USS Gyatt

USS Gyatt (DD-712/DDG-1) was a *Gearing*-class destroyer of the United States Navy, launched during World War II and later converted into the world's first guided-missile destroyer, serving from 1945 to 1969 in antisubmarine warfare, fleet operations, and missile testing roles.^[1]^[2] Named for Private Edward Earl Gyatt, a U.S. Marine killed in action during the Guadalcanal campaign and awarded the Silver Star posthumously, the ship was constructed by the Federal Shipbuilding & Drydock Company in Kearny, New Jersey, and sponsored by his mother, Mrs. Hilda Morrell.^[1] Commissioned on 2 July 1945 under Commander A. D. Kaplan, Gyatt conducted shakedown cruises in the Caribbean before operating along the U.S. East Coast and in the Caribbean through 1947, including a goodwill visit to Uruguay for its presidential inauguration from 24 January to 21 March 1947.^[1]^[3] She deployed to the Mediterranean with the U.S. Sixth Fleet multiple times between 1947 and 1962, participating in exercises and patrols amid Cold War tensions.^[1] In a pioneering role, Gyatt participated in Project Mercury by serving in nose-cone recovery operations from 5 to 10 November 1960 and 24 to 26 April 1961.^[1] The ship's most significant transformation occurred in 1955–1956, when she entered the Boston Naval Shipyard on 26 September 1955 for conversion to a guided-missile platform; decommissioned temporarily on 31 October 1955, she was recommissioned as DDG-712 on 3 December 1956 and redesignated DDG-1—the U.S. Navy's inaugural guided-missile destroyer—on 23 May 1957.^[1]^[2] This conversion replaced her aft 5-inch gun mount with a twin Terrier missile launcher (carrying two missiles and 14 reloads), added Mk 25 Mod. 7 radar for fire control, installed Denny-Brown stabilizers for improved stability, and fitted twin 3-inch/50 caliber guns for antiaircraft defense.^[3] Gyatt served as a test platform for the Terrier missile system until her battery was removed during an overhaul at Charleston Naval Shipyard starting 29 June 1962, after which she reverted to DD-712 on 1 October 1962. Assigned to the Operational Test and Evaluation Force on 1 January 1963, she conducted other experimental duties until returning to conventional destroyer operations.^[1]^[3] Gyatt was decommissioned for the final time on 26 September 1969 at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 22 October 1969, and ultimately expended as a target in a sinking exercise off the Virginia Capes on 11 June 1970 due to structural cracking in her hull.^[3] Throughout her service, she exemplified the Navy's transition from gun-based to missile-era destroyers, contributing to advancements in surface warfare capabilities during the early Cold War.^[2]

Background

Namesake

The USS Gyatt (DD-712) was named in honor of Private Edward Earl Gyatt, a United States Marine Corps Raider who distinguished himself in World War II combat. Born on 4 September 1921 in Syracuse, New York, Gyatt enlisted in the Marine Corps on 28 January 1942 and served with the 1st Marine Raider Battalion during the Guadalcanal campaign.^[1] On the night of 7–8 August 1942, during the initial phase of the Battle of Tulagi in the Solomon Islands, Gyatt was manning a listening post when he detected an enemy counterattack by Japanese forces attempting to infiltrate American lines. Despite the imminent danger, he remained at his position, alerting his unit and engaging the attackers with determined fire that inflicted heavy casualties on the enemy before he was fatally wounded by a hand grenade.^[4]^[1] For his "gallantry and intrepidity in action," Gyatt was posthumously awarded the Silver Star, with the citation commending his "indomitable fighting spirit" and contributions to repelling the assault, in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service.^[4] Gyatt became the namesake of the first U.S. Navy vessel to bear his name following the cancellation in 1944 of an earlier destroyer escort, USS Gyatt (DE-550), which had been planned but never laid down. The destroyer DD-712 was launched on 15 April 1945 and sponsored by his mother, Mrs. Hilda Morrell, marking the Navy's recognition of his sacrifice.^[1]^[5]

