability to align with Code-mandated moral uplift.^[17] Hellman later defended the changes as necessary compromises that retained the story's essence of rumor-induced devastation, though critics have noted the erasure diminished the play's critique of repressed sexuality.^[14] These modifications highlight the era's institutional constraints on narrative candor, prioritizing commercial viability over the source material's unflinching examination of taboo accusations.^[19]

Pre-Production Decisions

Samuel Goldwyn purchased the screen rights to Lillian Hellman's play The Children's Hour for $40,000 shortly after its Broadway premiere on November 20, 1934.^[18] Recognizing the commercial potential of the story despite its controversial elements, Goldwyn proceeded with development under his production company, aiming to adapt it into a viable Hollywood feature amid the recently strengthened enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code.^[20] The primary pre-production challenge stemmed from the Hays Code's prohibitions on depictions of homosexuality as "sexual perversity," leading to the decision to excise the play's lesbian accusation and replace it with a rumor of heterosexual adultery between one teacher, her friend, and the friend's fiancé.^[18] Hellman, already under contract with Goldwyn as a screenwriter, was assigned to pen the adaptation herself; she consented to the alterations, preserving character names and much of the dialogue while restructuring the plot to focus on a love triangle, and the title was changed to These Three to obscure ties to the source material.^[18] Production Code Administration head Joseph Breen personally oversaw script revisions to ensure compliance, approving the revised version after confirming the removal of homosexual themes.^[18] William Wyler was chosen as director on Hellman's recommendation, leveraging his recent successes that had caught Goldwyn's attention during a period of the producer's declining output.^[18] Casting emphasized established stars for marketability: Miriam Hopkins was selected for the role of Martha Dobie, Merle Oberon for Karen Wright, and Joel McCrea for Dr. Joseph Cardin, with Hopkins' prior dramatic range aligning with the intensified emotional demands of the revised narrative.^[18] These choices prioritized actors capable of conveying relational tension without explicit taboo content, facilitating the film's passage through censorship while retaining dramatic intensity.

Production

Casting and Performances

Miriam Hopkins portrayed Martha Dobie, the emotionally vulnerable teacher harboring unspoken feelings for her colleague's fiancé, while Merle Oberon played Karen Wright, the school's co-founder and more resilient partner in the central love triangle.^[21] Joel McCrea embodied Dr. Joseph Cardin, the doctor engaged to Karen but drawn into scandal through false accusations of infidelity.^[21] In supporting roles, Catherine Doucet appeared as the scheming aunt Lily Mortar, Alma Kruger as the wealthy but credulous Mrs. Amelia Tilford, and Bonita Granville as the manipulative student Mary Tilford, whose lie drives the plot's crisis.^[21] Other notable child performers included Marcia Mae Jones as the guilt-ridden Rosalie Wells, whose coerced perjury amplifies the rumor.^[22] Contemporary critics lauded the ensemble's emotional depth under William Wyler's direction. The New York Times highlighted Oberon's "finest performances" to date, with Hopkins and McCrea equally impressive in conveying the characters' anguish, though ultimate praise went to Granville's portrayal of the vicious yet believable child antagonist.^[23] Variety commended the cast's collective talent for elevating Lillian Hellman's adapted screenplay into a gripping drama, emphasizing their ability to sustain tension amid the Hays Code's constraints on explicit themes.^[2] Granville's turn as Mary earned her the first-ever Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, recognizing her scene-stealing intensity as the film's most dynamic force.^[24] Later evaluations have affirmed Hopkins' nuanced handling of Martha's internal conflict, describing it as brilliant in capturing repressed turmoil without overt sentimentality.^[25] McCrea's sympathetic doctor and Oberon's poised Karen were seen as believable romantic leads, grounding the melodrama in relatable conviction, though some noted the adult trio's effectiveness partly overshadowed by the younger actors' raw edge.^[25] Jones' depiction of Rosalie's moral torment similarly drew acclaim for its disturbing authenticity, underscoring the film's strength in child performances amid adult restraint.^[26]

Filming and Technical Aspects

Principal photography for These Three occurred primarily at Samuel Goldwyn Studios in Hollywood, with exterior scenes captured at Franklin Canyon Reservoir in the Santa Monica Mountains and Royce Hall at the University of California, Los Angeles.^[27] The production adhered to standard 1930s Hollywood practices, utilizing black-and-white 35mm film stock to achieve a runtime of 93 minutes.^[28] Cinematography was provided by Gregg Toland, in his inaugural collaboration with director William Wyler out of seven total projects together. Toland's work emphasized visual intensity through careful composition, including expressive long shots of the farmhouse setting that underscored thematic isolation, though it predated the deep-focus innovations Toland would refine in later films like Citizen Kane.^[2] ^[29] ^[30] Wyler's directing approach featured extended long takes and a probing camera movement to foster realism and capture nuanced performances, often staging actors in depth to evoke spatial constriction mirroring the characters' emotional entrapment. This technique, honed through Wyler's insistence on numerous retakes—sometimes exceeding 50 per scene—prioritized continuous action over rapid cuts, enhancing dramatic continuity.^[31] ^[29] ^[32] Editing duties fell to Daniel Mandell, who maintained narrative momentum while preserving Wyler's preferred unbroken sequences. Sound design, typical of mid-1930s synchronous recording, integrated dialogue and effects to heighten tension, with Wyler leveraging audio cues—such as whispers and accusations—to amplify psychological realism without overt stylization.^[2] ^[33]

