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Twin Cities Hiawatha

The Twin Cities Hiawatha was a flagship named passenger train operated by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (commonly known as the Milwaukee Road), providing daily service between Chicago, Illinois, and the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota, over a 421-mile route via Milwaukee, Wisconsin.^[1]^[2] Introduced on May 29, 1935, as one of the earliest streamlined trains in the United States, the Twin Cities Hiawatha quickly gained renown for its speed, luxury, and innovative design, achieving regular speeds exceeding 100 miles per hour on upgraded tracks and reducing travel time to as little as 6 hours and 35 minutes by the 1950s.^[1]^[2] Initially powered by custom-built 4-4-2 Atlantic steam locomotives and featuring an orange-and-maroon livery designed by industrial designer Otto Kuhler, the train included distinctive "beaver tail" observation cars at the rear, offering panoramic views for passengers.^[1]^[2] Its name derived from the Iroquois leader Hiawatha, popularized in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's epic poem The Song of Hiawatha, symbolizing the railroad's emphasis on Native American-inspired branding for its premium services.^[2] The service expanded to two daily round trips—the Morning Hiawatha and Afternoon Hiawatha—by the late 1930s, accommodating business travelers and tourists with amenities such as dining cars, lounges, and later, in 1952, the introduction of the innovative Super Dome observation cars that provided elevated, glass-enclosed seating.^[1]^[2] Transitioning to diesel locomotives after 1948, the train maintained its status as a symbol of Midwestern rail excellence despite the Milwaukee Road's financial challenges, inspiring a family of other Hiawatha routes like the Olympian Hiawatha to the Pacific Northwest.^[1] Service concluded on April 30, 1971, amid declining passenger rail viability, though Amtrak later revived a shorter Hiawatha route between Chicago and Milwaukee in 1971, preserving the name for modern operations.^[1]^[2]

Overview

Introduction

The Twin Cities Hiawatha was an inter-city passenger rail service operated by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, commonly known as the Milwaukee Road, connecting Chicago, Illinois, to Minneapolis, Minnesota.^[1] Covering a distance of 421 miles (678 km), the route passed through key Midwestern cities including Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and offered a streamlined experience emphasizing speed and comfort for business and leisure travelers between the industrial heartland and the Upper Midwest. As part of the Milwaukee Road's broader Hiawatha family of trains, it represented an early innovation in high-speed rail travel during the Great Depression era.^[2] The service commenced on May 29, 1935, and continued until its discontinuation on April 30, 1971, coinciding with the advent of Amtrak's nationwide takeover of intercity passenger rail operations.^[3] Initially, the train completed the journey in 6.5 hours, a schedule that showcased the railroad's commitment to efficiency and helped it compete with rival carriers like the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad's Zephyr services.^[4] The name "Hiawatha" was drawn from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1855 epic poem The Song of Hiawatha, evoking the protagonist's legendary swiftness—symbolized by outrunning a deer—to highlight the train's speed while incorporating romanticized Native American heritage in railroad branding, a common practice of the era.^[2] This thematic choice aligned with the Milwaukee Road's marketing of its Hiawatha fleet as emblems of modern velocity and adventure.^[3] From its inception, the Twin Cities Hiawatha was powered by the railroad's Class A 4-4-2 Atlantic steam locomotives, purpose-built for high performance with large 84-inch driving wheels and streamlined shrouds to reduce air resistance.^[5] These engines were capable of sustained speeds exceeding 100 mph and reached authenticated peaks of 112.5 mph during test runs, with claims of up to 125 mph over short distances, enabling the train's rapid schedule.^[6]

