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Tula

Tula is a Mesoamerican archaeological site located in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, that functioned as the capital of the Toltec civilization from approximately 850 to 1150 CE. The site features monumental architecture, including the Pyramid of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli topped with four towering basalt Atlantean warrior statues symbolizing Toltec military prowess, and a rectangular plaza indicative of urban planning influenced by earlier Teotihuacan styles. Renowned for its role in Toltec cultural expansion, Tula exerted influence across central Mexico through trade, military campaigns, and the dissemination of artistic motifs like the feathered serpent deity Quetzalcoatl, which later inspired Aztec mythology and iconography. While traditionally viewed as the epicenter of a vast Toltec empire, archaeological evidence suggests a more regionally dominant polity centered on agricultural surplus and craft specialization rather than extensive imperial control, with the site's decline linked to environmental stress, internal strife, and nomadic incursions around 1150 CE. Excavations since the 20th century have revealed ball courts, colonnaded halls, and sacrificial evidence underscoring ritual practices, though interpretations of Toltec ethnicity and continuity with prior cultures remain subjects of scholarly debate due to limited textual records beyond post-conquest Nahuatl accounts.

Places

Tula, Russia

Tula is the administrative center of in Russia's , situated approximately 180 kilometers south of along the River. The city spans 151 square kilometers and serves as a major transportation hub, connected to by in about two hours. Its population is approximately 500,000 residents. First documented in chronicles in 1146, Tula predates 's earliest mention by one year and originated as a settlement of the tribe under the influence of principalities like Chernigov and . In the , it became a fortified outpost against Tatar incursions, with the Tula Kremlin constructed by Italian architects around 1520 to defend the southern borders. During the Great Patriotic War, Tula withstood a German siege in 1941, earning the Hero City title on December 7, 1976, for its role in halting the advance on ; over 250 locals received the award. Tula's economy centers on , contributing about 44% to the oblast's GDP through machine-building, metal processing, , and defense manufacturing. The , established by decree of Peter I in 1712, produced up to 600,000 firearms for the Patriotic War and remains a key facility for and ammunition. Traditional crafts include samovar production, originating in the for , and Tula pryaniki, honey-based gingerbreads stamped with intricate designs, both symbolizing the city's metallurgical . Notable sites include the Tula State Museum of Weapons, founded in 1775, and , 14 kilometers southwest, the estate and museum of .

Tula de Allende, Mexico

is a municipality in the central Mexican state of , encompassing the modern city of and the renowned archaeological zone of Tula, ancient capital of the civilization. The site, located approximately 70 kilometers northwest of , flourished as a major regional center from around 850 to 1150 CE, influencing subsequent Mesoamerican cultures through its , military , and trade networks centered on mining and . The city, known historically as Tollan, featured monumental structures including Pyramid B (also called the Pyramid of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli), a terraced platform temple topped by four 4.6-meter basalt columns depicting warriors in atlatl-wielding poses, symbolizing Toltec martial prowess. Other key features include the rectangular Coatepantli or "Serpent Wall" enclosing the main ceremonial precinct, ballcourts, and palaces such as the Palacio Quemado, evidencing advanced stone masonry and for a population estimated at 40,000 to 60,000 at its peak. Excavations reveal the city's decline and destruction by fire between 1168 and 1179 CE, likely due to internal strife, nomadic incursions, or environmental factors like , after which Toltec influence dispersed southward toward and central . In the modern era, Tula de Allende functions as a regional economic hub in , with the municipality's population reaching 115,107 inhabitants in the 2020 , comprising 51.7% women and 48.3% men, and covering 336.1 square kilometers. The local integrates from the , which draws visitors to its preserved ruins, alongside activities such as and thermoelectric power generation in the surrounding Tula , contributing to Hidalgo's broader and sectors. Agricultural production, including and for , persists in rural areas, though urbanization and proximity to have spurred growth in services and commerce. The municipality's socioeconomic profile shows low marginalization levels, with median household incomes varying but supporting steady development amid challenges like from the complex.

Other places named Tula

Tula is a village in the Eastern District of Island, , situated in Vaifanua County at the island's easternmost cape. It had a population of 405 according to the 2010 U.S. Census and is known for its white-sand beaches and traditional Samoan fine-mat weaving practices. The area features dramatic coastal scenery and serves as a gateway to nearby sites like the NOAA observatory on Cape Matatula. Ciudad Tula, in state, , is a historic town founded on July 22, 1617, and recognized as the oldest settlement in the state with preserved colonial architecture. Located in the , it features cobblestone streets, the Templo de San Antonio de Padua church, and cultural elements like Huastec folklore and tulteca enchiladas. The town, which received city status in 1835, is noted for its role in regional history, including events during the in 1836. Tula is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in , , positioned along Mississippi Highway 331 south of . It forms part of the broader rural landscape in northern , with nearby urban centers including and . Tula is a small village in , , located in the coastal region with coordinates approximately 0°50'S, 39°42'E. It lies near the Tana River and is characteristic of rural settlements in the area, primarily inhabited by local ethnic groups engaged in and agricultural activities.

