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Ulmus alata

Ulmus alata, commonly known as the winged elm or cork elm, is a deciduous tree in the family Ulmaceae, native to the southeastern and south-central United States, where it typically grows 30 to 60 feet (9 to 18 meters) tall with a rounded or pyramidal crown and distinctive corky wings on its younger branches.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Taxonomy

Ulmus alata Michx. belongs to the genus Ulmus in the Ulmaceae family, within the order Rosales and class Magnoliopsida.^[4]^[5] The specific epithet "alata" derives from Latin, meaning "winged," referring to the corky ridges on its branchlets.^[2] It is one of approximately seven native North American elm species, distinguished by its small, rough-textured leaves and early flowering habit.^[3]^[6]

Description

This tree features an open, rounded canopy with a short trunk and spreading branches, often developing irregular, corky projections on twigs as they mature.^[1] Its leaves are ovate to lanceolate, 1 to 2.5 inches (2.5 to 6 cm) long, with doubly serrated margins and a rough upper surface due to prominent veins.^[2] Inconspicuous reddish-green flowers appear in early spring before the leaves, giving rise to flat, winged samaras (seed pods) about 0.25 to 0.5 inches (6 to 12 mm) long that mature by late spring.^[3] Fall foliage turns a dull yellow, and the bark on mature trees is grayish-brown and furrowed.^[1]

Distribution and Habitat

Ulmus alata is endemic to eastern North America, ranging from southern Virginia and Kentucky southward to central Florida and Texas, with northern extensions into southern Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, particularly the Ozark region.^[2]^[3] It thrives in a variety of habitats, including dry upland woodlands, rocky slopes, glades, bottomlands, floodplains, and stream banks, on soils ranging from clay and loam to sand, and tolerates both acidic and neutral pH levels up to elevations of about 2,500 feet (760 m).^[1]^[3] The species prefers full sun to partial shade and moist, well-drained conditions but is adaptable to periodic flooding and drought.^[2]

Ecology and Uses

As a light-demanding pioneer species, U. alata often colonizes forest openings, old fields, and disturbed sites, associating with oak-hickory forests such as post oak-blackjack oak woodlands.^[3] It provides ecological value by supporting wildlife, including songbirds and small mammals that consume its seeds, and serves as a host for butterflies like the painted lady (Vanessa cardui) and mourning cloak (Nymphalis antiopa).^[1] The species is globally secure but vulnerable in some states due to threats from diseases.^[5] However, it is susceptible to Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma novo-ulmi) and elm yellows (phloem necrosis), which have impacted populations.^[3] The hard, heavy wood is used for furniture, crates, boxes, and firewood, while the tree is valued in landscaping for its shade, urban tolerance, and ornamental winged branches.^[2]^[1]

Taxonomy

Classification

Ulmus alata is classified within the kingdom Plantae, phylum Tracheophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Rosales, family Ulmaceae, genus Ulmus, and species U. alata.^[7] It belongs to the subgenus Oreoptelea and section Chaetoptelea within the genus Ulmus.^[7] The species was first described by André Michaux in his Flora Boreali-Americana in 1803.^[8] Prior to this, Thomas Walter had misapplied the name Ulmus pumila (non Linnaeus) to the plant in 1788, leading to its later synonymization as Ulmus pumila Walter.^[8] Another synonym is Ulmus americana var. alata (Michaux) Spach, reflecting early 19th-century classifications that grouped it as a variety of the American elm.^[8]

Etymology

The genus name Ulmus is derived from the Latin ulmus, the classical term for the elm tree, which appears in ancient Roman texts and reflects its prominent role in Greco-Roman cultures for timber in construction, as livestock fodder to produce milk, and as supports for grapevines in viticulture—a practice known as the "tree of milk and wine."^[9]^[10]^[11] The specific epithet alata originates from the Latin ala, meaning "wing," in reference to the corky, wing-like ridges that develop on the branches and twigs of mature trees.^[8]^[12] Ulmus alata was formally described by French botanist André Michaux in his 1803 work Flora Boreali-Americana.^[8] Prior to this, in 1788, South Carolina botanist Thomas Walter had incorrectly identified the species as Ulmus pumila in his Flora Caroliniana, an early catalog of southeastern plants.^[8] Common names for the species include winged elm, which directly echoes the winged branch feature, and wahoo elm, the latter derived from the Creek (Muscogee) indigenous name for the tree in the southeastern United States; other regional variants such as cork elm also appear in local floras.^[8]^[13]^[3]

Description

Morphology

Ulmus alata, commonly known as winged elm, is a deciduous tree that typically attains a height of 12 to 18 meters (40 to 60 feet) with a comparable spread, though exceptional specimens may reach up to 24 to 30 meters (80 to 100 feet) in height. It exhibits a variable growth habit, ranging from pyramidal or vase-shaped in youth to rounded or open with ascending to spreading branches in maturity, forming a lacy or somewhat drooping crown. The tree grows rapidly in open conditions but more slowly in forested settings, with a moderate to fine texture and density.^[14]^[1]^[3] The bark is gray to red-brown or ashy gray, featuring shallow fissures that form flat-topped ridges, becoming scaly and irregularly exfoliating with age. Young branches and twigs are notably distinguished by persistent, corky, wing-like ridges or projections, often appearing in pairs on opposite sides and contributing to the species' common name. These wings are a key identifying feature, particularly on younger growth. The root system is shallow and fibrous.^[14]^[1]^[15]^[16] Leaves are alternate and simple, ovate to elliptic or lanceolate in shape, measuring 4 to 9 centimeters (1.5 to 3.5 inches) in length and up to 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) in width, with doubly serrated margins and asymmetrical bases. The upper surface is rough and dark green, while the lower is paler with fine pubescence; in autumn, they turn yellow to dull yellowish-green. Flowers are small, apetalous, and brownish-green to reddish, borne in short, drooping clusters at the leaf axils in early spring (February to April), prior to leaf emergence. The fruit consists of single-seeded, elliptical samaras, 6 to 13 millimeters (0.25 to 0.5 inches) long, with hairy or pubescent margins and a flattened, papery wing for wind dispersal, maturing in April to May.^[14]^[1]^[15]^[3]