Role of the Hays Code

The Motion Picture Production Code, commonly known as the Hays Code, enforced from July 1, 1934, by the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA), played a decisive role in shaping the 1936 film These Three by prohibiting any depiction or inference of homosexuality, classified under the Code's ban on "sex perversion."^[34]^[13] The Code's Section II on "Sex" explicitly forbade content that undermined marriage or suggested non-normative sexual relations, requiring all films to obtain a Certificate of Approval from the Production Code Administration (PCA) headed by Joseph Breen to ensure nationwide distribution without state or local censorship bans.^[18] For These Three, an adaptation of Lillian Hellman's 1934 play The Children's Hour—which centered on a false accusation of a lesbian relationship between two schoolteachers—the Code necessitated a fundamental alteration of the source material's core conflict to a heterosexual love triangle involving an alleged affair between one teacher and the fiancé of the other.^[18]^[13] Hellman, who penned the screenplay herself under producer Samuel Goldwyn's auspices, implemented these changes to secure PCA approval, retitling the work These Three to distance it from the play's explicit themes and renaming characters—such as changing the accused teachers Karen and Martha to Karen and Martha, but shifting the slander to infidelity rather than same-sex attraction.^[35]^[14] This adaptation preserved the play's structure of rumor, social ostracism, and reputational ruin but sanitized the "perversion" element, allowing the film to pass PCA review without revisions; Breen's office certified it on March 5, 1936, confirming compliance with moral standards upheld by religious groups like the Catholic Legion of Decency, which had pressured Hollywood into stricter self-censorship.^[36] The changes maintained dramatic tension through the destructive power of gossip but avoided the play's exploration of taboo desire, reflecting the Code's broader aim to align cinema with conventional Protestant and Catholic ethics amid 1930s cultural conservatism.^[13] The Hays Code's influence extended beyond plot to thematic emphasis, foregrounding heterosexual romance and fidelity—evident in the film's resolution where the innocent characters reconcile romantically—while excising any ambiguity that could imply deviance, a concession that Hellman later described as necessary for commercial viability but which diluted the original's critique of hypocrisy and intolerance toward non-conforming relationships.^[18]^[14] Director William Wyler, working under Goldwyn, navigated these constraints by focusing on performances that conveyed emotional devastation without visual or dialogic breaches, such as subtle glances and denials that skirted Code violations.^[35] Contemporary reviewers, including those in Variety and The New York Times, praised the film for its "improved" heterosexual framing over the play, attributing its success to evading censorship pitfalls that had banned similar pre-Code works.^[36] This compliance enabled These Three to achieve wide release on March 18, 1936, grossing over $1.5 million domestically, but it also exemplified how the Code suppressed nuanced portrayals of human sexuality until its erosion in the late 1950s, paving the way for the 1961 remake The Children's Hour.^[17]

Synopsis

Plot Summary

Karen Wright and Martha Dobie, recent college graduates and lifelong friends, convert Karen's family farm in Massachusetts into a boarding school for young girls, securing startup funding from local physician Dr. Joseph "Joe" Cardin, who becomes engaged to Karen.^[37] Martha's eccentric aunt, Lily Mortar, joins as the elocution instructor but soon quits amid interpersonal tensions, including complaints about her teaching methods and demands for better accommodations.^[38] The school's primary disciplinary challenge is 12-year-old student Mary Tilford, a habitual liar and manipulator whose grandmother, wealthy widow Mrs. Amelia Tilford, exerts significant influence in the community.^[38] Punished by Karen and Martha for cheating on an exam and lying about it, Mary feigns illness to delay returning home and confides in her grandmother that she overheard and witnessed Martha passionately kissing Joe—implying an adulterous affair and that Martha harbors romantic feelings for her friend's fiancé.^[39] Alarmed, Mrs. Tilford withdraws Mary from the school and telephones other parents, igniting a whispering campaign that portrays Martha as a romantic rival to Karen and the school as morally compromised; enrollment plummets to zero as families pull their daughters, financially ruining the institution and isolating the principals socially.^[39] Joe defends the women publicly but faces professional repercussions, while Karen postpones the wedding amid doubts fueled by the scandal. Seeking redress, Karen and Martha sue Mrs. Tilford for slander in court. During testimony, Martha breaks down and confesses her suppressed, unrequited attraction to Joe, inadvertently lending partial credence to the rumor's core allegation of romantic impropriety and causing the judge to dismiss the case.^[40] The turning point comes when Mary's classmate Rosalie Wells, intimidated by Mary into providing false corroboration of the kiss, recants under cross-examination, exposing Mary's fabrication as a vengeful ploy.^[41] Confronted with the truth, Mrs. Tilford slaps Mary in remorse and attempts to apologize to Karen, who rejects the overture. In a conciliatory resolution, Karen forgives Martha's confession, Joe reaffirms his commitment, and the couple reunites, allowing the film to conclude on an optimistic note of restored relationships despite lingering emotional scars.^[39]^[40]