Significance

The Twin Cities Hiawatha stood as one of the Milwaukee Road's flagship streamliners, renowned for its luxurious accommodations and exceptional speed that epitomized modern rail travel in the mid-20th century. Launched in 1935, it featured elegantly designed coaches, including innovative "beaver tail" observation cars and later Skytop lounges, offering passengers panoramic views and high-end amenities such as air conditioning and gourmet dining services. These elements, combined with streamlined locomotives capable of exceeding 100 mph on the 421-mile route from Chicago to the Twin Cities, positioned the train as a symbol of technological sophistication and comfort, drawing admiration for its smooth, high-velocity performance.^[1]^[7] The train played a pivotal role in facilitating commerce between Chicago's industrial hub and the agricultural and urban centers of Wisconsin and Minnesota, enhancing regional economic connectivity during and after the Great Depression. By providing reliable, swift transportation, it supported the movement of goods, business professionals, and agricultural products, thereby bolstering trade networks across the Midwest and contributing to the Milwaukee Road's freight synergies. This economic linkage underscored the Hiawatha's broader contribution to midwestern prosperity, as its popularity attracted shippers to the railroad's overall infrastructure.^[2]^[7] Innovations in the Twin Cities Hiawatha, such as its early adoption of aerodynamic streamlining by designer Otto Kuhler and the use of lightweight alloys in home-built Atlantic-type locomotives, set new benchmarks for passenger rail efficiency and aesthetics. These advancements enabled sustained high-speed operations over upgraded tracks, influencing post-World War II standards by inspiring widespread upgrades in comfort, speed, and design across the U.S. rail industry, including the integration of dome cars and enhanced lounge facilities in subsequent streamliners.^[1]^[7] During the 1940s and 1950s, the Hiawatha achieved peak ridership, with demand so strong that the Milwaukee Road expanded to multiple daily round trips, including the Morning and Afternoon Hiawatha services, catering to both business commuters and leisure travelers. This era of popularity reflected the train's enduring appeal amid growing postwar mobility, though it faced eventual competition from automobiles and air travel.^[1]^[2]

History

Early Development and Launch

In the early 1930s, the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, commonly known as the Milwaukee Road, faced intensifying competition from automobiles and emerging airlines for passenger traffic between Chicago and the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul. To counter this, the railroad invested in innovative streamliner technology, developing lightweight, aerodynamic trains to reduce travel times and attract riders during the Great Depression era. The name "Hiawatha" was drawn from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's epic poem The Song of Hiawatha, evoking the region's Native American heritage.^[7] The Twin Cities Hiawatha launched on May 29, 1935, as a single daily round-trip service, marking one of the earliest steam-powered streamliners in the United States. It operated over a 421-mile route from Chicago's Union Station through Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to Union Depot in St. Paul and Minneapolis, completing the journey in 6 hours and 30 minutes at average speeds exceeding 60 mph. The service utilized the Milwaukee Road's existing main line tracks, which had been upgraded with straightening, ballasting, and signaling improvements to support higher speeds of up to 100 mph in select sections.^[2]^[1] Demand for the service grew rapidly, prompting the Milwaukee Road to introduce a second daily train on January 21, 1939. This expansion created the Morning Hiawatha (trains 5 and 6) for early-day travel and the Afternoon Hiawatha (trains 100 and 101) for later departures, effectively doubling capacity while maintaining similar high-speed schedules. These paired trains solidified the Hiawatha's role as a flagship service, enhancing connectivity between key Midwestern cities.^[8]^[9]

Expansion and Peak Operations

During World War II from 1941 to 1945, the Twin Cities Hiawatha faced heightened demand as railroads like the Milwaukee Road transported troops and civilians amid wartime needs. Passenger volume surged dramatically across U.S. railroads, with troop movements tripling the scale of those in World War I's first year.^[10] Trains operated on a continuous 24-hour schedule to support these efforts, with special troop trains receiving priority for speed and secrecy to reach embarkation points, often adjusting regular passenger schedules accordingly.^[10] One station, such as Tacoma, reported a 2,081% increase in ticket sales compared to the prior year, underscoring the strain and scale of service expansion.^[10] In the post-war boom, the Milwaukee Road dieselized the Twin Cities Hiawatha in 1948, replacing steam locomotives with General Motors diesel units to improve efficiency and reliability on the Chicago-Minneapolis route. That same year, the railroad introduced Skytop lounge observation cars, designed by industrial designer Brooks Stevens and built in its own Milwaukee shops, offering passengers panoramic rear views through wraparound windows for enhanced luxury appeal.^[11] These four parlor-lounge cars, including the notable Cedar Rapids, quickly became a signature feature, elevating the train's prestige and attracting business travelers and tourists.^[12] Further innovation arrived in 1952 with the debut of Super Dome lounge cars on the Twin Cities Hiawatha, the first full-length dome cars in revenue service, providing unobstructed 360-degree views through large tinted windows.^[13] Measuring 85 feet long and seating 68 in the dome plus 28 in the lower cafe lounge, these air-conditioned cars featured self-contained diesel power and Native American-themed decor, significantly boosting the train's popularity by emphasizing scenic comfort on the 421-mile route.^[13] By the 1950s, the Twin Cities Hiawatha reached peak operations, maintaining end-to-end schedules of approximately 6 hours 45 minutes between Chicago and the Twin Cities at an average speed of about 62 mph.^[14] Full dining car service was available on all runs, offering meals to complement the lounge amenities and supporting the train's reputation for high-quality travel.^[14] Integration with connecting services, such as bus links to Madison from Portage, Wisconsin, further enhanced accessibility and ridership during this era of streamlined excellence.^[14]