Development

The Gearing-class destroyers traced their origins to the Fletcher-class, the primary U.S. Navy destroyer design entering service early in World War II, which emphasized versatility in screening, escort, and combat roles across Pacific and Atlantic theaters.^[6] Building on wartime experience with the Fletchers, the Navy sought incremental improvements to address limitations in endurance and firepower, leading to the development of the Allen M. Sumner-class as a direct evolution with increased beam and twin-gun mounts for enhanced anti-aircraft and surface capabilities.^[7] The Gearing-class represented a further refinement of the Sumner design, incorporating a 14-foot hull extension amidships to expand fuel storage, which boosted operational range by approximately 30 percent and sustained higher speeds for extended missions without compromising armament layouts.^[8] This modification maintained the core flush-deck configuration while optimizing internal volume for wartime production efficiency, allowing the class to serve effectively in anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and convoy escort duties during late-1944 invasions and projected operations against Japan.^[6] In the broader production context of World War II, the U.S. Navy authorized 98 Gearing-class ships to bolster its destroyer fleet amid escalating Pacific campaigns and postwar planning, with construction spanning 1944 to 1946 across multiple shipyards despite the war's end in 1945.^[8] Names within the class, such as Gyatt, exemplified the tradition of honoring naval personnel for acts of heroism in combat, underscoring the design's roots in wartime exigencies.^[6]

Design and Construction

Specifications

The USS Gyatt was a Gearing-class destroyer, an evolution of the earlier Fletcher and Sumner classes that incorporated lengthened hulls for improved stability and endurance.^[6] In its original configuration, the vessel measured 390.5 feet in length, with a beam of 41 feet 4 inches and a draft of 18 feet 6 inches.^[1] Its standard displacement stood at 2,425 long tons, reflecting the lightweight yet robust construction suited for high-speed escort duties.^[1] Propulsion came from geared steam turbines generating 60,000 shaft horsepower, which propelled the ship to a maximum speed of 34.6 knots across two shafts.^[9] This power plant, fed by four boilers, provided an operational range of 4,500 nautical miles at an economical speed of 20 knots, enabling extended patrols in the Pacific theater.^[9] The original armament emphasized versatility for surface, anti-aircraft, and anti-submarine roles, featuring three twin 5-inch/38 caliber gun mounts for primary firepower against ships and aircraft, five 21-inch torpedo tubes, sixteen 40 mm Bofors guns in twin mounts and twenty 20 mm Oerlikon guns for close-range protection, while anti-submarine warfare equipment included depth charge projectors for hedgehog and k-gun launches.^[1] Complementing these systems, the Gyatt carried a crew of 336 officers and enlisted personnel to manage operations.^[1] For detection, it relied on basic radar and sonar systems typical of late-World War II destroyers, such as surface-search and air-search radars along with hull-mounted sonar for submarine hunting.^[9]

Building and Commissioning

The construction of USS Gyatt (DD-712), a Gearing-class destroyer, began during World War II as part of the U.S. Navy's rapid expansion of its destroyer fleet. She was laid down on 7 September 1944 at the Federal Shipbuilding & Drydock Company in Kearny, New Jersey, the third such vessel built at that facility.^[10]^[3] The shipyard, known for its efficient wartime production, followed standard Gearing-class specifications to produce a versatile anti-submarine and escort vessel capable of high-speed operations. Gyatt was launched on 15 April 1945, just weeks before the end of hostilities in Europe, amid a backdrop of intense shipbuilding efforts to support Pacific Theater demands. The christening ceremony was sponsored by Mrs. Hilda Morrell, mother of Private Edward Earl Gyatt, the Marine for whom the ship was named after his death in action during the Guadalcanal campaign.^[1] This event marked a key milestone, transitioning the vessel from the building ways to outfitting for sea trials. Following final preparations, Gyatt was commissioned on 2 July 1945 at the New York Navy Yard, entering active service as the war concluded. Commander A. D. Kaplan assumed command during the ceremony, overseeing a crew of 336 officers and enlisted personnel trained for destroyer operations.^[1] Assigned hull number DD-712, she retained this designation throughout her initial service as a conventional steam-powered destroyer.^[10] After commissioning, Gyatt conducted her initial shakedown cruise in the Caribbean, primarily at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, to test systems, train the crew, and address any construction issues. This late 1945 operation, lasting several weeks, confirmed the ship's seaworthiness and readiness for fleet assignment, culminating in her arrival at Norfolk, Virginia, on 24 October 1945.^[1]