Reproduction

Ulmus alata exhibits sexual reproduction primarily through wind-pollinated flowers that emerge in late winter to early spring. The perfect flowers, which contain both male and female reproductive organs, appear in small, drooping clusters on threadlike pedicels from March to April, typically before the leaves fully emerge.^[15]^[6] These inconspicuous, reddish-green flowers are anemophilous, relying entirely on wind for pollen transfer without dependence on insect pollinators.^[17] Following pollination, fruit development proceeds rapidly, with elliptical samaras—single-seeded structures featuring a papery wing—maturing by April to May as the leaves reach full size.^[15] These lightweight samaras facilitate seed dispersal primarily by wind, though they are also consumed by birds and small mammals, aiding further dissemination.^[6] The seeds within exhibit no significant dormancy and demonstrate high viability, germinating quickly and readily under moist conditions when sown immediately after harvest. Asexual reproduction in Ulmus alata is limited, occurring mainly through natural sprouting from the root crown in response to disturbances such as low-intensity fires or topkill.^[18] This vegetative mechanism allows for some clonal persistence but is not a dominant reproductive strategy compared to seed production.

Distribution and habitat

Geographic range

Ulmus alata, commonly known as winged elm, is native to the southeastern and south-central United States, with its range extending from southern Virginia westward to central Missouri and southward to central Texas and Florida.^[3]^[2] Within this distribution, the species occurs across multiple states including Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois.^[6] It is particularly common in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain ecoregions, where it thrives in lowland forests and woodlands, but is generally absent from higher elevations such as the Appalachian Mountains.^[19]^[20] Outside its native range, Ulmus alata has been introduced sporadically in other regions. In New Zealand, specimens are present in Auckland, likely from historical introductions of North American elms.^[21] Limited trials and naturalized occurrences have also been recorded in Australia, though it remains uncommon outside cultivation.

Environmental preferences

Ulmus alata, commonly known as winged elm, thrives in warm temperate climates characterized by humid conditions, with average annual temperatures ranging from 13°C to 21°C and growing seasons of 180 to 300 days.^[3] It is adapted to USDA hardiness zones 6 through 9, where annual precipitation typically falls between 1020 mm and 1520 mm, supporting its growth in regions from the southern Midwest to the southeastern United States.^[14]^[3] The species exhibits broad adaptability to various soil types, including clay, loam, sand, and rocky substrates, and is commonly found on Alfisols and Ultisols in upland and bottomland settings.^[1]^[3] It tolerates poor drainage and periodic flooding, such as intermittent inundation in bottomlands, but performs best on moist, well-drained sites.^[3] Regarding pH and nutrient needs, winged elm accommodates neutral to acidic soils with a minimum pH of 5.0 and demonstrates tolerance across a wide range up to 8.0, requiring only moderate fertility to achieve optimal growth on silty or clay uplands.^[22]^[23] In terms of light and competition, Ulmus alata is the least shade-tolerant among North American elms, favoring open woodlands, forest edges, or disturbed sites where it can access full sunlight for rapid development.^[3] It exhibits sparse reproduction in dense understories due to its light-demanding nature, though it can persist in partial shade.^[3]^[14] Winged elm demonstrates notable stress tolerances, including drought resistance once established, allowing survival on dry uplands despite potential stunting in prolonged arid conditions.^[14] However, it remains sensitive to extended shade, which limits its competitive ability in closed-canopy forests.^[3]

Ecology

Pests and diseases

Ulmus alata, commonly known as winged elm, is highly susceptible to Dutch elm disease (DED), a vascular wilt caused by the fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and vectored primarily by elm bark beetles such as Scolytus multistriatus and Hylurgopinus rufipes.^[1]^[14]^[24] The disease leads to wilting, yellowing, and browning of foliage, followed by branch dieback and eventual tree death if untreated, with no effective cure available.^[1] In natural settings, the pathogen spreads through root grafts between trees or via insect vectors, exacerbating mortality in dense stands.^[14] Elm yellows, also known as phloem necrosis, poses another fatal threat to U. alata, caused by a phytoplasma that clogs the phloem tissue, disrupting nutrient transport.^[25]^[1] Symptoms include premature yellowing and drooping of leaves, defoliation, and rapid decline, often killing the tree within one to two years of infection.^[25] The disease is transmitted by leafhoppers such as Scaphoideus luteolus and through root grafts, with U. alata showing particular vulnerability among native elms.^[25] Among insect pests, the elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola) causes significant defoliation by feeding on foliage, leading to skeletonized leaves and reduced photosynthesis in severe infestations.^[1]^[26] Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica) also damage U. alata by chewing irregular holes in leaves, particularly affecting stressed trees and contributing to overall vigor loss.^[26] Additionally, U. alata is susceptible to Verticillium wilt, a soilborne fungal disease caused by Verticillium dahliae or V. albo-atrum, which induces wilting and dieback of branches through vascular blockage.^[14]^[27] Other minor pests include scale insects that infest branches, often undetected due to the tree's corky bark, and mites that cause temporary foliage yellowing without lasting harm.^[14] In wild populations, U. alata exhibits low levels of natural resistance to these major pathogens and pests, with susceptibility contributing to population declines in affected regions.^[3]^[26] Some variation in tolerance has been observed across southeastern U.S. locales, potentially linked to environmental factors, though overall resilience remains limited compared to resistant elm hybrids.^[1]

