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Unbinilium

Unbinilium (Ubn) is the systematic IUPAC name for the hypothetical superheavy chemical element with atomic number 120. Positioned in group 2 of the periodic table below radium, it is predicted to behave as an alkaline earth metal, with a ground-state electron configuration of [Og] 8s², though strong relativistic effects are expected to contract its 8s orbital, potentially reducing its reactivity compared to lighter homologs like barium or radium.^[1] As of November 2025, unbinilium remains unsynthesized, despite multiple experimental attempts at leading nuclear facilities, making it a prime target for extending the periodic table into the eighth row.^[2] Efforts to produce unbinilium have focused on fusion-evaporation reactions between heavy-ion beams and actinide targets, aiming to form isotopes near the neutron number N=184 for potential enhanced stability. Early attempts included the 2008 experiment at the GSI Helmholtz Centre using a ²⁴⁴Pu target bombarded with ⁵⁸Fe projectiles, which yielded no detectable decay chains attributable to element 120, establishing an upper limit on the production cross-section of 0.7 pb.^[3] A 2011 trial at the same facility with ²⁴⁸Cm and ⁵⁴Cr detected three ambiguous correlated signals possibly linked to ²⁹⁹Ubn, but insufficient data prevented confirmation.^[4] More recent preparations at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) in Dubna have tested reactions like ²⁴⁹Cf + ⁵⁰Ti, with ongoing efforts emphasizing higher beam intensities to overcome low cross-sections estimated at 25–50 fb.^[4] Synthesis attempts using the ²⁴⁹Cf + ⁵⁰Ti reaction are planned or underway in 2025 at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and FLNR, building on prior advancements.^[5] In 2024, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) advanced the field by successfully producing livermorium (element 116) via the ²⁴⁴Pu(⁵⁰Ti,4n)²⁹⁰Lv reaction, measuring a cross-section of 0.44 pb and demonstrating the viability of titanium beams for superheavy synthesis.^[6] This breakthrough directly supports upcoming attempts at element 120 using ²⁴⁹Cf(⁵⁰Ti,xn), as it validates the approach despite anticipated challenges from unstable targets and fission competition. Unbinilium's synthesis is crucial for probing the predicted "island of stability," where shell closures at Z=120 and N=184 could yield isotopes with half-lives exceeding microseconds, enabling detailed studies of nuclear structure and relativistic chemistry.^[2] Theoretical models forecast short-lived isotopes like ²⁹⁹Ubn with α-decay half-lives of 1 μs to 10 ms, underscoring the need for next-generation accelerators to achieve detection.^[7]

Introduction

Overview and naming

Unbinilium is the hypothetical chemical element with atomic number 120 and the temporary systematic symbol Ubn.^[8] It belongs to group 2 (alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table, positioned directly below radium (atomic number 88).^[9] If synthesized, unbinilium would occupy the second position in period 8, marking the start of this new row in the extended periodic table.^[9] The name "unbinilium" follows the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) systematic nomenclature for undiscovered elements, derived from numerical roots based on the atomic number.^[10] Specifically, the prefix "un-" denotes 1 (from Latin unus), "bi-" denotes 2 (from Latin bis), and "nil-" denotes 0 (from Latin nihil), combined with the suffix "-ium" standard for new metallic elements.^[10] This etymology ensures a consistent, numerical naming convention for superheavy elements beyond atomic number 100.^[10] As a provisional designation, unbinilium's name and symbol will remain in use until the element's discovery is verified through synthesis and characterization, at which point IUPAC will approve a permanent name, typically honoring a scientist, location, or property.^[10] This process aligns with IUPAC guidelines to avoid premature or conflicting nomenclature for unconfirmed elements.^[10]