Key Themes and Motifs

The central theme of These Three revolves around the corrosive power of lies and gossip, illustrating how a single false accusation can dismantle personal reputations, professional endeavors, and intimate bonds within a tightly knit community. In the narrative, a manipulative student's claim that one teacher is engaged in an affair with the other's fiancé escalates into widespread scandal, forcing the closure of the protagonists' school and leading to profound emotional and social isolation, as unproven rumors supplant factual innocence.^[12]^[14] This underscores the fragility of social trust, where hearsay functions as a weapon capable of inflicting irreversible harm regardless of the underlying truth. Lillian Hellman's screenplay adaptation preserves the essence of destructive falsehoods from her source play The Children's Hour (1934), but reframes the accusation from an implied same-sex relationship to heterosexual infidelity involving jealousy and betrayal among the trio of adults, thereby evading Hays Code prohibitions on homosexual themes while emphasizing that the lie's propagation—not its specific content—drives the tragedy.^[12]^[14] The theme extends to critiques of puritanical judgment, depicting a society prone to moral hysteria and swift condemnation, where the accused bear the burden of disproving innuendo amid entrenched biases against perceived deviance. Recurring motifs include the weaponization of childhood authority, embodied by the deceitful pupil Mary Tilford, whose fabricated story exploits adult deference to youthful testimony, highlighting the peril of unchecked innocence masking malice.^[12] The rural boarding school setting serves as a microcosm for broader communal dynamics, where enclosed spaces amplify rumor diffusion and enforce rigid ethical scrutiny, mirroring real-world mechanisms of ostracism through whispered allegations.^[14] Visual and narrative echoes of isolation—such as characters' progressive withdrawal into solitude—reinforce motifs of reputational contagion, portraying scandal as an insidious force that erodes solidarity and self-perception.^[12]

Release and Reception

Initial Box Office and Critical Response

"These Three" premiered on March 18, 1936, at the Rivoli Theatre in New York City, marking a significant release for United Artists under producer Samuel Goldwyn. The film achieved moderate commercial success at the box office, performing reasonably well relative to its production costs and contributing to Goldwyn's reputation for quality dramas, though exact gross figures from the era remain sparsely documented in contemporary records.^[23]^[42] Initial critical reception was predominantly favorable, with reviewers commending director William Wyler's handling of sensitive material and the strong ensemble performances. The New York Times described the film as "an unusual picture" executed "with perception, beauty and a keen sense of drama," highlighting its emotional depth despite deviations from Lillian Hellman's original play "The Children's Hour."^[23] Variety praised the adaptation's fortification by the "socko trio" of Miriam Hopkins, Merle Oberon, and Joel McCrea, noting how the shift in thematic focus from lesbianism to infidelity preserved dramatic potency while navigating production code restrictions.^[2] Some critics acknowledged the alterations as a concession to censorship but deemed the revised narrative effective in conveying tragedy and romance, with the film's resolution providing a poignant, if softened, emotional payoff compared to the play's stark ending.^[39] Overall, responses emphasized the film's technical polish and acting prowess, positioning it as a mature entry in pre-Code transition Hollywood cinema, though a subset of reviews noted varied opinions on its thematic dilutions.^[42]

Awards and Recognition

"These Three" received a single nomination at the 9th Academy Awards in 1937 for Best Supporting Actress, awarded to Bonita Granville for her portrayal of the malicious child Mary Tilford.^[43] ^[44] This marked the film's only Oscar recognition and made Granville, at age 14, the first child actor nominated in that category.^[43] The award ultimately went to Gale Sondergaard for "Anthony Adverse."^[43] Director William Wyler earned a nomination from the New York Film Critics Circle for Best Director in 1936, though he did not win; the honor went to Frank Capra for "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town."^[45] The film also secured a Photoplay Award as one of the Best Pictures of the Month for May 1936, a recognition from the popular film magazine highlighting contemporary audience and critical appeal.^[45] Despite its thematic boldness under Hays Code constraints, "These Three" garnered no major competitive wins, reflecting the era's selective acclaim for dramas addressing social issues through veiled narratives.^[43] Subsequent retrospective honors have been limited, with the film's legacy more tied to its production challenges and influence than formal accolades.

Modern Reassessments

In contemporary scholarship, These Three is frequently reevaluated as a product of the Motion Picture Production Code's stringent enforcement beginning in 1934, which compelled screenwriter Lillian Hellman to substitute the play's lesbian accusation with a heterosexual love triangle rumor to evade prohibitions on "sexual perversity." Joseph Breen, head of the Production Code Administration, explicitly required these modifications, including the title change from The Children's Hour, rendering the film a study in evasion rather than direct confrontation with the source material's themes.^[12] This adaptation preserved the narrative's core mechanism of destructive gossip while diluting its specificity, allowing the film to pass censorship and achieve commercial success upon its March 1936 release.^[35] Film historians commend director William Wyler's handling of the constraints, praising his use of deep-focus cinematography by Gregg Toland and precise blocking to convey emotional isolation and mounting tension, as evident in scenes like the snowbound confrontation between Martha and Joe. Bonita Granville's portrayal of the manipulative student Mary Tilford earned an Academy Juvenile Award nomination, underscoring the film's dramatic potency independent of its altered premise. Some analysts argue the 1936 version surpasses the 1961 remake in subtlety, with the heterosexual framing enabling broader resonance on themes of communal hysteria and reputational ruin, rather than fixating on explicit identity politics.^[15] ^[35] Queer readings persist in modern criticism, positing subtextual "intrinsic queerness" in the unresolved intimacy between Martha (Miriam Hopkins) and Karen (Merle Oberon), such as Martha's poignant plea to cohabitate post-scandal, interpreted as echoing suppressed same-sex desires from the play. These interpretations, often framed within post-1960s LGBTQ+ historiography, highlight how censorship inadvertently amplified ambiguity, with promotional materials like the poster's "Tortured by a suppressed love!" tagline hinting at elided elements. However, such views remain inferential, as the film's overt plot centers empirical dynamics of falsehood propagation and Puritanical judgment, unmoored from verifiable homosexual content.^[12]^[15]