Decline and Discontinuation

The decline of the Twin Cities Hiawatha in the 1960s was driven by broader shifts in American transportation, including the expansion of the Interstate Highway System under the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, which facilitated widespread automobile travel and subsidized road infrastructure at the expense of rail services.^[15] Jet aircraft, exemplified by the Boeing 707's commercial debut in 1958, further eroded rail's market share for medium- and long-distance trips by offering faster alternatives.^[15] These factors compounded financial pressures on the Milwaukee Road, as passenger revenues plummeted industry-wide—from 770 million riders in 1946 to just 298 million by 1964—leaving railroads like the Milwaukee Road with annual losses exceeding $700 million by the late 1950s.^[16] A notable incident underscoring maintenance and operational challenges occurred on July 18, 1960, when the eastbound Afternoon Hiawatha struck a truck at a grade crossing in Newport, Minnesota, derailing 11 of its 15 cars while traveling at 77 mph.^[17] The collision, investigated by the Interstate Commerce Commission in Report No. 3887, resulted in dozens of minor injuries among passengers but no fatalities, highlighting vulnerabilities in aging infrastructure and crossing safety amid declining investment in passenger rail.^[17] Facing persistent low ridership, the Milwaukee Road petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission in August 1969 to discontinue the Afternoon Hiawatha, which made its final runs on January 23, 1970, leaving only the Morning Hiawatha in operation.^[18] The Morning Hiawatha persisted until April 30, 1971, its last run coinciding with the Milwaukee Road's decision to opt out of the newly formed National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), which assumed most intercity passenger services the following day on May 1, 1971.^[9]^[3] This marked the end of the Milwaukee Road's Hiawatha operations after nearly four decades, as the railroad prioritized freight amid unprofitable passenger deficits.^[9]

Route and Infrastructure

Route Description

The Twin Cities Hiawatha operated along a 411-mile (661 km) route connecting Chicago, Illinois, to the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota, primarily utilizing the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (commonly known as the Milwaukee Road)'s main line through Wisconsin.^[1] Launched in 1935, this corridor provided a direct and efficient path for passengers traveling between these major Midwestern hubs, with significant track upgrades in the 1930s enabling speeds over 100 mph.^[1] The journey began at Chicago Union Station, proceeding northward through the flat prairies of northern Illinois before entering Wisconsin and passing through Milwaukee. From there, the route continued northwest across the state, featuring rolling hills in the southeastern regions, before crossing the Mississippi River at La Crosse and entering Minnesota via scenic river valleys in the southeast, ultimately reaching St. Paul and Minneapolis.^[1]^[2] This path highlighted the diverse Midwestern landscape, from open farmlands to more varied topography near the river crossings.^[2] Originally owned and maintained by the Milwaukee Road, the tracks underwent significant changes following the railroad's financial difficulties and bankruptcy proceedings in the late 1970s. In 1985, the Soo Line Railroad acquired the route as part of the Milwaukee Road's assets, integrating it into its network.^[19] Today, the line is operated by Canadian Pacific Kansas City (CPKC), which continues to support both freight and limited passenger services along this historic corridor, including Amtrak's Empire Builder and the Borealis (launched May 21, 2024).^[20]^[21]