Peoples and ethnic groups

Tula people of

The Tula were a Native American people inhabiting the region of present-day western , west of the , during the early . They are documented primarily through accounts from Hernando de Soto's expedition, which entered Tula territory near modern , in 1541. Scholars classify the Tula as likely Caddoan speakers, based on linguistic and cultural affinities with later groups in the region. The Tula maintained a semi-nomadic as , employing long lances in combat and demonstrating notable mobility, though they predated the introduction of to by Europeans. Archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence indicates they engaged in agriculture, cultivating crops such as and yam beans (a turnip-like root), and practiced uncommon in the broader region, including the domestication of turkeys and ducks. Their settlements were situated around areas like present-day Caddo Gap, reflecting adaptation to the ' terrain. Following de Soto's incursion, which involved conflicts and disease transmission, the Tula vanished from historical records by the late . Modern consensus among anthropologists links them to the ancestral , a Caddoan group that migrated westward onto the , evidenced by shared , dialect patterns, and oral traditions. No federally recognized tribe directly descends from the Tula today, though their legacy persists in regional Caddoan studies.

Tula people of Africa

The Tula are an ethnic group inhabiting the mountainous regions of Kaltungo in , northeastern , with their traditional headquarters in Wange. They number approximately 65,000 individuals, concentrated in tight-knit communities along steep hillsides approximately 30 kilometers east of Billiri. The group's territory features a plateau with flat expanses suitable for , where they have historically engaged in subsistence farming, carving terraces into slopes to cultivate crops adapted to the environment. The Tula speak the Tula language (ISO 639-3: tul), a Niger-Congo language belonging to the Adamawa branch within the subgroup, with around 65,000 speakers primarily using the Yili dialect. This language exhibits systems typical of Adamawa languages and shows some morphological influences from neighboring Chadic tongues due to prolonged regional interactions, though it remains distinctly Niger-Congo in structure. The Tula-Waja linguistic cluster, of which Tula forms a core part, is spoken across southern and the western lower Gongola River area north of the Benue. Historically, the Tula organized as a traditional chiefdom or kingdom, serving as a hub for regional native authority governance until 1970, when administrative reforms integrated it into modern Nigerian structures. Oral traditions link their origins to the Ngazargamu region of the Bornu Empire, positioning them as descendants who migrated southward and maintained martial traditions, including organized warfare tactics and resistance against Fulani jihadist expansions from the Sokoto Caliphate in the 19th century. By the early 20th century, colonial records noted their distinct identity amid surrounding groups, with reports from 1908 highlighting their plateau settlements to British administrators. Their military prowess is evidenced in defeats of invading forces, such as those from the Misau Emirate, underscoring a culture of defensive autonomy in pre-colonial state-building. Culturally, the Tula emphasize communal and peaceful relations with neighbors, though disputes occasionally arise; their features hierarchical chiefly structures that historically coordinated and . Religious practices include a majority adherence to (approximately 85%), with the remainder following traditional ethnic religions involving ancestral veneration and rituals tied to agrarian cycles. This distribution reflects post-colonial missionary influences in a region otherwise dominated by , contributing to ongoing social dynamics in northeastern .

Personal names

As a given name

Tula is a feminine with multiple etymological origins across cultures. In and traditions, it derives from "tulā," signifying "balance" or "scales," often associated with equilibrium and the zodiac sign . In Native American , Tula translates to "leaping water," evoking imagery of flowing streams or waterfalls, while some interpretations link it to "" or "tranquility." Additional roots include influences reinforcing the "leaping water" meaning and associations with "beloved warrior" or "high nobility." The name remains relatively uncommon globally, particularly in contexts. , approximately 1,291 individuals bear the name Tula, predominantly females, placing it in the 97th of rarity among given names as of recent data. It has not ranked highly in popularity charts, with limited appearances in top 1000 lists, though its use persists in multicultural families drawn to its phonetic simplicity and varied symbolic connotations. Notable individuals include (born 1954), a British model and actress known professionally as Tula, who gained prominence for her role in the 1981 James Bond film For Your Eyes Only and her advocacy following her identity disclosure. Tula Pink (born 1971), an American fabric designer and quilter, has popularized the name through her creative works in the quilting industry. These figures highlight Tula's occasional in artistic and public spheres, though broader usage remains niche.

As a surname

Tula is a surname with multiple origins, including (primarily in and ), where it likely derives as a habitational name from places named Tula, such as in , . It also appears in Italian contexts as a habitational name from Tula in Sassari province, , with subsequent spread to via . Additionally, some instances trace to Eastern roots, particularly in regions of modern . Globally, Tula ranks as the 21,667th most common , borne by approximately 25,000 individuals, with the highest prevalence in , where about 8,786 people carry it, concentrated in (1 in 4,865 incidence). It occurs predominantly in the (over 70% of bearers), reflecting and patterns, though smaller clusters exist in and . Notable individuals include Cristian Tula (born August 2, 1978), an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a defender for clubs like and the national team, accumulating over 300 league appearances. Limited high-profile figures beyond regional contexts suggest the surname's relative rarity in global prominence.