Controversies and Criticisms

Censorship and Thematic Alterations

To comply with the Motion Picture Production Code, enforced strictly from mid-1934, producer Samuel Goldwyn and screenwriter Lillian Hellman altered the core premise of Hellman's 1934 play The Children's Hour, shifting the destructive rumor from an implied lesbian relationship between the two female schoolteachers to an accusation of heterosexual adultery involving one teacher and the fiancé of the other.^[18]^[19] The Code explicitly banned depictions of "sex perversion," interpreted to include homosexuality, rendering the original plot unfilmable without risking rejection by the Production Code Administration (PCA).^[14] Joseph Breen, head of the PCA, required these modifications during script review, including the title change to These Three to conceal the source material and avoid scrutiny over its controversial themes.^[29] Hellman, who adapted her own play, incorporated a love triangle dynamic—introducing romantic rivalry over physician Joseph Cardin (Joel McCrea)—to heteronormativize the narrative while preserving the emotional stakes of betrayal and reputational ruin.^[13] The PCA approved the final script and film on February 14, 1936, shortly before its March 18 release.^[13] Further adjustments softened tragic elements: in the play, co-teacher Martha Dobie (Miriam Hopkins) confronts her unspoken attraction to colleague Karen Wright (Merle Oberon) and dies by suicide, but the film version has her reject the scandal defiantly, surviving to rebuild her life and emphasizing heterosexual resolution with Cardin's choice between the women.^[17] These changes diluted the play's psychological depth on repressed desire and societal hypocrisy toward non-normative relationships, prioritizing Code-compliant moral uplift where the perjuring child (Bonita Granville) faces punishment, reinforcing themes of truth prevailing over "immoral" lies reconfigured as infidelity rather than deviance.^[18]^[14] Contemporary reviewers noted the sanitization, with some praising the adaptation for "improving" the source by avoiding "unnatural" elements, though the alterations sparked debate over Hollywood's self-censorship stifling artistic fidelity to real-world scandals like the 1810 Mirick case inspiring the play.^[46] The PCA's influence extended to post-production, ensuring no residual queer subtext survived in dialogue or visuals, such as excising any ambiguity in the teachers' bond beyond friendship.^[19] This preemptive evasion of outright bans—unlike outright rejections of other projects—highlighted the Code's chilling effect on thematic exploration during the 1930s.^[18]

Lillian Hellman's Credibility and Political Influences

Lillian Hellman, author of the 1934 play The Children's Hour on which These Three (1936) was based, maintained close ties to leftist causes throughout her career, including membership in the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) from 1938 to 1940.^[47] Her political engagements extended to supporting the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War and broader anti-fascist efforts, aligning her with fellow travelers in New York intellectual circles during the 1930s Popular Front era. These affiliations shaped her worldview, evident in plays like Watch on the Rhine (1941), which critiqued Nazism while reflecting sympathy for Soviet-aligned resistance, though The Children's Hour predated her formal CPUSA involvement and centered on themes of rumor and social ostracism rather than explicit ideology. Hellman's refusal to name associates during her 1952 appearance before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) resulted in her blacklisting from Hollywood, curtailing film work after World War II despite her earlier contributions, including scripting These Three to evade Hays Code prohibitions on depicting lesbianism by substituting an adulterous affair. In her 1976 memoir Scoundrel Time, she denied ever holding CPUSA membership and framed the era's investigations as tyrannical inquisitions against civil liberties, a narrative that critics argued whitewashed her Stalinist sympathies and the party's support for the 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.^[48] Hellman's credibility faced sharp scrutiny from contemporaries, culminating in novelist Mary McCarthy's 1979 Dick Cavett Show remark that "every word [Hellman] writes is a lie, including 'and' and 'the,'" prompting Hellman to file a $2.25 million libel suit that remained unresolved at her death in 1984.^[49] Subsequent analyses, including examinations of Pentimento (1973), uncovered fabrications such as the disputed "Julia" episode, where Hellman claimed personal involvement in smuggling funds to anti-Nazi operatives, later contradicted by archival evidence and associates' testimonies. These revelations, amplified by McCarthy's defense and posthumous reviews, cast doubt on Hellman's factual reliability, with detractors attributing distortions to ideological revisionism rather than mere embellishment, thereby complicating interpretations of her oeuvre, including the lie-driven plot of These Three.^[50]^[51]