Key Stops and Stations

The Twin Cities Hiawatha operated with a limited number of stops to maintain its high-speed schedule, typically making 7 to 10 daily stops between Chicago and the Twin Cities, depending on the era and whether express patterns skipped smaller flag stops for mail or local passengers.^[1] Major intermediate stops included Glenview, Illinois, which provided access to Chicago's northern suburbs for commuters and local travelers boarding early in the journey.^[1] Milwaukee, Wisconsin, served as a key hub approximately 85 miles from Chicago, where the train made brief stops—often just 2 to 8 minutes—for passenger boarding, crew changes, and servicing such as watering the locomotive.^[1] It also facilitated transfers to other Hiawatha routes originating or terminating there, such as the Chicago-based services or extensions to the west.^[1] The Milwaukee Road's Everett Street Depot, the primary station used by the Hiawatha since its 1886 opening, featured dedicated platforms for the train's streamlined consists and handled the bulk of Midwest passenger traffic during the service's peak.^[22] Further west, La Crosse, Wisconsin, marked a significant stop around 281 miles from Chicago, coinciding with the route's crossing of the Mississippi River via a scenic bridge and offering passengers a brief respite amid the river valley views, along with connections to regional lines.^[1] The Milwaukee Road's passenger depot in La Crosse, opened in 1927 at a cost of $350,000, was designed with marble interiors, wooden ticket counters, and benches to accommodate growing traffic, including Hiawatha passengers, until the mid-20th century.^[23] Winona, Minnesota, at about 308 miles from the origin, functioned primarily as a passenger stop along the Mississippi's bluffs, allowing for boarding and alighting in this mid-route city without major servicing interruptions.^[1] The train concluded its run at St. Paul, Minnesota's Union Depot, serving as the primary terminus for much of the Hiawatha's history, with service extended in later years to the Milwaukee Road Depot in Minneapolis for full Twin Cities access.^[1] Opened in 1923, the grand St. Paul Union Depot featured multiple tracks and facilities tailored for major railroads like the Milwaukee Road, handling the Hiawatha's arrival with efficient platform operations.^[24]

Rolling Stock and Motive Power

Steam Locomotives

The Twin Cities Hiawatha was initially powered by the Milwaukee Road's Class A 4-4-2 Atlantic steam locomotives upon its launch in 1935.^[1] These locomotives, built by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) in Schenectady, New York, consisted of four units numbered 1 through 4, designed specifically for high-speed passenger service on the Hiawatha route.^[5] Each featured a total weight of 280,000 pounds, with 140,000 pounds on the drivers, 84-inch driving wheels, and a tractive effort of 30,700 pounds at 300 psi boiler pressure, enabling sustained speeds of 112.5 mph and short bursts up to 125 mph.^[25] The design incorporated full streamlining, including aerodynamic fairings and a distinctive "sharknose" front, to minimize air resistance and support the train's emphasis on rapid travel between Chicago and the Twin Cities.^[6] From 1935 to 1948, the Class A locomotives hauled typical consists of 8 to 10 lightweight, streamlined passenger cars on the Twin Cities Hiawatha, paired with matching streamlined tenders that held 13,000 US gallons of water and 4,000 US gallons of fuel oil to sustain high-speed runs without frequent stops.^[6] This configuration allowed the train to cover the 421-mile route in approximately 6.5 hours, prioritizing efficiency and passenger comfort during the steam era.^[2] Maintenance for the Class A fleet was primarily handled at the Milwaukee Road's extensive shops in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where routine overhauls addressed wear from high-speed operations and ensured reliability.^[6] Engineers applied targeted upgrades to the streamlined fairings, refining contours and seals to further reduce aerodynamic drag, which enhanced fuel efficiency and top-end performance on the flat prairies of the Midwest route.^[5]