Service History

Pre-Conversion Operations

Following her commissioning on 2 July 1945 at the New York Navy Yard, USS Gyatt conducted shakedown operations in the Caribbean before reporting to Norfolk, Virginia, in late 1945. There, she commenced East Coast patrols and participated in training exercises designed to integrate her into the postwar fleet structure.^[1] In 1946, Gyatt supported carrier training operations in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean, focusing on anti-submarine warfare drills and fleet maneuvers to maintain combat readiness amid rapid demobilization. These activities included simulated engagements and navigational exercises, reflecting the destroyer's role in transitioning the U.S. Navy from wartime to peacetime duties.^[1] In early 1947, Gyatt departed Norfolk on 24 January for a goodwill visit to Uruguay, attending the presidential inauguration of Tomás Berreta in Montevideo from 27 February to 6 March, followed by port calls at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Port of Spain, Trinidad, before returning on 21 March. On 20 November 1947, Gyatt deployed to the Mediterranean with the Sixth Fleet, conducting stability operations until her return to Norfolk on 2 March 1948. This mission involved routine patrols to deter potential threats and support diplomatic efforts in the region during early Cold War uncertainties.^[1] Through the late 1940s and early 1950s, Gyatt performed standard destroyer functions, including anti-submarine warfare exercises and large-scale fleet maneuvers. She completed six deployments to northern European waters and the Mediterranean, operating in key areas such as Nova Scotia, Iceland, and the Caribbean to enhance NATO-aligned maritime security and interoperability.^[1] Gyatt continued these operations without interruption until entering the Boston Naval Shipyard on 26 September 1955 for inactivation, culminating in her decommissioning on 31 October 1955 ahead of major modifications. This period exemplified the postwar drawdown's impact on active-duty destroyers, shifting focus toward modernization.^[1]

Conversion to Guided Missile Destroyer

In 1955, the USS Gyatt entered the Boston Naval Shipyard for a comprehensive overhaul that transformed it into the U.S. Navy's first guided missile destroyer, a pioneering effort to integrate surface-to-air missile capabilities into a World War II-era destroyer hull. The ship arrived on 26 September 1955 and was formally decommissioned on 31 October 1955 to begin the refit, which addressed structural, electronic, and armament changes necessary for missile operations. This conversion, completed over more than a year, emphasized minimal alterations to the existing Gearing-class design while prioritizing the evaluation of guided missile feasibility on a destroyer-sized platform.^[1] The core modification involved installing the RIM-2 Terrier surface-to-air missile system, consisting of a twin launcher positioned aft and a 14-missile magazine with horizontal storage immediately forward of the launcher to facilitate rapid reloads. To accommodate this setup, the aft twin 5-inch/38-caliber gun mount was removed, along with select original anti-aircraft guns, freeing space for the missile launchers, strengthened hull sections around the installation site, and supporting fire control infrastructure. Guidance for the beam-riding Terrier missiles was provided by a modified Mk 37 director system, incorporating the Mk 25 Mod. 8 radar mounted atop the main gun director for target tracking and illumination; an AN/SPS-6C air search radar was also added to detect incoming aerial threats at extended ranges. These changes, combined with the Denny-Brown stabilization system—featuring two 45-square-foot retractable fins to mitigate pitch and roll—enhanced the ship's stability and precision during missile launches.^[2]^[3]^[1] Automation in the missile handling, fire control, and stabilization systems allowed for a reduced crew complement compared to the ship's original configuration. On 1 December 1956, Gyatt was redesignated hull number DDG-712, reflecting its new guided missile role, and recommissioned two days later under Commander Charles F. Helme Jr. This marked the completion of the refit, with the ship ready for subsequent evaluations. In recognition of its trailblazing status, the hull number was further changed to DDG-1 on 23 May 1957.^[2]^[1]^[3]