Interactions with wildlife

Ulmus alata serves as a valuable food source for various wildlife in its native southeastern U.S. ecosystems. The leaves and twigs are browsed by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus), particularly during spring growth periods.^[28]^[29] Seeds from the samaras provide nourishment for granivorous birds, including northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), purple finches (Haemorhous purpureus), and pine siskins (Spinus pinus).^[29]^[13] It also serves as a larval host for several butterfly species, including the mourning cloak (Nymphalis antiopa), question mark (Polygonia interrogationis), painted lady (Vanessa cardui), red-spotted purple (Limenitis arthemis astyanax), and eastern comma (Polygonia comma).^[1] Pollination in Ulmus alata is primarily anemophilous, with wind serving as the main vector for the apetalous flowers that bloom in early spring before leaf emergence. While insects do not play a significant role in pollination, occasional visitors such as butterflies may interact with the foliage.^[30] Samara dispersal is predominantly wind-mediated, though small mammals like rodents consume the seeds, potentially contributing to secondary dispersal through caching or scat.^[6]^[31] Mature Ulmus alata trees provide essential habitat structures for wildlife. The branches support lichens and occasional epiphytes, enhancing microhabitat diversity, while the trunk and limbs develop cavities excavated by woodpeckers such as the red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), which serve as nesting sites for cavity-nesting birds.^[32]^[29] Additionally, the tree forms arbuscular mycorrhizal associations with root fungi, which facilitate nutrient uptake, particularly phosphorus, in nutrient-poor or compacted soils common to its riparian and upland habitats.^[33]^[34] As a pioneer species, Ulmus alata plays a key role in ecosystem recovery and stability within its native range of floodplain forests and disturbed woodlands. It rapidly colonizes fire-prone or cleared areas, contributing to soil stabilization along flood-prone riverbanks through its extensive root system and tolerance to periodic inundation.^[29]^[3]

Cultivation

Requirements

Ulmus alata, commonly known as winged elm, thrives in landscapes when provided with appropriate site conditions that mimic its natural adaptability. For optimal growth, select sites offering full sun to partial shade, ensuring at least six hours of direct sunlight daily while avoiding deep shade that may reduce vigor. Well-drained but consistently moist soils are ideal, as the tree performs best in locations that prevent waterlogging yet maintain adequate moisture, making it suitable for urban settings such as street plantings or parking lot islands.^[14]^[1] Soil preparation is straightforward due to the species' broad tolerance, but success is enhanced by testing and amending as needed. It adapts to a wide pH range from acidic (below 6.0) to alkaline (above 8.0), though soils with pH 5.5 to 7.5 are commonly recommended for balanced nutrient uptake. Heavy clay soils should be amended with organic matter to improve drainage and aeration, while sandy or loamy soils require minimal adjustment; overall, it tolerates clay, loam, sand, and even rocky conditions without special fertilization beyond initial planting.^[1]^[14]^[35] In terms of hardiness, Ulmus alata is suited to USDA zones 6a through 9b, enduring average winter lows from -23°C to -1°C. Young trees at the northern limits of zone 6 should be protected from harsh winter winds using burlap wraps or windbreaks to prevent desiccation and frost damage. Its native tolerances to varying climates further support its resilience in managed settings across the southeastern United States.^[14]^[1] Watering requirements are moderate, with newly planted trees needing consistent moisture to establish roots during the first one to two years. Once established, it becomes drought-tolerant, requiring supplemental water only during prolonged dry spells; applying a 2- to 3-inch layer of mulch around the base helps retain soil moisture and suppress weeds without overwatering.^[1]^[14]^[36] Maintenance is low overall, focusing on structural development and environmental monitoring. Prune in late winter during dormancy to shape the tree, removing multiple leaders and narrow crotches to promote a strong central trunk and well-spaced lateral branches, typically requiring three to four sessions in the early years. In urban landscapes, regularly inspect for stressors such as air pollution, soil compaction, or salt exposure, addressing them promptly to maintain health.^[14]^[1]

