Three-point field goal
A three-point field goal, commonly known as a three-pointer, is a type of field goal in basketball awarded three points when successfully made from beyond the designated three-point line, a semicircular arc on the court surrounding the basket, as opposed to the standard two points for shots taken from inside that boundary.[1] To qualify, the shooter's feet must be entirely behind the line at the moment of release, though landing inside after the shot is permitted, and the line's inner edge defines the boundary.[1] The three-point shot was first used in professional basketball by the American Basketball League (ABL) in 1961, though the league folded soon after; it was popularized by the American Basketball Association (ABA) during its inaugural 1967–68 season, where it was introduced to add excitement and differentiate the league, with the line set at 25 feet from the basket.[2] Following the ABA-NBA merger in 1976, the National Basketball Association (NBA) adopted the rule on a trial basis for the 1979–80 season, with Boston Celtics player Chris Ford credited for the league's first three-pointer on October 12, 1979; it became permanent thereafter.[3] Internationally, the Fédération Internationale de Basketball (FIBA) implemented the three-point line in 1984 at 6.25 meters (20 feet 6 inches) from the basket, later adjusted to 6.75 meters (22 feet 1.75 inches) in 2010 to promote consistency and strategy.[4] In college basketball, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) first experimented with the rule in 1980 before fully adopting it in 1986–87 at 19 feet 9 inches, with extensions to 20 feet 9 inches in 2008–09 and the FIBA distance of 22 feet 1.75 inches starting in 2019–20 to align with international play and adjust shooting percentages.[5] The three-point line's dimensions vary by governing body to balance offense and defense: in the NBA, it measures 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 meters) at the top of the arc and 22 feet (6.71 meters) in the corners, while FIBA's arc measures 22 feet 1.75 inches (6.75 meters) at the top, with shorter distances of about 21 feet 8 inches (6.6 meters) in the corners, and the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) uses a setup similar to FIBA's, with 22 feet 1.75 inches (6.75 meters) at the top of the arc and approximately 21 feet 8 inches (6.6 meters) in the corners.[1][6][7] This variation influences gameplay, with shorter corner distances in the NBA enabling more viable shots from those angles. Over time, the rule has transformed basketball tactics, increasing the volume of three-point attempts—rising from under 10% of field goals in the NBA's early adoption to over 40% by the 2020s—and emphasizing spacing, player versatility, and analytical approaches to maximize scoring efficiency.[8]Fundamentals
Definition and Scoring
In basketball, a field goal refers to a basket made by throwing or tapping the ball into the opponent's hoop from the playing area during live gameplay, distinct from free throws awarded for fouls.[9] A three-point field goal is a specific type of field goal attempted and successfully made from beyond the three-point line, a marked boundary on the court that delineates the extended scoring zone.[9] This shot rewards the offensive team with three points, compared to the standard two points for successful field goals made from inside that line, incentivizing longer-range attempts. The scoring mechanics for a three-point field goal require the shooter to release the ball while both feet are positioned entirely behind the three-point line, with no part of either foot touching or crossing the line until after the ball leaves the shooter's hands.[9] If the release occurs legally from this position and the ball subsequently enters the basket from above, three points are automatically awarded, regardless of whether the shooter lands inside the line post-release.[9] However, if any portion of the foot is on or over the line at the moment of release, the attempt is treated as a two-point field goal, even if it succeeds. Three-point field goals differ fundamentally from free throws, which are uncontested shots granted to a fouled player from a fixed spot at the foul line and valued at one point each.[10] In contrast, three-point attempts occur amid active play, where defenders may contest the shot, adding an element of risk and skill to the longer distance involved.[9] This distinction underscores the three-point field goal's role as a strategic element in dynamic game situations rather than a penalty-based opportunity.Court Markings and Variations