Diesel Locomotives and Cars

The Twin Cities Hiawatha transitioned to diesel power in 1948, marking the end of steam operations on the route and introducing paired Electro-Motive Division (EMD) E6 locomotives, each delivering 2,000 horsepower for enhanced reliability over steam in daily service.^[1] These A1A-A1A units, painted in the Milwaukee Road's signature orange and gray livery, powered the train's high-speed runs between Chicago and the Twin Cities, reducing maintenance demands and improving schedule adherence compared to the earlier steam-powered consists.^[26] Passenger cars evolved alongside the diesel motive power, with the introduction of innovative observation designs to capitalize on scenic views. Beaver Tail parlor-observation cars, featuring distinctive rounded rear ends for panoramic vistas, continued in service from their 1939 origins through the early 1950s, providing rearward-facing lounges on daytime runs.^[1] In 1948, the Milwaukee Road added Skytop lounge cars, custom-built in its own shops and designed by industrial designer Brooks Stevens, which offered elevated solarium seating for unobstructed rear views and quickly became a hallmark of the Hiawatha's luxury appeal.^[27] By 1952, the train received ten Super Dome double-deck observation cars from Pullman-Standard, the first full-length dome cars to enter revenue service on a U.S. railroad, accommodating 68 seats in the dome section alone and revolutionizing passenger visibility across the Midwest landscape.^[28] Typical consists during the diesel era measured 10 to 12 cars, balancing capacity with the daytime route's focus on speed and comfort, including lightweight streamlined coaches for standard seating, diner-lounge combinations for meals and relaxation, and baggage cars for express freight.^[1] These configurations emphasized efficiency, with the Skytop or Super Dome often serving as the trailing observation car to maximize rearward scenery. By the 1960s, the Milwaukee Road upgraded to EMD E9 locomotives—still 2,400 horsepower units but with refined dynamics for cost-effective operations—while refreshing car interiors with modernized upholstery and lighting to sustain passenger interest amid growing competition from air and highway travel.^[29]

Operations

Schedules and Service Patterns

The Twin Cities Hiawatha provided daytime passenger service between Chicago and Minneapolis-St. Paul, with schedules designed for business and leisure travelers seeking efficient travel times. From its inception as a single train in 1935, the service evolved to include two daily round trips starting January 21, 1939, comprising the Morning Hiawatha (trains 5 and 6) and the Afternoon Hiawatha (trains 101 and 100). These operated without overnight accommodations, emphasizing speed and convenience over long-haul comfort.^[1] Representative schedules illustrate the service patterns across its history. In September 1938, prior to the addition of the morning train, the Hiawatha departed Chicago Union Station at 12:00 PM, arriving in Minneapolis at 8:00 PM after an 8-hour journey covering 421 miles. By June 1952, the Afternoon Hiawatha maintained a similar westbound departure from Chicago at 1:00 PM, reaching Minneapolis in 6 hours and 45 minutes, while the Morning Hiawatha left Chicago at 9:30 AM, arriving in approximately 8 hours and 15 minutes. Later, in December 1969, the Morning Hiawatha departed Chicago at 10:30 AM, arriving in Minneapolis at 7:20 PM (8 hours and 50 minutes), and the Afternoon Hiawatha at 12:35 PM, arriving at 8:00 PM (7 hours and 25 minutes). Eastbound timings followed comparable daytime patterns, such as the Morning Hiawatha leaving Minneapolis at 7:30 AM and arriving in Chicago by 3:10 PM.^[4]^[18]^[9]^[1] The Afternoon Hiawatha was discontinued on January 23, 1970, reducing service to a single daily round trip with the Morning Hiawatha until the end of Milwaukee Road operations on April 30, 1971. This frequency adjustment reflected broader declines in intercity rail travel amid rising automobile and air competition. No overnight service was ever offered, positioning the Hiawatha as a premium daytime express.^[1]^[18] Operational logistics supported the high-speed runs, with crew changes typically occurring at Milwaukee, a major intermediate stop where trains paused briefly for servicing. Full meals were provided in onboard diner cars, offering multi-course service to passengers during the journey. Baggage cars accommodated mail and express freight, integrating postal and parcel handling into the passenger consists for efficient distribution along the route.^[30]^[1] In the 1950s, the Milwaukee Road implemented track improvements and operational enhancements, enabling seasonal accelerations that reduced westbound travel times to as little as 6 hours and 45 minutes on select runs, enhancing competitiveness with rival services like the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Zephyr. These adjustments involved straightened alignments and upgraded signaling west of Milwaukee, allowing sustained speeds up to 100 mph.^[18]