Propagation

_Ulmus alata can be propagated from seeds, which are collected as samaras maturing in April to May as the leaves expand.^[1]^[2] For optimal results, samaras should be sown fresh immediately after harvest in a moist, well-drained medium at 70-85°F, achieving germination in 2-4 weeks.^[37]^[14] Although stratification at 40°F for 2-3 months can improve germination rates, it is not essential, and fresh seeds often germinate quickly and easily with rates up to 91% under suitable conditions.^[37]^[38] Vegetative propagation via cuttings is a primary method, using softwood or semi-hardwood stem tip cuttings taken in summer.^[37] These are treated with 3000 ppm IBA in talc form, placed under intermittent mist in a medium maintained at 65-85°F soil temperature, and typically root in 8-12 weeks.^[37] Root cuttings are also viable if collected and stored at 35°F for 2-12 weeks prior to use, with shading recommended during the initial hot summer weeks to enhance success.^[37] Grafting is employed to propagate cultivars, commonly using cleft grafting onto rootstock such as Ulmus parvifolia.^[37] Chip budding in late summer serves as an alternative technique for attaching scions to compatible rootstocks.^[37] Propagation challenges include rapid loss of seed viability under moist storage conditions, necessitating immediate sowing, while dry storage extends longevity somewhat. Fungal infections pose risks during the moist environments required for germination and rooting, requiring vigilant sanitation and environmental control.^[14]

Uses

Ornamental

Ulmus alata, commonly known as winged elm, serves as a versatile landscape tree in southern and southeastern United States settings, valued for its compact form and distinctive winged branches that provide visual interest and utility as a screen or specimen plant in parks and urban areas.^[14] Its rounded to vase-shaped canopy, reaching 30-50 feet in height with a similar spread, offers moderate shade suitable for street plantings and parking lot islands, where its adaptability to confined spaces enhances its practicality.^[39] The corky, wing-like projections on younger branches not only contribute to its ornamental appeal but also allow it to function effectively as a privacy screen when planted in rows.^[1] The tree's aesthetic qualities include its textured, gray-brown bark that exfoliates with age, providing year-round visual texture, while its ovate, doubly serrated leaves emerge in spring following small, inconspicuous reddish-green flowers that bloom in late winter to early spring.^[39] In autumn, the foliage often turns a showy yellow, adding seasonal color to landscapes, though the intensity can vary due to environmental factors.^[14] In landscape design, Ulmus alata tolerates urban stresses such as air pollution, poor soils, and drought, making it a resilient choice for city environments and highway medians.^[1] It integrates well with native plants in low-water xeriscape designs, supporting pollinator and wildlife gardens while requiring minimal maintenance once established.^[1] It has been occasionally planted in southern landscapes for its shade and form.^[3] However, its ornamental longevity is limited by susceptibility to diseases like Dutch elm disease and powdery mildew, which can reduce vigor and lifespan, particularly in monoculture plantings where disease spread is facilitated.^[39] Regular monitoring and diverse plantings are recommended to mitigate these risks in ornamental applications.^[14]

Timber and other

The wood of Ulmus alata, known as winged elm, is classified as hard elm or rock elm and is noted for its hardness, heaviness, and interlocked grain, which provides excellent resistance to splitting.^[3] It has an average dried weight of 42 lbs/ft³ (675 kg/m³) and a Janka hardness rating of 1,540 lbf (6,850 N), indicating moderate to high durability for woodworking applications.^[40] The heartwood appears light to medium reddish-brown, with paler sapwood, a coarse uneven texture, and poor rot resistance, making it susceptible to decay and insect attack without treatment.^[40] Timber from U. alata is primarily used for small-scale items due to the tree's limited size, typically reaching 35-50 feet in height and 1-2 feet in trunk diameter, which restricts large lumber production.^[40] Common applications include furniture components such as chair rockers and arms, hardwood dimension stock, flooring, boxes, crates, and high-quality hockey sticks, leveraging its flexibility for curved pieces.^[3]^[28] It is also suitable for veneer, wood pulp, and papermaking, though often mixed with other elm species in commercial processing.^[40] Beyond timber, the inner bark of U. alata has been traditionally used by indigenous peoples in the southeastern United States for making cordage, rope, and baskets due to its strong fibrous quality.^[13]^[16]^[41] The wood serves as a viable firewood source, with elm species generally providing a good heat output of approximately 18-20 million BTU per cord when properly seasoned, comparable to other hardwoods in the region.^[42] Economically, U. alata holds low commercial harvest value, with timber mostly utilized locally rather than in large-scale markets, owing to its scattered occurrence and competition from higher-value hardwoods.^[3]^[28]

Cultivars

Named cultivars

Several named cultivars of Ulmus alata have been developed through selections from native southeastern U.S. populations, primarily to enhance ornamental traits such as growth form and disease tolerance. These selections originate from U.S. programs focused on improving adaptability for landscape use while maintaining the species' natural hardiness. Availability remains limited, primarily through specialty nurseries and arboreta. 'Lace Parasol' is a weeping cultivar discovered as a chance seedling in local woods near Raleigh, North Carolina, and introduced by the J.C. Raulston Arboretum at North Carolina State University in the 1990s. This slow-growing selection features a compact, rounded, mounded form with pendulous branches, typically reaching 10–20 feet (3–6 m) in height and spread after 50 years, making it suitable for small gardens or as a specimen tree. It retains the characteristic corky-winged branchlets of the species but with improved urban tolerance.^[43]^[44] 'Kalysta' (Ulmus alata 'UAMTF', USDA Plant Patent PP30,543) is a patented upright selection discovered in a wild field in Oconee County, Georgia, in 2007 by Tony Avent of Plant Delights Nursery. It exhibits a strong central leader and vase-shaped crown, growing rapidly to 45 feet (14 m) tall and wide, with dark green foliage resistant to powdery mildew and other leaf diseases. The cultivar's symmetrical structure and heat tolerance make it ideal for urban and street plantings.^[45]