The three-point line on a basketball court is marked as a continuous boundary that defines the area from which a successful field goal is awarded three points, typically consisting of an arc centered on the basket with optional straight segments parallel to the sidelines near the corners. This marking creates a semicircular or trapezoidal zone, with the line itself not part of the three-point area; any shot released from behind it qualifies if it meets other rules. The design ensures a consistent challenge for long-range shooting, promoting strategic spacing and skill differentiation.[11] In the National Basketball Association (NBA), the three-point line forms a trapezoid-shaped boundary: parallel straight lines positioned 3 feet from each sideline extend from the baseline for 23 feet 9 inches before connecting to a semicircular arc of the same radius from the basket's center, resulting in corner distances of 22 feet from the basket. This configuration has remained standard since the line's introduction in 1979, balancing court width constraints with uniform top-arc distance.[11] The Fédération Internationale de Basketball (FIBA) employs a uniform semicircular arc for its three-point line, with a radius of 6.75 meters (22 feet 1.75 inches) measured from the point directly beneath the basket's center to the outer edge of the arc, extending fully across the court's width without straight segments. This full-arc design, adopted internationally since 1984, simplifies measurements and aligns with global standards for amateur and professional play outside North America.[12] Variations exist across major leagues to accommodate different court sizes and competitive levels. In the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the men's three-point line was extended to the FIBA distance of 22 feet 1.75 inches in 2019, forming a uniform arc to match international play and reduce discrepancies with professional transitions; the women's line, at 20 feet 9 inches from the 2011–12 season until 2021, aligned to the same 22 feet 1.75 inches in 2021 for consistency between genders. The Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) uses a trapezoidal line similar to the NBA's but at the shorter FIBA arc radius of 22 feet 1.75 inches, with parallel lines 3 feet from the sidelines extending 93 1/3 inches from the baseline before connecting to the arc, a standard set since 2013.[5][13][7] These markings have evolved to enhance game flow and fairness, such as through the NCAA's post-2019 adjustments to a uniform arc for better alignment with FIBA courts, addressing prior inconsistencies in corner distances that affected shooting dynamics. The arc's primary purpose is to impose a longer-range challenge, increasing shot difficulty and encouraging teams to value precision from distance over closer attempts.[5][2]Historical Development
Origins in Amateur and International Basketball
The three-point field goal originated in amateur basketball as an experimental rule aimed at enhancing the game's excitement and rewarding skillful long-range shooting, particularly to counteract the stagnation of low-scoring contests dominated by taller players near the basket. In 1944, Howard Hobson, then a doctoral student at Columbia University and former coach at the University of Oregon, proposed the concept after analyzing 13 seasons of college basketball data, which revealed repetitive play patterns and limited offensive variety. Hobson envisioned a "bonus shot" from beyond a designated arc to encourage perimeter play and balance the advantages of height.[14][15] The first implementation occurred on February 7, 1945, in an exhibition game between Columbia and Fordham at Columbia's gymnasium, where a 21-foot arc was painted, and successful shots from beyond it counted for three points. This matchup, attended by about 1,000 spectators, marked the debut of the rule in a college setting, with Fordham's John Cahill credited as the first to score such a basket, though the experiment did not immediately gain widespread traction due to resistance from traditionalists concerned about altering the game's fundamentals.[14][16] Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, sporadic college experiments continued to test variations of the rule; for instance, in 1958, Siena College and St. Francis College (New York) played a game featuring a 23-foot arc, resulting in each team making one three-point shot, which highlighted the potential for added strategic depth without overwhelming the sport. These trials, often limited to single games or tournaments, stemmed from the same motivations: to invigorate stagnant offenses and promote shooting from distance in amateur play.[17] A significant amateur influence emerged in 1961 when the American Basketball League (ABL), a short-lived professional minor league, adopted the three-point line at 25 feet for its inaugural 1961-62 season to differentiate itself and boost fan interest in low-attendance games. This experiment, which lasted only 1½ seasons before the league folded, inspired broader curiosity by demonstrating how the rule could elevate scoring and excitement, with players like Bill Sharman embracing long-range attempts.[2][18] Internationally, the three-point field goal was standardized by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) in 1984, debuting at the Los Angeles Olympics that year with a 6.25-meter (20 feet 6 inches) arc to align global rules and reward precision shooting in competitive play. This adoption built on earlier amateur precedents, ensuring the rule's integration into Olympic and FIBA-sanctioned events, where it quickly became a staple for promoting dynamic, high-scoring international basketball.[19][20]Introduction and Evolution in Professional Leagues