Cultural and Moral Debates

The alteration of Lillian Hellman's play The Children's Hour into the 1936 film These Three—replacing the accusation of lesbianism with one of heterosexual infidelity to evade the Motion Picture Production Code's ban on "sex perversion"—ignited debates over cinema's capacity to confront moral taboos without self-censorship.^[13]^[52] The Hays Office, enforcing standards rooted in prevailing Judeo-Christian ethics, required this sanitization for approval, reflecting broader 1930s cultural anxieties about media's influence on public morality and youth.^[53] Proponents of the Code viewed such restrictions as essential to prevent the normalization of behaviors deemed deviant, arguing that direct depictions could erode familial and social structures; critics, however, contended that evasion undermined artistic truth, reducing the narrative's examination of intolerance to a less provocative commentary on gossip's harms.^[18] At its core, the film probes the moral fragility of reputation in small communities, where a single child's lie—motivated by spite—triggers irreversible consequences, including social exile, financial ruin, and one character's suicide.^[54] This aligns with empirical observations of rumor propagation: studies of defamation cases show false sexual allegations often persist due to confirmation bias and reluctance to challenge accusations involving minors, amplifying damage through lost livelihoods and isolation.^[55] Hellman, drawing from the 1810 Woods-Pirie libel trial in Scotland where similar pupil testimony nearly destroyed two teachers' careers, emphasized causal realism in how unverified claims override evidence, a dynamic the film preserves despite thematic shifts.^[52] Moral philosophers have cited such stories to argue for evidentiary thresholds in accusations, warning that moral panic—whether over heterosexuality or otherwise—prioritizes collective purity over individual justice, as seen in the film's climax where vindication arrives too late to avert tragedy. Later cultural reassessments highlight tensions between the film's heteronormative facade and latent queer readings, with some scholars interpreting the protagonists' bond as subtly evoking the original play's dynamics, thus critiquing puritanical fears of female intimacy irrespective of orientation.^[18]^[56] These interpretations, often from LGBTQ-focused analyses, risk retrofitting 1930s intent with contemporary lenses, overlooking the era's data-driven concerns: contemporaneous surveys, like those from the Payne Fund studies (1929–1933), linked cinematic portrayals of vice to juvenile delinquency fears, justifying Code-era restraints.^[57] Yet the film's enduring lesson—that lies weaponized by authority figures erode trust in institutions—transcends sexuality, underscoring a universal moral: societies must balance child protection with presumption of innocence, lest unfounded moral outrage perpetuates cycles of injustice.^[55]

Legacy and Impact

Influence on Later Adaptations

The 1936 film These Three, directed by William Wyler, directly preceded and informed his 1961 remake The Children's Hour, which restored the original lesbian accusation central to Lillian Hellman's 1934 play while retaining core narrative structures from the earlier adaptation. In These Three, Hellman altered the play's premise—replacing the rumor of a sexual relationship between the two female teachers with an accusation of adultery involving one teacher and the fiancé of the other—to comply with the Motion Picture Production Code's prohibitions on depicting homosexuality.^[14] Wyler's experience directing the censored version influenced the 1961 film's approach, as he reused elements like the boarding school setting, the manipulative child antagonist, and interpersonal tensions among the adults, but emphasized psychological depth in the restored queer theme after the Code's influence had diminished by the late 1950s.^[35] The 1961 adaptation starred Audrey Hepburn as Karen Wright and Shirley MacLaine as Martha Dobie, shifting from the 1936 cast of Miriam Hopkins and Merle Oberon, yet maintained Wyler's focus on the destructive power of gossip and reputational ruin.^[18] These Three's critical and commercial success—grossing over $1.3 million against a $425,000 budget and earning five Academy Award nominations, including for Best Picture—validated the underlying story's appeal despite the thematic alterations, facilitating the greenlight for a faithful screen version a quarter-century later when cultural and regulatory constraints eased.^[58] This demonstrated how the 1936 film's evasion of censorship preserved the play's dramatic viability, influencing producers to revisit the material with greater fidelity; Hellman again adapted her own work for the 1961 screenplay, incorporating details from the play's real-life inspiration, the 1810 Scottish libel case of Woods-Pirie and Woods v. Dame Cumming Gordon.^[18] The remake, released by United Artists on December 22, 1961, faced its own Production Code challenges but ultimately received a certificate after cuts, underscoring These Three's role in testing audience tolerance for the story's scandal motif.^[16] Beyond Wyler's films, These Three indirectly shaped subsequent interpretations of Hellman's play through its emphasis on universal themes of false accusation and social ostracism, which persisted in stage revivals and unproduced projects. For instance, a 2021 announcement detailed a planned limited TV series adaptation by playwright Bess Wohl for Anonymous Content, retaining the 1930s setting and expanding on the historical libel case, though as of October 2025, the project remains in development without a release.^[59] This prospective adaptation reflects the enduring legacy of the 1936 film's structural innovations, which decoupled the plot's emotional core from explicit queer elements to broaden accessibility, influencing modern retellings to prioritize relational betrayal over period-specific taboos.^[17]

Broader Cultural Significance

"These Three" exemplifies the constraints imposed by the Motion Picture Production Code, enacted in 1934, which compelled filmmakers to alter narratives involving sexual deviance to avert federal censorship. By substituting the original play's accusation of lesbianism with one of adultery, the film navigated Hays Office requirements while retaining the central motif of how unfounded rumors devastate reputations and lives. This adaptation underscored Hollywood's era of self-regulation, where studios prioritized commercial viability over artistic fidelity, reflecting broader societal pressures to uphold prevailing moral standards amid fears of moral decay in the Depression era.^[18]^[14] The film's portrayal of puritanical hysteria and the fragility of social standing resonated with contemporary anxieties about gossip's corrosive effects in insular communities, drawing from real-life inspirations like the 1810 scandal involving a Scottish schoolteacher falsely accused of lesbianism, which Hellman referenced in her play. It highlighted causal mechanisms whereby a child's malice, amplified by adult prejudices, triggers irreversible consequences, critiquing the irrationality of collective judgment without endorsing progressive ideologies. This thematic core influenced public discourse on personal integrity versus communal vindictiveness, as evidenced by period reviews praising its moral inquiry despite the sanitization.^[14]^[13] In the broader cinematic landscape, "These Three" contributed to evolving standards of thematic depth under censorship, paving the way for post-Code films to revisit suppressed subjects more directly, as seen in the 1961 remake. Its success—grossing over $1.5 million domestically—demonstrated that audiences accepted nuanced explorations of human frailty when framed heteronormatively, reinforcing industry practices of coded storytelling that evaded explicit prohibitions while probing ethical boundaries. Modern analyses often retroactively emphasize erased queer elements, yet the film's enduring value lies in its empirical depiction of rumor as a social pathogen, independent of later ideological overlays.^[17]^[18]