Hybrids

Ulmus alata may participate in natural hybridization within the genus Ulmus. Genetic studies indicate potential hybridization with the introduced Siberian elm (U. pumila) due to the lack of known incompatibility barriers, which could pose risks to conservation through genetic assimilation, though such hybrids are not well-documented in natural populations.^[46]^[47]

Notable specimens

Record trees

The national champion Ulmus alata (winged elm) is a specimen in Hopewell, Virginia, measuring 95 feet (29 m) tall with a trunk circumference of 180 inches (4.6 m) at breast height—equivalent to a diameter of approximately 1.45 m—and an average crown spread of 83 feet (25 m), yielding a total score of 296 points under American Forests measurement criteria.^[48]^[49] This tree, nominated in 2009, was last measured in 2018 and reaffirmed as the national champion in the 2024 register, with no reported changes or losses due to disease through 2025.^[50]^[49] American Forests evaluates champion trees using a point system that awards 1 point per inch of trunk circumference at 4.5 feet above ground, 1 point per foot of height from the ground to the tree's highest point, and 1/4 point per foot of the average crown spread (calculated as the average of at least two perpendicular measurements at the widest points of the drip line).^[51]^[52] While typically reaching 40 to 60 feet (12 to 18 m) in height, exceptional specimens can exceed 90 feet (27 m) in optimal conditions. In optimal moist, bottomland sites, these trees can attain ages of up to 100 years, though most rarely exceed this due to susceptibility to flooding, pests, and disease.^[28]^[53] As of November 2025, recent state-level recognitions include a new champion in Illinois nominated in March 2025 and one in Kentucky nominated in July 2025, reflecting continued interest in documenting notable U. alata specimens.^[54]^[55]

Significant locations

In protected areas, winged elm is a component of old-growth bottomland hardwood forests in Congaree National Park, South Carolina, where it occurs with relative frequencies of approximately 18% in the canopy, 5% in the shrub layer, and 9% in the groundcover stratum, aiding in the preservation of one of the largest intact tracts of such forest in the United States.^[56] Similarly, it appears in the understory of mesic hardwood forests within Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, as part of the West Gulf Coastal Plain ecosystem, where conservation efforts maintain these moist, fire-suppressed woodlands against development pressures.^[57] Historically, Ulmus alata was among the American elm species introduced to European arboreta in the early 19th century for ornamental purposes, though it has since become rare in cultivation there due to climatic limitations and disease susceptibility.^[3] In urban settings, scattered examples persist in Georgia parks, reflecting its adaptability to southeastern landscapes within its native range from Texas to Florida.^[58] Conservation hotspots for winged elm include monitored old-growth sites like Congaree National Park and Big Thicket National Preserve, where ongoing vegetation assessments track its role in floodplain forest stability amid threats from hydrology changes and invasive species.^[56]^[57]

Accessions and availability

Botanical collections

In the United States, several key institutions maintain collections of Ulmus alata for research, breeding, and conservation purposes. The Morton Arboretum in Lisle, Illinois, includes living specimens of the species within its extensive Elm Collection, established in 1926 to study Ulmaceae diversity and disease resistance; a documented example from 2017 highlights its presence in the collection.^[59] The U.S. National Arboretum in Washington, D.C., holds pressed herbarium specimens, such as accession NA0664907 collected by Anderson, supporting taxonomic and distributional studies.^[60] Additionally, the USDA's National Plant Germplasm System, accessible via GRIN-Global, preserves genetic material of U. alata (taxon ID 40816) in seed banks, facilitating breeding programs and long-term viability assessments. European collections emphasize taxonomic documentation and ornamental evaluation. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in the United Kingdom, maintains herbarium specimens and distributional records of U. alata through its Plants of the World Online database and Herbarium Catalogue, aiding global biodiversity inventories.^[61] In Australasia, U. alata appears in introduced settings for ecological and horticultural study. In New Zealand, specimens are documented in Auckland, including within the Auckland Domain's urban landscape, where it forms part of the local elm population alongside other North American species.^[21] Genetic repositories prioritize accessions with potential Dutch elm disease (DED) resistance to counter ongoing threats from Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Institutions like the Morton Arboretum and USDA germplasm banks focus on diverse U. alata genotypes, which exhibit intermediate susceptibility to DED compared to more vulnerable species like U. americana, enabling selective propagation of resilient lines.^[14]^[3] Preservation efforts emphasize ex situ conservation to address climate adaptation challenges, such as shifting temperature and precipitation patterns in the species' native southeastern U.S. range. Arboreta and germplasm repositories like those at the U.S. National Arboretum and USDA maintain living plants and seeds to evaluate adaptability, supporting reintroduction and breeding for enhanced drought tolerance and habitat resilience without relying on wild populations.