The three-point field goal was first permanently introduced in a major professional basketball league by the American Basketball Association (ABA) during its inaugural 1967–68 season, as a means to add excitement and differentiate the league from the established National Basketball Association (NBA).[2] This innovation, credited to ABA commissioner George Mikan, awarded three points for successful shots made beyond an arc approximately 25 feet from the basket, encouraging a faster-paced, more offensive style of play that contrasted with the NBA's emphasis on interior scoring.[15] The ABA's use of the three-pointer, alongside features like the slam dunk contest, helped market the league to fans seeking spectacle, with teams averaging around five attempts per game in that debut season.[4] The ABA's innovative approach significantly influenced the NBA following their 1976 merger, which integrated four ABA teams—the Indiana Pacers, San Antonio Spurs, Denver Nuggets, and New York Nets—into the NBA, bringing along the league's stylistic elements and prompting gradual adoption of its rules to modernize professional basketball.[2] Although the NBA initially resisted the three-point shot, viewing it as a gimmick that could undermine traditional play, the merger's influx of ABA talent and strategies ultimately led to its trial implementation in the 1979–80 season.[21] The NBA's three-point line debuted at 23 feet 9 inches from the basket at the top of the key, shortening to 22 feet in the corners, marking the shot's entry into mainstream professional basketball and setting the stage for its evolution.[21] Over subsequent decades, the NBA refined the three-point line to balance scoring and strategy. In response to stagnant offensive output, the league shortened the line to a uniform 22 feet for the 1994–95 through 1996–97 seasons, which temporarily boosted three-point attempts and made from beyond the arc.[22] It was restored to the original distances starting in the 1997–98 season to restore defensive challenges.[22] Further standardization occurred in the 2019–20 season, when the NBA extended the corner three-point markings to exactly 22 feet across all arenas, eliminating variations in older venues and ensuring consistent court dimensions league-wide.[4] Other professional leagues aligned closely with NBA standards upon their inception. The Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), launching in 1997, incorporated the three-point rule from the start with a line at 22 feet 1.75 inches from the basket—slightly shorter than the NBA's to suit the game's pace—fostering similar strategic emphases on perimeter shooting.[23] The NBA G League, as the developmental affiliate, has followed the NBA's three-point specifications since its rebranding in 2017, using the same 23 feet 9 inches arc and 22-foot corners to prepare players for the parent league's environment.[24]Rules and Specifications
Shooting Distances by League
In professional basketball leagues, the three-point line distance varies to accommodate different court designs and gameplay standards. The National Basketball Association (NBA) and Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) use a non-uniform arc, with the NBA specifying a distance of 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 meters) at the top of the arc from the center of the basket, shortening to 22 feet (6.71 meters) in the corners due to the parallel lines extending from the baseline.[11] The WNBA adjusted its arc to 22 feet 1.75 inches (6.75 meters) from the basket center in 2013, but retains parallel lines 3 feet from the sidelines, resulting in a corner distance of 22 feet (6.71 meters).[7][25] Internationally, the Fédération Internationale de Basketball (FIBA) enforces a consistent semicircular three-point line with a radius of 6.75 meters (22 feet 1.75 inches), measured to the inner edge from the basket center, applying uniformly across all competitions without corner variations.[12] In college basketball under the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), both men's and women's games have used a uniform distance of 22 feet 1.75 inches (6.75 meters) since the 2019-20 season for men and 2021-22 for women, matching FIBA specifications; prior to these changes, the women's line was shorter at 20 feet 9 inches (6.32 meters) at the arc top.[26][13] These distances are measured horizontally in the plane of the court from the center of the basket to the inner edge of the line, with no adjustments for vertical elevation or backboard projection.[11][12] To ensure compliance, officials and venue staff employ precision tools such as laser measurers or steel tapes during court installation and pre-game inspections; any deviation exceeding tolerances (typically 0.25 inches) results in the court being deemed invalid for play until corrected.[11][7]| League | Arc Top Distance | Corner Distance | Measurement Point | Adoption Year (Current Standard) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NBA | 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) | 22 ft (6.71 m) | Center of basket | 1979[11] |