Historical Context in Hollywood

The film These Three, released on March 18, 1936, by United Artists, was produced amid the stringent enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code (Hays Code), which major Hollywood studios had adopted in 1930 to preempt government censorship but began rigorously applying from July 1934 onward under Joseph Breen's oversight at the Production Code Administration (PCA).^[12] This shift followed public outcry over pre-Code films of the early 1930s, which featured explicit sexual content, violence, and social taboos, prompting moral campaigns by groups including Protestant and Catholic organizations.^[60] The Code's General Principles mandated that films uphold moral standards, prohibiting depictions that could "lower the moral standards of those who see" them, with specific bans on "sex perversion" encompassing homosexuality.^[12] Samuel Goldwyn's adaptation of Lillian Hellman's 1934 Broadway play The Children's Hour—inspired by a 19th-century Scottish defamation case involving lesbianism rumors—required substantial plot alterations to secure PCA approval.^[14] The original play's central accusation of an illicit lesbian relationship between teachers Karen Wright and Martha Dobie was recast as a heterosexual adulterous affair between Karen and Dr. Joseph Cardin, Martha's fiancé, to evade prohibitions on non-normative sexual themes.^[12] Hellman, who penned the screenplay, collaborated with director William Wyler to retain the narrative's emphasis on destructive gossip and social ostracism while introducing romantic subplots compliant with Code dictates, such as Cardin's eventual marriage proposal to Karen.^[14] These changes exemplified Hollywood's pragmatic self-regulation, where studios submitted scripts and cuts for pre-approval to avoid bans or boycotts that threatened box-office revenue. In the broader 1930s Hollywood landscape, These Three reflected the industry's consolidation under the studio system, dominated by majors like MGM, Warner Bros., and Paramount, which prioritized mass-market appeal and narrative upliftment over provocative realism.^[13] The PCA's veto power extended to advertising and distribution, compelling producers like Goldwyn to navigate bureaucratic reviews that delayed productions and inflated costs; for instance, the film's reshot elements underscored the Code's chilling effect on artistic liberty.^[12] Despite such constraints, the era fostered technical innovations and star-driven vehicles, with These Three leveraging performers like Miriam Hopkins and Merle Oberon to draw audiences, ultimately grossing modestly but earning Wyler an Academy Award nomination for Best Director.^[17] This context highlights causal pressures from external moralism and internal commercial imperatives that shaped content, often diluting source fidelity to sustain the industry's autonomy.