Ridership and Economic Impact

The Twin Cities Hiawatha achieved notable ridership success in 1935, carrying 25,000 passengers in August and demonstrating the appeal of its streamlined design and speed. A single eastbound trip on August 31, 1935, accommodated 1,632 revenue passengers, highlighting the train's capacity to attract high volumes during peak periods.^[31] Ridership continued to grow through the 1940s amid service expansions, including the addition of morning and afternoon variants in 1939, which solidified the route's role as a premier intercity connection between Chicago, Milwaukee, and the Twin Cities.^[1] The Hiawatha contributed substantially to the Milwaukee Road's passenger revenues during the 1930s, enabling the railroad to achieve profitability in passenger operations at a time when most carriers reported losses amid the Great Depression. These earnings from premium streamliner services like the Hiawatha helped offset broader passenger division costs and indirectly supported the railroad's freight operations, which formed the core of its business. By the late 1950s, however, passenger revenues began to erode as freight profits were increasingly diverted to subsidize unprofitable train services, including the Hiawatha.^[32]^[33] Economically, the Twin Cities Hiawatha facilitated essential business travel linking manufacturing hubs in the Twin Cities and Chicago with agricultural regions in between, enhancing regional commerce and supply chain efficiency. It also promoted tourism by offering a direct, scenic route to destinations such as the Wisconsin Dells, drawing leisure passengers to the area's natural attractions and resorts.^[32]^[34] These contributions underscored the train's integration into the Midwest's economic fabric, supporting local industries and visitor economies until competitive pressures mounted. Ridership declined markedly in the post-1960s era due to rising automobile ownership and air travel, compounded by the completion of Interstate 94, which offered a parallel, high-speed highway alternative spanning the route's key cities. By 1967, the Milwaukee Road's overall passenger revenues had dropped to $11,197,058 from $12,081,689 the prior year, reflecting a broader contraction in long-distance rail patronage. This downturn, exacerbated by reduced mail contracts and fare adjustments, led to service curtailments and ultimately the discontinuation of the Hiawatha in 1970.^[35]

Legacy

Successor Services

Following the discontinuation of the Milwaukee Road's Twin Cities Hiawatha on April 30, 1971, Amtrak assumed operation of intercity passenger rail services, with the Empire Builder becoming the primary daily train on the Chicago–Twin Cities corridor using the former Milwaukee Road tracks.^[36]^[37] The Empire Builder provided one daily round trip between Chicago and St. Paul/Minneapolis, stopping at intermediate stations including Milwaukee and La Crosse, though its primary focus was long-distance travel to Seattle and Portland.^[37] This service maintained continuity on the corridor but operated with less frequency and emphasis on regional travel compared to the pre-Amtrak Hiawatha.^[36] From June 5, 1971, to October 6, 1979, Amtrak operated the North Coast Hiawatha as an additional service on the same Chicago–St. Paul segment, operating 3-4 days per week initially and daily after April 1973, extending westward to Seattle via Northern Pacific tracks beyond the Twin Cities.^[38]^[39] The train followed the Milwaukee Road alignment east of St. Paul, serving similar stops to the Empire Builder and offering supplementary capacity during a period of fluctuating demand influenced by the 1970s energy crisis.^[40] Its discontinuation in 1979, as part of Amtrak's first major route cuts, left the Empire Builder as the sole provider of rail service on the corridor for over four decades.^[38] Efforts to revive the North Coast Hiawatha route have been discussed as of 2025.^[41] In a significant revival of regional service, Amtrak launched the Borealis on May 21, 2024, introducing a second daily round trip between Chicago and St. Paul/Minneapolis via Milwaukee, funded jointly by the states of Minnesota and Wisconsin.^[21]^[42] The Borealis operates on the upgraded Canadian Pacific Kansas City (CPKC) tracks—formerly the Milwaukee Road line—with improvements enabling speeds up to 79 mph and enhanced reliability for passenger operations.^[43] It serves key stations including Glenview, Milwaukee, La Crosse, Winona, and Red Wing, mirroring much of the original Hiawatha's stop pattern while using modern Amtrak equipment such as Horizon and Amfleet single-level coaches, with Siemens Venture cars phased in on related Midwest routes to improve accessibility and capacity.^[21]^[44] As of May 2025, the Borealis had carried over 205,000 passengers in its first year.^[45] Meanwhile, the Hiawatha name has been retained by Amtrak exclusively for its high-frequency Chicago–Milwaukee service, which began in 1971 and now offers up to 7 daily round trips (14 one-way trips) on the shared corridor segment using the same CPKC tracks.^[46] This shorter-route operation, supported by Illinois and Wisconsin, does not extend to the Twin Cities but complements the Borealis by increasing overall connectivity along the line.^[46]