| WNBA | 22 ft 1.75 in (6.75 m) | 22 ft (6.71 m) | Center of basket | 2013[7] |
| FIBA | 22 ft 1.75 in (6.75 m) | Uniform (6.75 m) | Center of basket | 2010[12] |
| NCAA (Men/Women) | 22 ft 1.75 in (6.75 m) | Uniform (6.75 m) | Center of basket | 2019-20 (men); 2021-22 (women)[26][13] |
Legal Requirements for a Valid Shot
For a three-point field goal to be valid in professional and collegiate basketball, the shooter's feet must be positioned behind the three-point line at the moment the ball is released from the hand. This positioning is determined by the location where the shooter's feet last touched the floor immediately prior to or during the release of the shot. In leagues such as the NBA and FIBA, no part of the foot may touch or cross the three-point line until after the ball has left the shooter's hand; the feet must be entirely behind the line at release.[9][12] In jump shot attempts, including one-footed variations, the pivot foot—the foot that remains in contact with the floor longest before the player becomes airborne—must start behind the line, with the other foot free to move as long as the release occurs before any infraction. Both feet do not need to be simultaneously behind the line if the shooter jumps off one foot, provided the pivot foot complies with the positioning requirement and the non-pivot foot does not cross the line prematurely. This allows for dynamic shooting mechanics, such as fadeaways or step-backs, while maintaining the integrity of the shot's value. The NCAA follows a similar standard, requiring at least one foot in contact with the floor behind the line before release.[9][12][27] The timing of the release is critical: the ball must be airborne or fully leaving the shooter's hands before any part of the body, particularly the feet, crosses the plane of the three-point line. If the shooter steps across the line after release but while still airborne, the shot remains valid, as the infraction is assessed based on the pre-release position. Goaltending rules apply identically to three-point attempts as to two-point shots, prohibiting defensive players from touching the ball during its downward flight toward the basket or while it is on the rim, with exceptions only for upward trajectories or after the ball has hit the rim and is clearly not entering. A goaltending violation on a three-point attempt results in three points being awarded to the offense.[9][12] Close calls on line violations, such as foot placement or release timing, are subject to official review via instant replay in the NBA, FIBA, and NCAA, particularly when the shot is successful and uncertainty exists about its classification. Reviews focus solely on the shooter's position relative to the line and the ball's release, often triggered by coaches' challenges or crew chief discretion in the final minutes of periods. If replay confirms the feet crossed the line before release, the made basket is reclassified as a two-point field goal; other violations, such as illegal contact or clock expiration, may nullify the shot entirely, awarding possession to the opposing team via a throw-in.[28][12][29]Strategic and Cultural Impact
Rise of the Three-Point Era
The rise of the three-point era in the NBA accelerated in the mid-2010s, particularly after the 2014 season, as teams began emphasizing higher volumes of long-range attempts based on established efficiency advantages. This shift was pioneered by the Golden State Warriors, who under coach Steve Kerr increased their three-point attempts from 27.0 per game in 2014-15 to a league-leading 31.2 in 2016-17, helping them achieve a 67-15 regular-season record and an NBA championship.[30] League-wide, three-point attempts per game climbed steadily from 22.4 in 2014-15 to 27.0 in 2016-17, reflecting a broader adoption of spacing and shooting-focused offenses enabled by consistent rule specifications for the arc.[31] Central to this transformation was the "Moreyball" philosophy, developed by Houston Rockets general manager Daryl Morey in the 2000s and refined through the 2010s, which utilized advanced analytics to demonstrate that three-pointers offered superior expected value compared to mid-range twos or even some layups—approximately 1.05 points per attempt at league-average efficiency versus 1.0 for twos.