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Two-way contract

A two-way contract is a type of player agreement used in several professional sports leagues, including the (NBA), (MLB), and National Hockey League (NHL), that allows athletes to split their time between a major league team and an affiliated minor or developmental league team. This structure supports talent development while adhering to salary and roster rules. In the NBA, it enables teams to roster up to three players who divide their season between the NBA team and its affiliate. Introduced in the 2017 NBA offseason under the collective bargaining agreement (), these contracts provide franchises with flexibility beyond the standard 15-player active roster, allowing cost-effective evaluation of prospects without a full NBA commitment. Details on applications in other leagues are covered in subsequent sections. Eligibility for NBA two-way contracts is restricted to players with fewer than four years of NBA service time, excluding those selected in the first round of the . These agreements can span one or two seasons and are non-guaranteed for the full amount, with up to half the base salary ($318,218 for the 2025-26 season) potentially guaranteed depending on timing. Players earn a fixed annual salary equivalent to 50% of the NBA's minimum for —$636,435 in 2025-26—prorated daily based on time spent in each league, with higher pay for NBA days and a lower G League rate. Under the rules of the 2023-2028 , two-way players face strict limitations: they can participate in no more than regular-season games with their NBA (prorated for partial seasons), and exceeding this automatically converts the contract to a standard NBA minimum agreement. They are ineligible for but can practice and travel with the parent club, and they do not count against the 's . The expansion from two to three allowable two-way slots per in the 2023 has increased opportunities for emerging players, bridging the gap between minor-league seasoning and NBA competition.

General principles

Definition

A two-way contract is a type of primarily used in the (NBA) and National Hockey League (NHL) that permits a player to split time between a major league team and its affiliated developmental or team, with the player's salary and playing status varying based on the assigned level. Similar mechanics exist in other North American leagues, such as split contracts in (MLB). This structure enables organizations to develop talent while maintaining roster flexibility, as the player remains under to the parent club regardless of assignment. Under a two-way contract, players can be recalled to the roster or sent to the affiliate without terminating the agreement, facilitating seamless transitions and efficient team management across leagues. The contract binds the athlete to the organization for its duration, but compensation and benefits are prorated according to the time spent at each level, typically with significantly lower pay in the . Two-way contracts originated in North American professional sports, particularly , where they have been a staple in the NHL since before the , to bridge the gap between leagues by allowing dual affiliations and variable compensation. In the NHL, entry-level contracts for under 25 years old are automatically two-way. The introduced them in its 2017 collective bargaining agreement () to enhance player development pathways. Similar mechanics appear in other leagues under terms like split contracts, though the two-way designation is most prominent in and hockey.

Key features and benefits

Two-way contracts in commonly incorporate dual salary tiers, where athletes receive a higher rate of pay when assigned to the major league roster and a substantially lower rate when playing in the . This structure enables seamless transitions without renegotiating terms, providing financial incentives aligned with performance levels and team needs. Additionally, these contracts permit unlimited shuttling between league affiliates throughout the season, allowing teams to recall or assign players as required without contractual restrictions on frequency. They are predominantly offered to entry-level or developmental athletes, facilitating their integration into professional systems while minimizing long-term commitments. For teams, two-way contracts offer significant cost savings by enabling the maintenance of deeper benches at reduced expense, as the lower salary applies during development periods. This arrangement also enhances talent evaluation, as organizations can observe prospects in lower-stakes environments before integration, and provides roster flexibility without incurring penalties on the full salary. Players benefit from guaranteed employment across both leagues, creating a structured pathway to promotion and ensuring partial compensation during call-ups, which supports skill development without the risk of outright release. Despite these advantages, two-way contracts present potential drawbacks, including income instability for athletes stemming from fluctuating playing time and corresponding pay variations between leagues. Furthermore, time spent in the minors may limit accrual of service time, potentially delaying eligibility for , free agency, or other seniority-based rights. The use of two-way contracts has evolved toward greater standardization following agreements, particularly in the NBA's 2017 and 2023 CBAs and the NHL's ongoing structures, to alleviate pressures in major leagues by optimizing developmental rosters and controlling overall payroll. In practice, this allows for frequent shuttling, such as multiple assignments in a single season to address injuries or performance needs.