Cultural and Historical Impact

The Twin Cities Hiawatha, named after the titular character in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1855 epic poem The Song of Hiawatha, became a cultural emblem of Midwestern rail travel during its operational years from 1935 to 1971. Drawing inspiration from Native American heritage of the upper Midwest, the train symbolized speed, innovation, and post-Depression recovery, often highlighted in Milwaukee Road promotional materials that emphasized its streamlined design and rapid service between Chicago and the Twin Cities.^[2]^[1] The train's distinctive orange/maroon/gray livery, crafted by industrial designer Otto Kuhler, appeared in 1940s advertisements portraying it as a beacon of American industrial progress and efficient connectivity across the heartland.^[1] Efforts to preserve the Twin Cities Hiawatha's equipment underscore its enduring historical value. Super Dome cars, innovative full-length dome observation lounges introduced in 1952 for the train's service, represent a pinnacle of postwar passenger rail design with their expansive glass-enclosed upper levels seating up to 68 passengers. One such car, Super Dome No. 53, survives in preservation at the Railroading Heritage of Midwest America in Owatonna, Minnesota, showcasing the train's luxurious features like a lower-level lounge and kitchen.^[28] Additionally, Skytop lounge-observation cars, such as the "Cedar Rapids," which operated on Hiawatha routes including the Twin Cities service, have been restored and are maintained by the Friends of the 261 organization in Minneapolis, allowing public excursions that evoke the original train's ambiance.^[2] The Twin Cities Hiawatha's role in rail history is recognized for pioneering streamliner technology and facilitating the shift from steam to diesel power, influencing studies of mid-20th-century transportation evolution. Launched as one of the earliest all-streamlined passenger trains in 1935 with high-speed 4-4-2 Atlantic locomotives capable of over 100 mph, it set performance benchmarks for the Chicago-Twin Cities corridor that shaped subsequent rail operations.^[1] By 1948, the transition to diesel-electric locomotives like EMD E6 and E9 units marked a key example of modernization, reducing maintenance needs and enabling consistent schedules, a process examined in rail historiography for its impact on passenger service viability.^[1]^[2] Railfan communities continue to honor the train through commemorative events that celebrate its legacy. Organizations like the Friends of the 261 have organized excursions using restored Milwaukee Road equipment, such as the 2019 "261 Hiawatha" runs pulling replicas of the original consists during historical association conventions in Minneapolis. These gatherings, along with repainting projects like the 2021 restoration of an E9 locomotive in Hiawatha colors by the 32A Diesel Team in Minnesota, foster ongoing appreciation among enthusiasts and contribute to the train's influence on modern regional rail models, including Amtrak's Hiawatha Service, which adopted similar high-frequency corridor concepts.^[47]^[37]