Significance in superheavy element research

Superheavy elements, defined as those with atomic numbers greater than 103, represent a frontier in nuclear physics due to the inherent instability arising from their large Coulomb repulsion, which leads to extremely short half-lives—often on the order of milliseconds—and minuscule production cross-sections in the range of picobarns or lower during synthesis.^[11] These challenges necessitate advanced accelerators and detectors to observe fleeting decay events, with successful syntheses requiring thousands of beam hours to yield even a handful of atoms. Unbinilium, with atomic number 120, occupies a pivotal position as a predicted alkaline earth metal in the extended periodic table, potentially concluding the eighth period and probing the structural limits of atomic matter beyond the known actinides.^[12] The pursuit of unbinilium holds profound theoretical significance in validating the long-hypothesized island of stability, a region in the nuclear chart centered around atomic numbers Z ≈ 114–126 and neutron numbers N ≈ 184, where closed nuclear shells are expected to confer enhanced stability through higher fission barriers and reduced alpha decay probabilities.^[11] Unlike lighter superheavies, isotopes of unbinilium near N = 184 could exhibit half-lives potentially extending to milliseconds, allowing for limited spectroscopic studies of their nuclear structure and decay modes.^[11] This would test shell model predictions, including the role of magic numbers in stabilizing heavy nuclei against spontaneous fission, and provide empirical data on how relativistic effects and shell closures influence nuclear binding energies.^[13] Beyond stability predictions, unbinilium's synthesis would illuminate broader implications for nuclear physics, particularly the dynamics of fission barriers that prevent immediate nucleus breakup and the sequential alpha decay chains that reveal underlying shell influences.^[11] Observations of its decay products could quantify how increased neutron content bolsters resistance to fission, offering insights into astrophysical processes like rapid neutron capture (r-process) in stellar explosions, where such elements might form transiently. Ultimately, confirming unbinilium's properties would not only extend the periodic table but also refine theoretical models of nuclear matter, potentially unlocking applications in understanding extreme nuclear environments.^[12]

History

Early theoretical predictions

In the 1960s and 1970s, theoretical efforts to extend the periodic table beyond the actinides included predictions for element 120, positioned as eka-radium in group 2 of an eighth period. Glenn T. Seaborg, drawing on the actinide concept he co-developed, envisioned a continuation of periodic trends with supertransactinide elements, forecasting that element 120 would exhibit chemical similarities to radium but with modifications due to increasing nuclear charge and relativistic effects on inner electrons.^[14] Concurrently, nuclear theory advanced the concept of an "island of stability" for superheavy nuclei, where closed shells could enhance longevity against fission and alpha decay. Early macroscopic-microscopic models predicted neutron shell closure at N=184, with proton closures variably at Z=114 or nearby values like Z=120, implying relative stability for isotopes such as ^{304}120 with half-lives potentially exceeding those of neighboring heavy elements by orders of magnitude. Seaborg's reviews in the 1970s synthesized these ideas, emphasizing the island around Z=114–126 and N=184 as a region where superheavy elements, including 120, might persist long enough for chemical study. From the 1980s to the 1990s, relativistic quantum mechanical approaches refined predictions of unbinilium's atomic structure, accounting for the high nuclear charge's influence on electron orbitals. Dirac-Fock calculations revealed that relativistic effects contract s and p orbitals while expanding and destabilizing d and f orbitals, leading to a ground-state configuration of [Og] 8s² for neutral element 120, where Og represents oganesson (Z=118). These computations, building on earlier non-relativistic extrapolations, indicated unbinilium's alkaline earth-like behavior with a closed 8s subshell, though later refinements incorporated electron correlation to adjust ionization potentials and bonding characteristics.