References

[1]
These Three (1936) - IMDb
Rating 7.4/10 (3,337) The resulting film, THESE THREE, was produced by David O. Selznick, directed by William Wyler and starred Miriam Hopkins, Merle Oberon and Joel McCrea. With ...
[2]
These Three - Variety
These Three. A thoroughly fine cinematic transmutation of Lillian Hellman's dramatic Broadway smash, The Childrens Hour is her own scenarization, reedited and ...
[3]
These Three (1936) - MUBI
THESE THREE. Trailer. Directed by William Wyler. United States, 1936. Drama, Romance. 93. Synopsis. The plot concerns schoolteachers Karen Wright and Martha ...
[4]
These Three | Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 100% (8) Another reason for the film's success is the flawless direction by William Wyler, and last but not least, a sympathetic trio. ... These Three (1936). View more ...
[5]
These Three (1936) - William Wyler - Letterboxd
Rating 3.5 (2,321) The play on which "These Three" is based was made into a movie again in 1961 as "The Children's Hour." While that version could obviously be more explicit in ...
[6]
The Children's Hour – Broadway Play – Original - IBDB
The Children's Hour (Original, Play, Drama, Broadway) opened in New York City Nov 20, 1934 and played through Jul 4, 1936.
[7]
The Children's Hour | Encyclopedia.com
Lillian Hellman's The Children's Hour is a realistic thesis play, in a direct line of descent from the work of the great Norwegian playwright, Henrik Ibsen ...
[8]
The Children's Hour Summary and Study Guide - SuperSummary
The Children's Hour tells the story of two women, Martha and Karen. They are college friends who have worked and saved to start a school for girls.<|separator|>
[9]
The Children's Hour Summary - eNotes.com
The play takes place in a boarding school, as a troubled student falsely claims her two headmistresses are lovers.
[10]
Sex, Lies, and Revisions: Historicizing Hellman's The Children's Hour
Aug 10, 2025 · Reproducing The Children's Hour as a literary artifact may have extended its stage life and solidified (for better or worse) its literary ...Missing: plot | Show results with:plot
[11]
The Children's Hour - THE OLD FITZ THEATRE
Premiering on Broadway in 1934, banned in London and several cities across America and performing for 691 shows in its first run, Lillian Hellman's The ...
[12]
Neither Here nor There: The Conflicted Queerness of These Three and The Children’s Hour
### Summary of Key Themes and Motifs in *These Three* (1936)
[13]
Adapting Lillian Hellman's 'The Children's Hour' for the screen
... Code's impact on the portrayal of homosexuality in Hollywood. Both These Three (1936) and The Children's Hour (1961) are adaptations of Lillian Hellman's ...
[14]
The Lesbian Vanishes: These Three, Lillian Hellman's Adaptation of ...
Apr 1, 2000 · Rather than go through this conversion process between The Children's Hour and These Three, Hellman simply erased the lesbian from her play. An ...
[15]
Queer & Now & Then: 1936 - Film Comment
Dec 4, 2019 · Yet at the end of The Children's Hour, Martha nevertheless hangs herself out of despair and self-loathing. Near the end of These Three, however, ...
[16]
The Children's Hour (Web Exclusive) - Cineaste Magazine
With The Children's Hour, William Wyler joined that list of filmmakers who have remade their own films. His first stab, These Three (1936), based on Lillian ...
[17]
Essay: These Three (1936) and The Children's Hour (1961)
Jun 6, 2016 · This is the boldest change made in the transition. In The Children's Hour, Martha hangs herself in her room. In These Three, Martha scoffs as ...
[18]
Neither Here nor There: The Conflicted Queerness of These Three and The Children’s Hour
### Summary of Pre-Production Details for *These Three* (1936)
[19]
Hays'd: Decoding the Classics — 'The Children's Hour' - IndieWire
'The Children's Hour ... film, 1936's These Three, directed by William Wyler. Instead of a ...
[20]
Samuel Goldwyn | Research Starters - EBSCO
He worked with screenwriter Lillian Hellman to make These Three (1936), based on a Hellman play that had been thought not producible in Hollywood, and The ...
[21]
These Three (1936) - Full cast & crew - IMDb
These Three (1936) - Cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses ... Miriam Hopkins, Joel McCrea, and Merle Oberon in These Three (1936). Full ...Missing: decisions | Show results with:decisions
[22]
These Three | Cast and Crew - Rotten Tomatoes
These Three: Full Cast & Crew Martha (Miriam Hopkins) and Karen (Merle Oberon) graduate from college and turn an old Massachusetts farm into a school for girls.
[23]
Heralding the Arrival of 'These Three,' at the Rivoli -- 'Charlie Chan ...
THESE THREE, adapted by Lillian Hellman from her play, "The Children's Hour"; directed by William Wyler; a Samuel Goldwyn production; released by United Artists ...Missing: pre- decisions
[24]
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028356/awards
[25]
These Three (1936) - User reviews - IMDb
The acting is all on an extraordinarily high level here--everyone, from Merle Oberon to Miriam Hopkins to Joel McCrea and especially little Bonita Granville (as ...
[26]
Classic Review: These Three (1936) - Keith Loves Movies
Oct 25, 2018 · The two greatest performances of the film, though, come from the schoolgirls; Marcia May Jones as Rosalie Wells shows us how disturbing ...
[27]
These Three (1936) - Filming & production - IMDb
Filming locations ; Franklin Canyon Reservoir, Santa Monica Mountains, Los Angeles, California, USA · 8 ; Royce Hall - 340 Royce Drive, UCLA, Westwood, Los Angeles ...Missing: aspects cinematography
[28]
[PDF] A Case Study of Gregg Toland and Citizen Kane
Feb 1, 2012 · These Three, 1936, (35mm) Directed by William Wyler. Goldwyn Studios: USA. 3, 7, 12. The Long Voyage Home, 1940, (35mm) Directed by John Ford.
[29]
First-Class Pictures: These Three (1936) | William Wyler
More significant than the nomination, however, was that the film brought Wyler to the attention of Samuel Goldwyn. In 1935, Goldwyn's fortunes were waning. Of ...Missing: pre- decisions
[30]
GREGG TOLAND: Painting Pictures with a Cinematographer's ...
Jan 17, 2023 · THESE THREE released on March 18, 1936. This was Gregg Toland's 1st of 7 motion pictures with director William Wyler. Wyler's previous motion ...
[31]
William Wyler (1902–1981)Director | Producer - platinum production
The first of the Wyler-Goldwyn works was These Three (1936), based on ... The film features long takes and a probing camera, a style that Wyler would make his own ...
[32]
10 Signature Elements of William Wyler's Filmmaking Style!