Commercial sources

Ulmus alata, commonly known as the winged elm, is commercially available from numerous nurseries across the southeastern United States, where it is native, as well as through online retailers specializing in native and ornamental trees. These sources typically offer the species in various sizes suitable for landscaping, restoration projects, and urban planting, with a focus on its drought tolerance and adaptability to a range of soil conditions.^[62]^[63]^[64] Retail and wholesale suppliers such as Native Forest Nursery provide bare-root seedlings of Ulmus alata, grown locally in Georgia, for dormant-season shipping, emphasizing its use in full-sun to light-shade sites with moist, well-drained soils. Prices for these seedlings range from under $200 depending on quantity and size, though availability may be seasonal and restricted from states like California and Oregon. Similarly, Mellow Marsh Farm offers Ulmus alata in various container sizes such as 1-gallon pots and tublings, targeting applications in erosion control, stream restoration, and riparian buffers, where its facultative upland status supports wetland-adjacent planting.^[62]^[63] Online nurseries like Ty Ty Plant Nursery list Ulmus alata in heights from 1-8 feet, with prices scaling from $16.75 for smaller specimens to $119.75 for 7-8 foot trees, though stock can fluctuate and require accessories like transplant mixes for successful establishment in drought-prone areas. Other providers, including Flowing Well Tree Farm and Willis Orchards, sell container-grown plants starting around $60 with delivery options, highlighting the tree's fast growth to 40-60 feet and resistance to urban stresses. Little Red Wagon Native Nursery offers 7-gallon sizes for $80, suitable for immediate landscape integration in Florida and similar regions.^[64]^[65]^[66] Wholesale outlets such as Advanced Nursery Growers and Canterbury Farms Nursery supply Ulmus alata for larger-scale projects, often bare-root or balled-and-burlapped, with shipments limited to the continental U.S. excluding certain states, underscoring its value in native plant restorations and as a corky-winged alternative to more susceptible elms. Wilcox Nursery in Florida provides mature stock up to 50 feet in height for spreading canopy applications, reinforcing commercial interest in its serrated, medium-green foliage and yellow fall color.^[67]^[68]^[69]