Basketball

Origins and rules in the NBA

The two-way contract was introduced in the (NBA) as part of the 2017 Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) between the league and the (NBPA), effective July 1, 2017. This provision expanded NBA rosters from a strict 15-player limit—established in the 2011 CBA following the league's labor lockout—to an effective 17 players by adding two dedicated two-way spots, thereby enhancing roster flexibility and depth management for teams. The change was specifically intended to improve integration with the (formerly the ), the league's official system, by creating a structured pathway for player development that superseded prior reliance on short-term assignments and affiliate player designations. Prior to this, teams often used temporary call-ups from G League affiliates, but the two-way model formalized a full-season commitment while allowing seamless shuttling between levels. At its core, a two-way contract permits an NBA team to sign eligible players who primarily report to and play for the team's G League affiliate for most of the season, but who can be called up to the NBA active roster as needed for games or practices. These players are limited to a maximum of 50 regular-season games with their NBA team and are ineligible to participate in the , ensuring they remain developmental assets without impacting postseason rotations. Furthermore, players on two-way contracts cannot be traded for the first 30 days after signing, a restriction designed to promote stability and prevent immediate flipping in the early stages of development. This structure replaced affiliate player arrangements, where non-contracted players were simply allocated to G League teams, with a more robust contractual framework that ties compensation and rights directly to the NBA team. The two-way contract debuted in the 2017-18 season, with the becoming one of the first teams to utilize it by signing forward John Holland to such a deal on September 8, 2017. This inaugural application highlighted the provision's role in addressing post-2011 lockout challenges, such as limited roster spots amid rising player salaries and injury risks, by enabling teams to cultivate talent cost-effectively without fully committing to standard NBA contracts. Over time, the system has become a key tool for bridging the gap between G League prospects and NBA contributors, with subsequent CBAs—such as the 2023 agreement—refining aspects like game limits and eligibility to further support player growth.

Eligibility and roster limits

In the (NBA), eligibility for two-way contracts is restricted to players who have accrued three or fewer years of NBA service time at the time of signing. Additionally, players selected in the first round of the are ineligible for two-way contracts. These players must typically be unrestricted free agents, as first-round draft picks receive standard NBA contracts under the rookie scale. Second-round picks may sign two-way contracts if they do not use the second-round pick exception for a standard deal. This service time limit ensures that two-way contracts serve as a developmental tool primarily for younger or less experienced talent transitioning between the NBA and its affiliate G League. Roster limits under the 2023 Collective Bargaining Agreement () allow each of the NBA's 30 teams to maintain up to three players on two-way contracts simultaneously, an increase from the previous limit of two. This expands the overall active roster framework to include 15 players on standard NBA contracts, plus the three two-way slots, with an additional two spots reserved for Exhibit 10 invitees who do not count against the standard limit but can be converted to two-way deals if needed. These constraints promote roster flexibility while preventing teams from overloading developmental positions at the expense of full-time NBA spots. Additional restrictions further define the scope of two-way eligibility and usage. Players previously on a standard NBA contract who have exceeded the three-year service threshold cannot revert to a two-way deal, and those on two-way contracts do not accrue full NBA benefits, such as complete , though they receive partial crediting equivalent to a one-year minimum contract for purposes during each regular season. Two-way players also cannot participate in the and are limited in their NBA game activations, tying into broader call-up rules that cap their time on the active NBA roster. The signing process for two-way contracts begins with players often entering on standard G League agreements or Exhibit 10 contracts during , which teams can convert to two-way status by notifying the NBA before key deadlines, such as the end of or no later than early October. Conversions must adhere to the service time eligibility, and all two-way contracts cannot be executed after March 1 of the season to maintain competitive balance. As of 2025, no major structural changes to two-way eligibility or roster limits have occurred since the implementation of the 2023 , though rising G League salary minimums have indirectly influenced the financial viability of these developmental pathways for teams.