References

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[23]
Saint Paul Union Depot, Designed By Charles Frost
Sep 10, 2024 · The Saint Paul Union Depot opened in 1923 built by Charles Frost for the Milwaukee Road. It has not seen rail service since 1971 although ...
[24]
[PDF] Milwaukee Streamlined High-Speed Locomotives
These locomotives are of the 4+2 type; we 280.000 lb., of which 140.000 lb. is on the drivers, a have a rated tractive force of 30,700 lb. The drivi wheels are ...
[25]
Milwaukee Road's Twin Cities Hiawatha, 1935-1938 - TrainWeb.US
The Twin Cities Hiawatha carried five coaches. The prototype cars were built in the Milwaukee Road shops and were designed to go at 80-120 mph speeds on roller ...
[26]
E7 diesels on the Afternoon Hiawatha | Classic Trains Magazine
Aug 7, 2025 · The Milwaukee Road's Afternoon Hiawatha, led by two orange-and-gray E7 diesels, picks up speed outside of Minneapolis en route to Chicago on Oct. 13, 1947.
[27]
https://www.trainweb.us/hiawatha/nbagaus.html
[28]
Super Dome (Railcar): History, Photos, Preservation
Feb 6, 2025 · The Milwaukee Road's "Super Domes" were exotic for their time as the first full length domes to operate on an American railroad when they entered service in ...
[29]
EMD "E9" Locomotives: Specs, Roster, History - American-Rails.com
Dec 16, 2024 · Milwaukee Road E9A #35-C awaits departure from St. Paul Union Depot with an eastbound "Hiawatha" in May, 1968. Fred Byerly photo. American ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[30]
AMERICA'S STREAMLINERS - Chicago Railfan.com
... 8:00 am ----- 12:30 pm St. Paul 8:35 am ----- 1:00 pm La Crosse 10:46 am ... MORNING HIAWATHA (#5-#6) AFTERNOON HIAWATHA (#100-#101) (required 4 sets) ...
[31]
[PDF] Milwaukee Road, a brief history, 1968 - UtahRails.net
To give you an idea of the success of the first Hiawathas, on. August 31, 1935, a Hiawatha train carried 1,632 revenue passengers on one trip. In that month, ...
[32]
The Milwaukee Road | https://www.historyillinois.org/
The Milwaukee Road (Chicago Milwaukee St. Paul and Pacific Railroad) was one the three Railroads that built Chicago's Union station. In 1956, the Milwaukee ...
[33]
Olympian Hiawatha Memories - Passenger Train Journal
May 12, 2025 · Indeed, for nearly two decades, the Hiawathas set, improved, and maintained schedule and service standards for the Chicago–Twin Cities corridor.
[34]
Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Company ends ...
Dec 4, 2018 · On May 22, 1961, the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Company (more commonly known as the Milwaukee Road) ends passenger service between ...Missing: discontinuation | Show results with:discontinuation
[35]
[PDF] Annual Report, 1967 - Milwaukee Road Archive
Jul 17, 2025 · revenues of $256,386,737. In 1966, the railroad had net income of $12,141,513 on revenues of $262,279,976. Results for the past year reflect ...
[36]
The robust history of passenger trains in Minnesota
The Milwaukee Road competed head to head with the Burlington to Chicago. Starting in 1935, they operated the high speed Hiawatha's, also in 6 hours and 15 ...Missing: distance | Show results with:distance
[37]
Amtrak Twin Cities services through the years - Trains Magazine
Oct 22, 2023 · Finally, in October 1983 it was reduced to weekend-only service before being ultimately discontinued in April 1985. At the end it carried Nos. 9 ...
[38]
Amtrak North Coast Hiawatha service through the years - Trains
Aug 27, 2024 · Amtrak North Coast Hiawatha service joined the Chicago to Seattle market as an unnamed, triweekly train on June 5, 1971.
[39]
The "North Coast Hiawatha": Chicago-Seattle (1971-1979)
Sep 2, 2024 · The North Coast Hiawatha was a transcontinental service operating from Chicago Union Station to Seattle's King Street Station.
[40]
The North Coast Hiawatha | - Streamliner Memories
Jan 17, 2018 · Amtrak decided to call it the North Coast Hiawatha because it followed Milwaukee Road tracks between St. Paul and Chicago. But the Empire ...
[41]
Introducing Amtrak Borealis trains with Expanded Service between ...
May 1, 2024 · Tickets are now available for a second daily Amtrak service between the Twin Cities and Chicago, via Milwaukee: new state-sponsored Borealis trains originate ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[42]
Amtrak reaches new milestone with Twin Cities-to-Chicago Borealis ...
Jul 15, 2025 · Passengers came to St. Paul Union Depot on May 21, 2024, for the launch of the new Amtrak Borealis train between the Twin Cities and Chicago.
[43]
Borealis - MnDOT
The BorealisSM is a daily passenger train between St. Paul, Milwaukee and Chicago. This round-trip service began on May 21, 2024. Borealis uses a portion of ...<|separator|>
[44]
Borealis Train - Amtrak
Take the Borealis train between St. Paul/Minneapolis and Chicago with stops in Glenview, La Crosse, Milwaukee & Winona. Book your trip today.Amtrak Station (MKA) · La Crosse, WI - Amtrak Station... · Red Wing, MN (RDW)
[45]
Hiawatha Train - Amtrak
Take the Hiawatha train between Milwaukee and Chicago with stops in Glenview, Sturtevant & General Mitchell Int'l Airport. Book your trip today.
[46]
Minnesota group unveils repainted Milwaukee Road E9 - Trains
May 12, 2021 · The scheme features the large nose “wing” logo used on the E7s when they were delivered to pull Hiawatha streamliners. The 32A Diesel Team led ...Missing: railfan | Show results with:railfan