References

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### Taxonomic Hierarchy for Ulmus alata
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[12]
Ulmus alata (Winged elm) | Native Plants of North America
Oct 13, 2015 · Ulmus alata, or Winged Elm, grows 30-40 ft high with corky ridges, dark-green leaves, and a samara fruit. It has a round-topped, oblong head.Missing: taxonomy ecology
[13]
ENH-805/ST648: Ulmus alata: Winged Elm - UF/IFAS EDIS
Scientific name: Ulmus alata ; Pronunciation: UL-mus uh-LAY-tuh ; Common name(s): winged elm ; Family: Ulmaceae ; USDA hardiness zones: 6A through 9B (Figure 2).Missing: classification taxonomy
[14]
Ulmus alata - Plant Finder
### Morphological Description of Ulmus alata (Missouri Botanical Garden)
[15]
Ulmus alata - Florida Native Plant Society (FNPS)
Ulmus alata, or Winged Elm, is a deciduous tree, 40-70 ft tall, with interesting bark and corky wings on twigs, and is a good shade tree.Missing: taxonomy | Show results with:taxonomy
[16]
Winged Elm | Silvics of North America
Dec 1, 1990 · Winged elm (Ulmus alata) is a very hardy, small-to medium-sized tree in a wide range of habitats throughout much of the southern Midwest and ...Missing: morphology | Show results with:morphology
[17]
A little Dendrology of Due West: Early Bloomin' Trees! - Erskine ...
Mar 24, 2025 · Elm flowers are not structured to attract pollinators with scent or nectar. Their pollen, like that of oaks, ash, pecan, and redcedar, is very ...Missing: reproduction dispersal
[18]
Life History and Disturbance Response - USDA Forest Service
Life History and Disturbance Response of Ulmus alata (winged elm) ... It is likely to sprout from the root crown in response to topkill during low-intensity fires ...
[19]
https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/plant_list.php?name_sn=Ulmus%20alata
[20]
Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora | Ulmus alata Michx. - vaplantatlas.org
Mostly restricted to the s. Piedmont and inner Coastal Plain, n. to Fluvanna and Caroline counties; disjunct to three counties in far sw. Virginia; common s. of ...Missing: distribution ecoregions
[21]
Ulmus alata - Wikipedia
Ulmus alata, the winged elm or wahoo, is a small- to medium-sized deciduous tree endemic to the woodlands of the southeastern and south-central United States.Missing: distribution | Show results with:distribution
[22]
[PDF] Auckland's elms - New Zealand Regional Botanical Society Journals
America we have found in Auckland are cedar elm. (Ulmus crassifolia Nuttall), a tree with distinctive thick, dark green leaves, and winged elm (Ulmus alata.
[23]
10 Trees to Plant in a Changing Climate
Sep 19, 2023 · As glaciers extended southward during the last ice age, trees native to the east coast of North America were forced to migrate to relatively ...
[24]
Refugia revisited: individualistic responses of species in space and ...
Oct 28, 2009 · This pattern of glacial survival in the South, followed by post-glacial recolonization of northern regions, seems to be a general pattern ...
[25]
Holocene isochrone maps and patterns of tree-spreading - jstor
Nauka, Moscow. Serebryanny, L.R. (1973) Post-glacial migration rates of tree spe- cies in the northwestern regions of the U.S.S.R.: palynology and ...
[26]
USDA Plants Database
Insufficient relevant content. The provided content only includes a stylesheet link and does not contain information about Ulmus alata morphology, physical description, size, bark, leaves, flowers, fruit, roots, or growth habit. No measurements or key features are available.
[27]
Winged Elm - FFL Butterfly Gardens
Soil Texture. Any Texture ; Soil Moisture. Well Drained to Wet ; Soil pH. Tolerates Any Soil pH (4.5-8.0) ; Salt Tolerance. Medium ; DroughtTolerance. High ...
[28]
Elm Yellows : Landscape - UMass Amherst
Several native elm (Ulmus) species including American (Ulmus americana), slippery (U. rubra), and winged elm (U. alata) are susceptible to elm yellows.
[29]
[PDF] Disease and Insect Resistant Ornamental Plants: Ulmus (Elm)
Aug 26, 2019 · Insect pests include elm bark and leaf beetles, Japanese beetle, gypsy moth, leafminers, and aphids. Dutch Elm Disease is a vascular wilt ...
[30]
Common Diseases of Elm Trees in North Carolina
Aug 25, 2025 · Verticillium wilt affects many elm species. One of the first signs of Verticillium wilt is the unexpected wilting and death of a single branch.
[31]
Winged elm - Ulmus alata
May 16, 2025 · It can be found on upland areas in well-drained habitats, woodlands, slopes, and in moist areas such as wet hammocks and flood plains.Missing: taxonomy | Show results with:taxonomy
[32]
Winged Elm (Ulmus alata) - Illinois Wildflowers
Typical habitats include rocky upland woodlands, upland savannas, bluffs, sandstone and limestone glades, abandoned fields, and fence rows. Less often, this ...Missing: taxonomy ecology
[33]
Wildflower Wednesday: Winged Elm - clay and limestone
Feb 27, 2019 · Ulmus alata is the ... Pollination: Wind born. Wildlife value: Numerous insects feed on the foliage, wood, or plant juices of Winged Elm.
[34]
[PDF] Ulmus L. - USDA Forest Service
Manual of woody landscape plants: their identification, ornamental characteristics, culture, propagation and uses. ... alata Michx. winged elm, cork elm,.
[35]
How to Treat Lichen Disease on Winged elm? - PictureThis
Positioning Winged elm to receive adequate sunlight can naturally prevent excessive lichen growth. Get tips and tricks for your plants. Keep your plants happy ...Missing: epiphytes | Show results with:epiphytes
[36]
[PDF] Do Novel Weapons that Degrade Mycorrhizal Mutualisms Explain ...
The three AMF tree species were Ulmus alata, U. parvifolia and U. minor. Ulmus alata (winged elm) is a medium- size species growing to 12-24m tall, which is ...
[37]
Shade tolerance and mycorrhizal type may influence sapling ...
Jun 29, 2019 · We found an effect of mycorrhizal type interacting with adult conspecific density, where arbuscular mycorrhizal species show a greater reduction ...
[38]
[PDF] Ulmus alata Michx.
It is, nevertheless, classed as a shade tolerant species (15). Normally, winged elm is not associated with standing water except in intermittent pools and ...
[39]
Ulmus alata - Winged elm - University of North Florida
Care Instructions: Light: full sun. Water: moderately drought tolerant. Soil: average soil, wide pH tolerance, no special requirements. This native tree grows ...
[40]
Ulmus alata | Landscape Plant Propagation Information | UF/IFAS
Primary method of propagation: cutting. Alternate propagation method(s): seed, grafting/budding. Propagation by Cuttings. Cutting type: stem tip. Time of year ...
[41]
Winged Elm - Ulmus alata - Sheffield's Seed Company
Details. Germination: 91%. Germination test: Cut (Full Seed). Purity: 99%. Seeds per lb: 128,490. Quantity: 3.53 lb. Collected in: Louisiana. Crop year: 2023.
[42]
In vitro conservation of American elm (Ulmus americana)
Mar 29, 2012 · Micropropagation of American elm (Ulmus americana) (a) shoot buds collected from a mature tree, (b) dormant bud sprout after 2 weeks of culture ...Missing: alata | Show results with:alata
[43]