Terrier Missile Testing and Operations

Following its conversion to the world's first guided missile destroyer, USS Gyatt (DDG-1) commenced intensive testing of the RIM-2 Terrier surface-to-air missile system along the U.S. East Coast from 1957 to 1960.^[1] The RIM-2A and RIM-2B variants of the Terrier missile featured a range of approximately 10 nautical miles, a maximum speed of Mach 2, and a service ceiling of 40,000 feet, designed primarily for intercepting subsonic aircraft threats.^[11] These tests, conducted primarily out of Norfolk, Virginia, and in the Atlantic and Caribbean regions, focused on validating missile accuracy, fire control integration with the ship's radar systems, and overall system reliability under operational conditions.^[1] By 1959, the evaluations had demonstrated the Terrier's effectiveness in beam-rider guidance mode, paving the way for its adoption on subsequent destroyer classes.^[3] Reclassified as DDG-1 on 23 May 1957, Gyatt continued its operational trials into 1960, incorporating refinements to the twin Mk 10 launcher and associated stabilization systems to enhance launch stability at sea.^[1] That year, the ship embarked on its first major deployment, joining the U.S. 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean from 28 January to 31 August, where it participated in fleet readiness exercises and demonstrated the Terrier system's tactical integration with carrier strike groups.^[1] This deployment marked the first operational voyage of a guided missile destroyer, providing real-world data on missile performance in varied sea states and electronic warfare environments.^[2] In late 1960 and early 1961, Gyatt supported NASA's Project Mercury space program by providing radar tracking and recovery assistance for suborbital test flights off the East Coast, including operations from 19 to 24 November 1960 for Mercury-Redstone 1 and 24 to 26 March 1961 for Mercury-Redstone BD.^[1] The ship's advanced radar suite, integrated with the Terrier fire control system, contributed to precise tracking of reentry vehicles during these nose-cone recovery efforts.^[1] Later in 1961, amid escalating tensions, Gyatt responded to the Berlin Crisis by deploying to the Mediterranean on 3 August, maintaining alert status with the 6th Fleet until 3 March 1962 to bolster NATO deterrence capabilities through its missile-armed presence.^[1] Throughout this period, the hull number DDG-1 underscored its pioneering role in guided missile destroyer operations.^[1]

Conversion to Radar Test Ship

In 1962, USS Gyatt underwent a major refit at the Charleston Naval Shipyard to transition from guided missile operations to a specialized role in radar and sensor testing. The overhaul, which began on 29 June, involved the removal of the Terrier missile launcher and associated fire control systems to free up space for experimental equipment.^[1] New radar arrays and sensor platforms were installed, transforming the ship into a versatile testbed for evaluating advanced naval electronics.^[1] On 1 October 1962, Gyatt's classification reverted from guided missile destroyer DDG-1 to her original hull number as a conventional destroyer, DD-712, reflecting the shift away from missile armament.^[1] Preparations concluded by 1 January 1963, after which she joined the Operational Test and Evaluation Force (OpTEvFor) in Norfolk, Virginia, serving primarily as a dedicated platform for radar and electronics trials along the Atlantic coast and in the Caribbean until approximately 1968.^[1] During this period, Gyatt conducted evaluations of AN/SPS-series radars, including at-sea testing of the prototype AN/SPS-49 air search radar in 1965, which operated in the L-band and achieved detection ranges up to 256 nautical miles. The ship also supported assessments of electronic warfare systems and other sensor technologies, contributing to enhancements in naval detection and countermeasures capabilities.^[2] These tests focused on integrating and validating equipment for broader fleet adoption, emphasizing operational reliability in real-world conditions.

Decommissioning and Sinking

After serving as a radar test ship in the late 1960s, which contributed to significant structural wear from multiple conversions and modifications, USS Gyatt (DD-712) was decommissioned on 26 September 1969 at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard.^[3]^[12] She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 22 October 1969, marking the end of her active service.^[3]^[13] Following decommissioning, the ship was towed to sea and sunk as a target off the Virginia Capes on 11 June 1970, primarily due to accumulated structural stress that rendered her unsuitable for further use or preservation.^[3]^[13]^[2] No salvage operations or efforts to preserve the hull were undertaken after the sinking, and she remains on the ocean floor.^[3]

Legacy

Gyatt holds a pivotal place in U.S. naval history as the world's first guided-missile destroyer, redesignated DDG-1 on 23 May 1957.^[1] Her conversion and testing of the Terrier surface-to-air missile system, along with the installation of the Navy's first Denny-Brown fin stabilizers for hull stabilization, advanced surface warfare capabilities during the early Cold War.^[3] These innovations influenced the design of subsequent classes, including the Farragut-class and Charles F. Adams-class guided-missile destroyers.^[3] Additionally, her role in radar and electronic warfare evaluations from 1962 onward contributed to the evolution of modern destroyer technologies.^[2]