Salary and compensation details

on NBA two-way contracts receive compensation structured to reflect their split time between the NBA and G League, consisting of a full-season G League plus prorated NBA pay for days spent with the parent NBA team. For the 2025-26 season, the G League standard player is $45,000, paid in full regardless of assignment, while the NBA portion is capped at 50% of the rookie minimum of $1,272,870, or $636,435 total. This model allows for a maximum total compensation approaching $681,435 if a player spends significant time in the NBA, though actual earnings vary based on assignment duration. salaries do not count against the team's or . The NBA pay is prorated daily based on the number of days assigned to the NBA roster, using the formula: (NBA days / total season days) × $636,435. The NBA spans 170 or 172 days depending on scheduling, excluding , and two-way players can be active for up to 50 regular-season games but are limited to no more than 45 days on the active NBA roster at any point to prevent overuse. During G League assignments, players earn only the G League salary, while NBA time replaces the G League pay for those days but at a much higher rate, creating incentive for call-ups. Under the 2023 Collective Bargaining Agreement, two-way contracts include a half-guaranteed base salary of $318,218 for the 2025-26 season if the player is not waived by the first day of the , providing some financial security amid the non-guaranteed nature of these deals. This guarantee aligns with the CBA's provisions for escalating minimums, which rose approximately 10% from the prior season due to salary cap growth to $154.6 million. Benefits under two-way contracts are prorated similarly to pay, with players ineligible for full NBA medical coverage, contributions, or other perks during G time; instead, they receive G -level benefits, which include basic but lack the comprehensive NBA plan. vesting requires at least 3 years of credited NBA service, so two-way time only partially counts toward this threshold based on NBA days. Additionally, the variable from fluctuating assignments can lead to complex implications, as players may face higher effective rates on NBA earnings without the stability of a standard contract.

Baseball

Application in MLB

In (MLB), split contracts serve as the standard agreement for players affiliated with teams, enabling fluid transitions between the majors and affiliated levels, such as Triple-A. These contracts support player development by allowing teams to assign prospects or fringe roster players to the minors for additional seasoning without terminating their agreement, while maintaining eligibility for call-ups when needed. This mechanism integrates seamlessly with MLB's roster system, where players on the 40-man roster can be optioned downward to refine skills or make room for other activations. Primarily utilized for emerging prospects and borderline rs, split contracts delineate compensation based on the player's assignment: the minimum salary of $760,000 in 2025 when active on an MLB roster, contrasted with substantially lower pay, such as $36,590 annually in Triple-A. This structure incentivizes performance at higher levels while providing teams with cost-effective depth. Regarding operational rules, players typically have three options available over their career; each in which they are optioned to the minors and spend a certain period there uses one option (only one per ). After exhausting options or accruing five years of service time, demotions require player consent and may necessitate waivers to protect rights. Unlike NBA two-way contracts, which are limited to three per with strict game participation caps, MLB split contracts have no limits on the number per or overall shuttling, subject only to option and service rules. Historically, split contracts trace their roots to the era, which granted teams indefinite control over players through unilateral renewals, evolving into the modern framework formalized within MLB's Uniform Player Contract. Unlike the NBA's two-way provisions, which stem directly from agreement (CBA) innovations with strict limits on usage, MLB's approach predates recent labor pacts and emphasizes organizational control without caps on the number of eligible players. This system ties closely to 40-man roster dynamics, where inclusion offers protection from external claims, differing from shuttling restrictions in other sports and underscoring baseball's focus on long-term development pipelines.

Contract mechanics and minor league integration

In (MLB), split contracts are fundamentally agreements that incorporate clauses allowing for promotion to the roster, enabling seamless integration between affiliate levels. These contracts stipulate different compensation based on assignment, with the team retaining the option to elevate the player when performance warrants it. To activate a player at the level, the organization must first add them to its 40-man roster, which protects the player from waivers and allows placement on the active 26-man roster. Players assigned to affiliates, spanning leagues through Triple-A, receive pay scaled to their respective level during development. Call-ups to the majors typically occur via addition to the active roster, facilitated by seasonal roster expansions in —when teams can carry up to 28 active players—or in response to injuries creating openings. This shuttling supports MLB's emphasis on player development by permitting flexible movement without disrupting organizational depth. Split contracts are subject to specific limitations to balance team control and player rights. Most players enter with three option years, where each season in which they accrue at least 20 days on league roster expends one option; only one option is used per season regardless of multiple assignments. who accumulate five or more years of service time cannot be optioned to the minors without their explicit , providing veteran protections under MLB rules. The signing process for split contracts often begins with non-roster invitations to , where prospects or journeymen demonstrate value and secure deals with embedded opt-up provisions. International free agents, particularly those from or , commonly start on such contracts to acclimate to the system while offering teams cost-effective developmental pathways. As of 2025, reforms from the 2023 collective bargaining agreement between MLB and the players' have elevated salary minimums across levels—for instance, raising Triple-A base pay to $36,590 annually—enhancing the appeal of split contracts by narrowing the financial disparity between and service.