Ulmus alata - Plant Finder
### Summary of Reproduction, Flowering, Pollination, Fruit, Seeds, Dispersal, Viability for Ulmus alata
[44]
Winged Elm | The Wood Database (Hardwood)
Winged Elm, or Wahoo, is a hard, heavy, strong wood with reddish-brown heartwood, interlocked grain, and is used for boxes, furniture, and papermaking. It is ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[45]
For the Love of Trees: Winged Elm - San Marcos Greenbelt Alliance
Mar 7, 2021 · Indigenous tribes of Texas and the Southeast used the fibrous inner bark of Ulma alata for rope and baskets, as well as for tool handles.Missing: dyes | Show results with:dyes
[46]
Sweep's Library - Firewood Heat Value Comparison Charts
Here are two charts showing the weight and available heat content of one cord of firewood of various species, the first sorted by heat value, and the second ...Missing: alata | Show results with:alata
[47]
[PDF] Alabama's Forests, 2020 - Southern Research Station
These data are used to provide an overview of forest resources that may include, but is not limited to, forest area, forest ownership, forest type, stand ...
[48]
Winged Elm - Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service
But, given enough time and protected from the bight of the chainsaw, can attain 65 feet or more in better sites.
[49]
Ulmus alata 'Lace Parasol' - JC Raulston Arboretum Plants
weeping winged elm. Ulmaceae. Form: tree. Stems: woody. Foliage: deciduous. Longevity: perennial. Size: 15' Hardiness: hardy. Exposure: sun
[50]
Kalysta™ Winged Elm - Bold Spring Nursery
Kalysta Winged Elm is a great improvement for this native tree species! Kalysta has a strong central leader and a vase-shaped crown.
[51]
Ulmus rubra Muhl - Southern Research Station
Slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), identified by its "slippery" inner bark, is commonly a medium-sized tree of moderately fast growth that may live to be 200 years ...
[52]
Ulmus × 'Frontier' | Landscape Plants | Oregon State University
The Frontier Elm is a broadleaf, upright-pyramidal tree, growing to 40 ft tall and 30 ft wide, with reddish young leaves and red-purple fall color. It ...Missing: alata × | Show results with:alata ×
[53]
[PDF] Elm genetic diversity and hybridization in the presence of Dutch elm ...
Abstract.—The impact of Dutch elm disease (DED) on the genetic diversity of slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) is summarized and its potential impact on the genetic.
[54]
Elm genetic diversity and hybridization in the presence of Dutch elm ...
Oct 18, 2017 · The impact of DED on the genetic diversity of slippery elm is summarized and its potential impact on the genetic diversity of other North ...
[55]
Ulmus alata - National Champion Tree Program
Location: State: VA. County: Hopewell City. This tree is not publicly accessible. Image Gallery. Ulmus alata winged elm. Trees of the ...
[56]
Tree Information- VA Big Trees - Virginia Tech
Scientific Name: Ulmus alata. Native/Naturalized: Native to Virginia. Database ID: 1239. Status: alive. National Champion: yes. Virginia Champion: yes.
[57]
https://nationalchampiontree.org/wp-content/upload...
... Champion,Abies amabilis,Pacific Silver Fir ,2024,WA,Clallam,83.46,262.2 ... Ulmus alata,Winged Elm ,2009,VA,Hopewell City,57.3,180,95,83,296,2018 ...
[58]
[PDF] American Forests Tree-Measuring Guidelines
Of the three dimensions used in the champion tree formula, crown spread is the most difficult to accurately measure. Following the layout for the other two ...Missing: criteria | Show results with:criteria
[59]
Tree Measurements & Points Calculation
Champions/Co-Champions If the total points are 100 points or more, specimens must be within 3% of the larger tree's total points. Deceased trees (including ...Missing: criteria | Show results with:criteria
[60]
Winged Elm Tree - Footsteps in the Forest
It produces large quantities of seeds, which are important food sources for birds and small mammals, and its twigs and leaves are eaten by deer.
[61]
[PDF] THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS OF GEORGIA
At one clear-cut on the Ocmulgee floodplain in late August, I found the following plants to be common: Heliotropium indicum, Diodia virginica, Trichostema ...Missing: alata | Show results with:alata
[62]
[PDF] Natural Resource Condition Assessment: Ocmulgee National ...
Ocmulgee National Monument is in Bibb County, central Georgia, within the Ocmulgee River basin. ... taeda and Pinus echinata, respectively), winged elm (Ulmus ...
[63]
Vegetation Community Monitoring at Congaree National Park
Ulmus alata ... Average canopy species size, measured as diameter (cm) at breast height (DBH) for species sampled in vegetation monitoring macroplots at Congaree.
[64]
None
### Summary of Ulmus alata in Big Thicket National Preserve or West Gulf Coastal Plain Forests
[65]
Winged Elm – Identification | Walter Reeves: The Georgia Gardener
A winged elm, Ulmus alata, not an oak. The corky “wings” along limbs give it an obvious name. It will make a fine shade tree in your landscape!Missing: Ocmulgee River
[66]
Photo of the entire plant of Winged Elm (Ulmus alata) posted by ...
Photo #9/18 of Winged Elm (Ulmus alata). Photo Location: Elm Collection Of Morton Arboretum In Lisle, Il on 2017-09-05.
[67]
Occurrence Profile - USDA ARS Biocollections
U.S. National Arboretum Herbarium (NA). Catalog #: NA0664907. Preparations: Pressed specimen. Taxon: Ulmus alata Michx. Family: Ulmaceae. Collector: Anderson ...
[68]
Ulmus alata Michx. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science
The native range of this species is Central & SE. U.S.A. It is a tree and grows primarily in the temperate biome.Missing: historical | Show results with:historical
[69]
Ulmus alata ~ Winged Elm | Retail & Wholesale Plant Stock
Winged Elm is a native deciduous tree with upward arching branches forming a rounded crown, and small cork-like wings on the branches.
[70]
Ulmus alata | Mellow Marsh Farm
This is an important host plant for several native butterfly species. Songbirds and small mammals eat the seeds produced. Ulmus alata is a great tree for ...
[71]
Buy Winged Elm Trees Online at Ty Ty Plant Nursery LLC
Rating 4.6 (5) · Free deliveryThe Winged Elm Tree (Ulmus alata) is a distinctive and durable tree, recognized for its unique corky ridges or "wings" along its branches. Native to the ...
[72]
https://www.flowingwelltreefarm.com/products/winged-elm
[73]
https://www.willisorchards.com/product/winged-elm-tree
[74]
WINGED ELM NATIVE - Advanced Nursery Growers
We only ship to the continental USA no shipping to California, Arizona, Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Our plants ship bare root or with minimal soil in a bag.
[75]
Winged Elm - Canterbury Farms Nursery & Garden Center
The Winged Elm (Ulmus Alata) is a medium-sized deciduous tree with cork-like wings, growing 40-50 feet tall, 1-2 feet wide, and is a good shade tree.
[76]
Winged Elm for Sale - Largo and St. Petersburg - Wilcox Nursery
Winged Elm, Ulmus alata, grows to 50 feet high or better, with a broad spreading canopy. Medium-green leaves with defined veins and serrated edges, ...