[32] Morey's approach, drawing from points-per-possession models, encouraged teams to prioritize threes and rim attacks while minimizing less efficient shots, influencing franchises like the Rockets (who led the league with 40.3 attempts per game in 2016-17) and spreading via personnel moves and coaching hires. By the late 2010s, this data-driven strategy had permeated the league, with attempts surging to 32.0 per game in 2018-19.[31] Entering the 2020s, the trend intensified, with three-point attempts stabilizing around 35 per game through 2023-24 while the share of total field goal attempts from beyond the arc reached 40.0% league-wide for the first time in 2021-22 and 42.2% by 2024-25, even as defenses adapted with extended coverage and zone schemes.[31][33] This sustained high-volume usage marked a departure from earlier fluctuations, as teams like the 2023-24 Boston Celtics averaged 42.5 attempts per game en route to a title, underscoring the shot's enduring strategic primacy. Media outlets dubbed this evolution the "three-point revolution," highlighting its role in faster-paced, skill-specialized play where players increasingly focused on catch-and-shoot proficiency over traditional post-up roles.[34][35]Influence on Team Strategies and Player Roles
The three-point shot has reshaped offensive strategies in professional basketball by prioritizing floor spacing, which deploys multiple shooters around the perimeter to pull defenders away from the paint and create driving lanes for ball-handlers. This approach, first effectively implemented by the Orlando Magic in the 2007-08 season with a league-high 32.2% three-point attempt rate, allows teams to exploit defensive collapses through penetration and kick-out passes, significantly boosting offensive efficiency.[34] Pick-and-roll actions have evolved accordingly, often culminating in three-point attempts rather than mid-range pull-ups, as exemplified by the Phoenix Suns' 2009-10 lineup featuring Steve Nash, Amar'e Stoudemire, and stretch forward Channing Frye, which generated 116.1 points per 100 possessions.[34] Consequently, mid-range shots have declined sharply, comprising just 13% of field goal attempts league-wide by 2020-21, down from 31% a decade earlier, as teams favor the higher expected value of threes (1.1 points per attempt) over less efficient two-point options.[34] Defensive tactics have adapted to counter this emphasis, with teams extending their coverage to contest perimeter shots while maintaining rim protection to limit high-efficiency layups and dunks. Strategies like the "pack-line" defense, which clogs the paint by positioning bigs closer to the basket, have gained prominence, as demonstrated by the Milwaukee Bucks and Toronto Raptors in the 2019-20 season, where they ranked among the league's best in restricted-area field-goal percentage allowed despite conceding elevated three-point volumes.[34] However, aggressive perimeter denial has waned in favor of drop coverage in pick-and-rolls, a shift prompted by failures like the New Orleans Pelicans' early 2020-21 experiment that allowed 16.3 opponent threes per game before reverting to more conservative schemes.[34] These adjustments reflect the possession value of threes, which has accelerated game pace and increased overall scoring, with NBA teams averaging higher offensive ratings in three-point-heavy eras.[34] The rise of the three-point shot has redefined player roles, elevating "stretch bigs"—forwards and centers proficient from beyond the arc, such as Brook Lopez, who attempted 281 threes in 2020-21—to create spacing without sacrificing size.[34] Specialist shooters have proliferated, diminishing the dominance of traditional post players reliant on interior scoring, while guards like Stephen Curry have pioneered off-dribble three-point shooting, attempting 30% of league threes off the bounce by 2019-20 and redefining the position through unprecedented volume and accuracy (e.g., 286 made in 2014-15).[34][36] Similar trends appear internationally in the EuroLeague, where three-point attempt rates have surged (e.g., higher 3PA/FGA% than in prior decades), prompting offenses to mirror NBA spacing tactics and defenses to prioritize perimeter rotations.[37] In women's basketball, the WNBA has seen parallel shifts, with three-point attempts rising to 33.3% of shots in 2024—creating vital spacing for interior stars like A'ja Wilson—and elevating offensive ratings to 103.5 points per 100 possessions while increasing pace to 78.5 possessions per game.[38]Records and Achievements
All-Time Statistical Leaders
In the National Basketball Association (NBA), Stephen Curry holds the all-time lead in career three-point field goals made with 4,116 as of November 2025.[39] James Harden ranks second with 3,222, followed by Ray Allen with 2,973.[39] These totals reflect the increasing emphasis on volume shooting in modern play, with Curry's mark surpassing previous benchmarks through consistent high-output seasons.[34]| Rank | Player | Three-Point Field Goals Made |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Stephen Curry | 4,116[39] |
| 2 | James Harden | 3,222[39] |
| 3 | Ray Allen | 2,973[39] |