Salary differences and examples

In Major League Baseball, split contracts create substantial financial disparities between major and minor league assignments, reflecting the vast difference in playing levels and revenue generation. The major league minimum salary for 2025 is $760,000, applicable to players on the active roster or injured list. In contrast, minor league salaries under split contracts are significantly lower, with the minimum annual pay for Triple-A at $36,590, Double-A at $30,905, and lower levels such as High-A at $27,940, often prorated on a monthly basis during the season (approximately five months). For players on their first major league contract assigned to the minors, the minimum is $62,000 annually, rising to $123,900 for those on a second or subsequent contract. These figures exclude additional earnings from signing bonuses or endorsements. Unlike the NBA's two-way model, which employs a fixed proration (e.g., up to 50 games in the G League with a blended ), MLB split contracts do not use a predetermined ; instead, players receive the full applicable at each level based on their assignment. Time spent in the majors earns the prorated (daily rate of approximately $2,082 for the 2025 minimum), while minor league time pays the full level-appropriate amount without reduction. Some split contracts include call-up bonuses, typically $10,000 to $25,000, to incentivize promotions, though these are negotiated individually and not standard. Illustrative examples highlight these dynamics. Consider a 2025 prospect on a minor league deal called up mid-season (around July 1); they would earn their full Triple-A minimum of about $18,295 for the first half (prorated), plus roughly $380,000 in prorated major league minimum pay for the remaining 92 days, totaling approximately $398,295—far exceeding a full minor league season but still below a full major league salary. Historically, a 2010s Rule 5 draftee like pitcher , selected by in 2008 and later navigating split deals in the 2010s, earned minor league rates (around $50,000 annually at the time) when optioned, jumping to prorated MLB pay (minimum $414,000 in 2011) upon call-ups, demonstrating how such contracts bridge developmental and big-league pay. These salary structures carry key implications for teams and players. By keeping promising talent on deals without 40-man roster spots, clubs avoid including those salaries in competitive balance tax () calculations, which only apply to payrolls exceeding $241 million in 2025; do not count until promoted. Players accrue service time solely for days on the active or in the majors, delaying eligibility and free agency. The 2023 collective bargaining agreement between MLB and the Players Association markedly improved compensation, raising minimums across levels—such as Triple-A from $17,500 to $36,590 (over 100% increase) by 2025—to narrow the pay gap and enhance player welfare, though disparities remain stark.

Ice hockey

Distinction in the NHL

In the National Hockey League (NHL), player contracts are categorized as one-way or two-way, a binary classification that determines salary based on the player's assignment to either the NHL or its primary minor league affiliate, the American Hockey League (AHL). A one-way contract ensures the player receives the full contract salary regardless of whether they play in the NHL or AHL, providing financial stability for established players. In contrast, a two-way contract stipulates a higher salary for NHL games and a substantially lower salary for AHL assignments, allowing teams to manage costs for players not yet secured on the primary roster. This distinction primarily protects NHL teams from excessive financial commitments to players, as the reduced pay mitigates the risk of overcompensation for unproven talent who may spend significant time developing in the minors. Two-way contracts are standard for prospects and younger players, reflecting their transitional status between professional leagues. The purpose aligns with broader roster management strategies, enabling clubs to invest in development without the full economic burden of NHL-level pay for performance. The one-way versus two-way framework has been a core element of NHL agreements (CBAs) since the , evolving through labor negotiations to balance team flexibility and player compensation. Entry-level contracts (ELCs) for drafted players are automatically structured as two-way deals, capping earnings to encourage rapid progression to the NHL. Under CBA rules, a becomes a two-way agreement by default if the specified NHL salary falls below the league minimum, with the salary explicitly outlined in the standard player (SPC). Conversion to a one-way typically occurs through promotional achievements or contractual extensions that affirm the player's NHL readiness. In the context of the 2025-26 season under the post-2020 extension, two-way contracts limit compensation to a maximum of $70,000 for entry-level players, sharply contrasting with the NHL minimum salary of $775,000. This disparity underscores the incentive for promotion, as players on two-way deals receive prorated NHL pay only upon , while their cap hit remains tied to the higher amount league-wide.