Notable individuals

Tula, an enslaved African on the colony of , led a major slave revolt beginning on August 17, 1795, mobilizing up to 4,000 participants against plantation owners and colonial authorities; the uprising lasted over a month before being suppressed, after which Tula was captured, tortured, and executed on October 3, 1795. Caroline Cossey (born August 31, 1954), who professionally adopted the name Tula, is a British model and actress known for her appearance as an extra in the James Bond film For Your Eyes Only (1981) and for posing in Playboy to promote the picture; she has advocated for transgender rights following her transition in the 1970s. Tula Paulinea Contostavlos (born July 13, 1988), professionally known as Tulisa, is a British singer-songwriter of Greek-Cypriot descent who rose to fame as a member of the hip-hop group N-Dubz, achieving multiple UK top-ten singles from 2008 to 2010, and later served as a judge on The X Factor in 2011–2012; her stage name derives from "tiny Tula," a diminutive of her birth name shared with her grandmother. Tula Pink (born 1971) is an American fabric designer and quilter whose bold, illustrative patterns for Free Spirit Fabrics have gained prominence in the industry since the early , including lines featured in books and in-the-hoop collections.

Other uses

Brands and products

TULA Skincare is a brand founded in 2014 by physician Roshini Raj, focusing on products formulated with extracts, prebiotics, and superfoods to balance the skin and support . Headquartered in , the company was acquired by in January 2022 for an undisclosed sum, enabling expanded distribution while maintaining its core formulation principles. Key product lines include cleansers, moisturizers, serums, and treatments; best-sellers as of 2025 comprise The Cult Classic Purifying Face Cleanser (a gel-based formula for removing impurities without stripping moisture), 24-7 Moisture Hydrating Day & Night Cream (containing ceramides and for 24-hour hydration), and Brightening Treatment Drops (with for even tone). These items are clinically tested for efficacy in reducing inflammation and improving hydration, with sales available through retailers like and , where they have garnered average ratings above 4.5 stars from thousands of reviews. The (Tulsky Oruzheiny Zavod, or TOZ), a dating to 1595, manufactures firearms including rifles, shotguns, and specialized weapons. Its product catalog features over 20 rifle models, such as the bolt-action sporting rifle and semi-automatic variants, alongside two primary shotgun designs for civilian and export markets. Historically, the plant produced iconic Soviet-era arms like the Mosin-Nagant rifle (over 37 million units from 1891–1965 across facilities), carbine, and components, transitioning post-1991 to emphasize civilian arms and accessories like training equipment. Current offerings include amphibious and underwater rifles such as the (using 5.66mm SPS spears for subaquatic use up to 40 meters) and ASM-DT, primarily for export and domestic security forces. The Tula Cartridge Plant (Tulsky Patronny Zavod), operational since 1901 and separate but related to the arms plant, specializes in small-caliber ammunition production, outputting millions of rounds annually for global markets. Its brands include brass-cased cartridges in calibers like 7.62x39mm, 9mm Luger, and , known for reliability in sporting and surplus applications, with facilities in Tula and emphasizing quality control under ISO standards. Other minor brands include a 1940s–1950s American line by Samuel Landau Corporation, featuring hostess gowns and negligees advertised in periodicals.

Arts, entertainment, and culture

In , Tula: The Revolt (2013) is a directed by Jeroen de Jong, depicting the 1795 slave uprising on led by the eponymous figure Tula, portrayed by Obi Abili alongside actors including Jeroen van Koningsbrugge and Ton Kas. The production, which premiered at the Netherlands Film Festival, emphasizes themes of resistance against colonial oppression, drawing from documented events in colonial records. A related 2024 short documentary, Tula Lives!, directed by Thijs Borsten and Rens Polman, explores the legacy of the revolt through interviews and archival material, commemorating Curaçao's Dia di Tula observance on August 17. In literature, Tula (2016) is a poetry collection by Filipino-American author Chris Santiago, published by Milkweed Editions, comprising spare, multilingual verses that evoke and cultural hybridity; the title draws from the word for "poem," reflecting on linguistic and existential tensions. Similarly, Margarita Engle's verses titled "Tula" in her works, such as those inspired by the 19th-century poet Gertrudis Gómez de (pen name Tula), portray themes of forbidden gatherings and literary rebellion in colonial , as in "City life is a whirl of readings and forbidden tertulias." Lithuanian novelist Jurgis Kuncinas's Tula (1993) narrates a bohemian existence in Vilnius's district, centering on an alcoholic protagonist's obsessive affair, blending with in post-Soviet Eastern European prose. In music, Tula was a electronic pop band active in the mid-2010s, known for covers like "" (2014) and originals such as "River," featuring ethereal vocals and synth-driven arrangements released via independent labels. musician Tula Ben Ari has gained recognition for acoustic reinterpretations, including a 2023 rendition of "[Sweet Child O' Mine](/page/Sweet Child_o'_Mine)" in the series, blending folk elements with global collaborative ethos. In , Tula Telfair (born 1961) is an American painter whose large-scale oil landscapes, influenced by her childhood travels in and , explore spatial abstraction and natural forms; her works, such as those exhibited at Forum Gallery since the , employ layered glazes to evoke environmental immersion without literal representation.

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