Dec 4, 2023 · Long takes, where a single shot is used for an extended period, add a sense of realism and intimacy to the storytelling. This technique can be ...
[33]
The love that dare not speak its name until halfway through the third ...
May 5, 2021 · As for These Three, it changes the slander at issue, from an allegation of lesbianism to one of mere adultery with a man. Hellman defended ...
[34]
MediaNotes / The Hays Code - TV Tropes
These Three, the 1936 adaptation of lesbian-themed play The Children's Hour, changes the central conflict to an accusation of heterosexual infidelity ...
[35]
These Three: Wyler and his Two Adaptations of The Children's Hour
Mar 4, 2025 · In 1961, Wyler would remake the film, this time under its original title, with a screenplay much more faithful to Hellman's 1934 play. Drawing ...Missing: changes | Show results with:changes<|control11|><|separator|>
[36]
Homosexuality - and Film Reviews during the Production Code Era
reviewers' attitudes toward lesbianism as a film subject had changed since These. Three. In 1936, film reviewers judged the heterosexual These Three better than.
[37]
These Three - Trailers From Hell
Aug 9, 2016 · The Children's Hour was the play; it became producer Sam Goldwyn's These Three in 1936. The big surprise, or non-surprise, is that the play's ...<|separator|>
[38]
The world's most comprehensive Film database - AFI|Catalog
Karen Wright and Martha Dobie are the head-mistresses of a small private school for girls. Their major disciplinary problem is twelve-year-old Mary Tilford, the ...Missing: plot summary<|control11|><|separator|>
[39]
THESE THREE, THOSE FIVE; 'The Children's Hour' and the ...
SAMUEL GOLDWYN'S purchase of the screen rights to Lillian Hellman's "The Children's Hour" was one of the funniest Goldwyn stories of last year.Missing: decisions | Show results with:decisions
[40]
Lillian Hellman - To Parent Directory
In this version Mary tells her aunt that Joe and Martha are having an affair; a slander suit is brought and dismissed; and Martha confesses her love for Joe, ...
[41]
These Three (1936) - Plot - IMDb
The plot concerns schoolteachers Karen Wright and Martha Dobie, who are both in love with Dr. Joe Cardin. The malicious lie of one of their students involves ...
[42]
Lifetime Achievement in Directing - IMDb
It did reasonably at the box office and garnered varied reviews from critics. ... Toland shot seven of the eight films Wyler directed for Goldwyn: "These Three ...
[43]
1936 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org
... These Three (the film's sole nomination) - Bonita Granville's nomination made her the first child to earn a nomination; Alice Brady (with her first nomination) ...
[44]
1936 Academy Award Nominations by Film
These Three, Samuel Goldwyn Productions; United Artists. Actress in a Supporting Role. Bonita Granville. Three Smart Girls, Universal. Outstanding Production ...
[45]
These Three (1936) - Awards - IMDb
Miriam Hopkins, Joel McCrea, and Merle Oberon in These Three (1936). 1936 Winner Photoplay Award. Best Pictures of the Month (May) · Marcia Mae Jones. 1936 ...
[46]
Homosexuality and Film Reviews during the Production Code Era ...
Oct 23, 2018 · Film reviewers agreed that These Three “improved upon the original” by rewriting the lesbian conflict as a heterosexual triangle. The change “ ...
[47]
Lillian Hellman | Southern Literary Trail
Hailing from a politically prominent Alabama family, Bankhead was an outspoken opponent of the Communist Party, of which Hellman was a member from 1938-1940.Missing: affiliations | Show results with:affiliations
[48]
Lillian Hellman vs. Mary McCarthy - The New Republic
Jul 12, 2011 · Hellman's version of these events had several fundamental problems. In the book, she flatly denies ever having been a member of the Communist ...Missing: credibility | Show results with:credibility
[49]
Lillian Hellman sues Mary McCarthy for libel | February 14, 1980
Playwright Lillian Hellman sues novelist and critic Mary McCarthy for libel, demanding $2.25 million in damages.Missing: credibility | Show results with:credibility
[50]
What Becomes a Liar Most? - Claremont Review of Books
The revisionists' work, she believes, validated Hellman's belief that “communism ... political positions that just happened to dovetail with the Communist Party's ...Missing: affiliations | Show results with:affiliations
[51]
BOOKS: LOVERS AND SCOUNDRELS - Time Magazine
Jun 24, 1996 · By the time Lillian Hellman ... Though the suit died with the antagonists, it gave publicity to the fabrications in Pentimento and Scoundrel Time.
[52]
'The Children's Hour': Sex, lies and Lillian Hellman | The Seattle Times
May 27, 2015 · The first movie version, the 1936 release “These Three,” was reworked into a heterosexual love triangle to comply with Hollywood's prudish ...
[53]
Censoring “Sick and Dirty” Queerness in Hollywood's Golden Age
Aug 31, 2025 · The title became These Three. It was directed by the great ... The third was a new adaptation of The Children's Hour. But when the ...
[54]
These Three (1936) | Diary of A Movie Maniac - WordPress.com
Jun 16, 2025 · Hellman changed the story from two teachers being accused of lesbianism, to a teacher being accused of fooling around with her best friend's ...
[55]
(PDF) Cultural Materialism in the Production and Distribution of ...
... These Three (1936), which were all based. on contemporary lesbian stage plays ... moral prohibitions against and debates about the nature of.
[56]
Category: These Three 1936 - The Last Drive In
The Hays Code became a series of self-imposed, perceived-to-be-moral guidelines that told filmmakers and the major studios what was permissible to do in their ...<|separator|>
[57]
Second Chances: The Remake of Lillian Hellman's The Children's ...
Jul 1, 2000 · This second film version of The Children's Hour is no more faithful an adaptation than These Three. Both films avoid the issues of power that are central to ...Missing: debates | Show results with:debates
[58]
[PDF] Adapting Lillian Hellman's 'The Children's Hour' for the screen
This paper uses two films as a case study of the Code's impact on Hollywood's depiction of homosexuality. Both These Three (1936) and The Children's Hour. (1961) ...
[59]
Lillian Hellman's Play 'The Children's Hour' Set For Series Adaptation
Oct 12, 2021 · Lillian Hellman's 1934 play The Children's Hour, set in an all-girls boarding school, is getting a TV adaptation from Anonymous Content and ...
[60]
The Production Code of the Motion Picture Industry (1930-1967)
During the period that the Production Code was in existence, its enforcement ... Each of these three men was more an ambassador, lobbyist and salesman for ...