Contract types and usage

In the National Hockey League (NHL), two-way contracts are categorized primarily by the player's career stage and experience level, allowing teams to manage roster depth and development efficiently. Entry-level contracts (ELCs), which are always structured as two-way deals, are available to drafted players or eligible undrafted rookies and span up to three years depending on the player's age at signing—for instance, players aged 18-21 receive three-year terms. These contracts enable young prospects to gain experience without a full NHL salary commitment. Restricted free agent (RFA) two-way contracts are common for players completing their ELCs, often extending one to two years as bridge deals to evaluate performance before unrestricted status. Veteran two-way contracts, typically one-year agreements, are signed by experienced players for organizational depth, permitting assignment to the American Hockey League (AHL) without disrupting cap management. Two-way contracts facilitate flexible player deployment, particularly for prospects who shuttle between the NHL and to balance development and team needs. This structure allows emergency recalls from the minors without immediate cap adjustments, as the contract's average annual value (AAV) remains active against the regardless of assignment, though actual pay drops in the . For example, a on a two-way ELC can be called up for short stints during injuries or performance slumps, then returned to the for consistent playing time, promoting skill growth while preserving team resources. This shuttling is especially prevalent in the regular season, where teams use two-way players to maintain competitiveness under affiliation rules. The signing process for two-way contracts varies by player eligibility and team strategy. Drafted players are typically signed directly to ELCs by their drafting team after or seasons, with international prospects—such as those from —often entering on two-way ELCs if they meet age and experience criteria under the (). RFAs may receive two-way offers from their current team or via offer sheets from rivals, which the original club can match; unmatched offer sheets result in draft pick compensation to the player's former team. Veterans negotiate two-way deals as free agents or extensions, prioritizing flexibility for potential time. Unlike the NBA's allowance of up to 90 two-way contracts league-wide (three per team), the NHL imposes no fixed quota per team for two-way deals, with usage dictated primarily by available cap space and the 50-contract roster limit across all player types. Demotions to the require waivers for non-exempt players after an initial 30-day conditioning loan or 10 NHL games, whichever comes first; waiver-exempt status applies to those with fewer than 30 NHL games in their first or second professional contract or under specific age/service thresholds, such as players under 23 with limited pro experience. The prevalence of two-way contracts surged following the 2004–05 lockout, which introduced the and emphasized cost-control mechanisms to sustain league . This shift encouraged teams to utilize two-ways for prospect development and depth without inflating payrolls, a practice that continues into the 2025–26 season under the post-2020 extension. Recent examples include the signing five players, including recent draft picks, to two-way contracts on July 2, 2025, and goaltender Jackson Parsons to a two-way ELC; similarly, the inked five depth players to one-year two-ways on the same date, while the re-signed defenseman Jack Thompson to a one-year two-way deal on July 14, 2025.

Salary structures and implications

In the NHL, two-way contracts establish distinct salary levels based on the player's assignment, with the NHL portion aligning with league minimums and the AHL portion significantly lower to reflect status. For the 2024-25 and 2025-26 seasons, the NHL minimum stands at $775,000, which serves as the baseline for the higher tier of two-way deals, while AHL salaries under these contracts are typically between $50,000 and $100,000 annually, varying by player experience and negotiation. AHL minimum salaries stand at $52,725 as of the 2025-26 season. Entry-level two-way contracts further limit AHL pay to a maximum of $70,000, ensuring cost control for developing talent. This bifurcated structure allows teams to manage payroll flexibly without committing to full one-way guarantees for borderline roster players. The salary framework carries key implications for cap management and player motivation. When a player on a two-way contract is assigned to the , the receives cap relief if the player's average annual value (AAV) falls below the buried cap threshold—currently the league minimum of $775,000 plus $375,000, or $1.15 million—effectively removing the full AAV from the during time. This off-cap treatment provides significant financial flexibility for NHL clubs, enabling them to allocate resources toward core roster without the full burden of low-end contracts. For , the sharp pay disparity incentivizes strong performances in the AHL to secure NHL call-ups, as time in the minors results in substantially reduced earnings, often prompting heightened competition for spots. Bonuses and performance incentives add layers to two-way structures, often including clauses that convert the deal to one-way status upon meeting specific benchmarks, such as playing 30 or more NHL games in a season, thereby locking in the higher salary for the remainder of the term. Signing bonuses, if included, are generally paid upfront or prorated across the length, regardless of assignment, providing some income stability but still subject to the overall two-way . These elements encourage sustained excellence while protecting investments. For instance, a 2024 two-way might stipulate $925,000 at the NHL level and $75,000 in the AHL, illustrating the financial incentive to avoid prolonged stints. Two-way deals also influence long-term player rights, particularly eligibility, where the actual earned salary—factoring in time—serves as a key metric rather than the nominal NHL figure, potentially weakening a player's case for higher future pay if significant seasons are spent in the minors. This can delay salary progression for prospects and , emphasizing the need for consistent NHL contributions to build leverage. Under the newly ratified 2025 (effective for the 2026-27 season), the NHL minimum salary will gradually increase to $1,000,000 by 2029-30, which may impact future two-way contract incentives.

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