Naming and systematic nomenclature

The systematic nomenclature for chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 100 was introduced by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Commission on the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry in 1978 to provide a standardized method for naming undiscovered superheavy elements until their synthesis and confirmation. This approach uses a combination of numerical roots derived from Latin and Greek prefixes—nil (0), un (1), bi (2), tri (3), quad (4), pent (5), hex (6), sept (7), oct (8), and enn (9)—assembled in order of the atomic number's digits and suffixed with "-ium" to form the name. For element 120, this results in unbinilium, from "un" (1), "bi" (2), and "nil" (0). The corresponding temporary symbol, Ubn, is created by taking the initial letters of each root in sequence.^[8]^[15] Prior to the formal adoption of these systematic names, superheavy elements like 120 were commonly referred to in scientific literature using simple placeholders such as E120, denoting "element 120," particularly in theoretical and experimental discussions before the 1978 rules gained widespread use. The 1997 IUPAC recommendations further refined the nomenclature process for elements with atomic numbers 104 and above, resolving prior naming disputes (such as those for transfermium elements) and emphasizing the systematic procedure as the default for unnamed elements while outlining criteria for permanent names once discovery is verified. This continuity from 1978 through 2016 ensured consistent terminology, with systematic names like unbinilium appearing in publications on predicted properties and synthesis proposals.^[16] In contrast to named superheavy elements such as oganesson (element 118), which received its permanent name in 2016 after IUPAC confirmation of its synthesis, unbinilium retains its systematic designation because no verified discovery has occurred. The process for assigning a permanent name requires joint approval by bodies like the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP), following which discoverers propose a name—typically ending in "-ium" and drawn from themes honoring scientists, geographical sites, or mythological concepts—subject to IUPAC review for uniqueness and appropriateness. For instance, oganesson was proposed to recognize Russian nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian for his contributions to superheavy element research. Until such confirmation for element 120, unbinilium and Ubn remain the standard in literature, avoiding premature commitments to specific eponyms.^[17]^[18]

Initial synthesis proposals

In the 1990s, proposals for synthesizing unbinilium (element 120) centered on fusion reactions designed to produce isotopes near the predicted neutron magic number N=184, where enhanced stability was anticipated based on nuclear shell models. Researchers at facilities like GSI Helmholtz Centre developed concepts for hot fusion reactions using neutron-rich projectiles on actinide targets to access more stable isotopes. Early proposals explored the use of heavier beams like ^{58}Fe on ^{244}Pu targets to generate unbinilium isotopes closer to the N=184 closure, addressing the limitations of lighter projectiles that yielded neutron-deficient products with half-lives under milliseconds. Theoretical reaction pathways emphasized asymmetric collisions with neutron-rich projectiles to minimize excitation energy and maximize the survival of evaporation residues toward the island of stability, with models predicting cross-sections around 0.4 pb for such systems, though still challenging for detection.^[3] A pivotal development occurred in 1999 with the SHIP-2000 proposal led by S. Hofmann at GSI, which advocated upgrading the SHIP separator to pursue superheavy elements including Z=120 through hot fusion with ^{48}Ca on actinides, leveraging potential shell effects at Z=120 to boost production rates.^[19] Complementing this, in the early 2000s, Yu. Ts. Oganessian and collaborators at the Flerov Laboratory proposed exploring multi-nucleon transfer reactions as an alternative to complete fusion, where partial transfer of protons and neutrons between colliding heavy ions like ^{238}U and ^{238}U could populate neutron-rich regions inaccessible by fusion, offering a pathway to N≈184 isotopes with estimated yields improved by shell stabilization.^[20]

Synthesis Efforts

Historical experimental attempts

Efforts to synthesize unbinilium (element 120) began in the early 2000s using hot fusion reactions involving actinide targets and mid-mass projectiles, primarily at the GSI Helmholtz Centre in Darmstadt, Germany, and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. These experiments employed fusion-evaporation channels to form the compound nucleus ^{302}_{120}\mathrm{Ubn}^*, followed by neutron evaporation to produce potential isotopes such as ^{299}_{120}\mathrm{Ubn}. The reactions targeted were selected for their potential to yield neutron-rich isotopes near the predicted island of stability, with detection via recoil separators like SHIP at GSI and the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator (DGF RS) at JINR. Cross sections were expected to be extremely low, on the order of picobarns (pb) or less, due to the Coulomb barrier and fission competition in the superheavy region. In 2007–2008, GSI conducted an experiment using the ^{64}\mathrm{Ni} + ^{238}\mathrm{U} reaction at the SHIP separator. The uranium target was irradiated with a beam of ^{64}\mathrm{Ni} ions at energies around the Bass barrier. No decay chains consistent with unbinilium production were observed, leading to an upper limit on the production cross section of 0.09 pb (90 fb, 90% confidence level) for the dominant 3n or 4n evaporation channels. This attempt highlighted the challenges of low fusion probabilities and high fission rates, with quasifission dominating over complete fusion.^[21]^[22] A parallel effort at JINR in 2008 utilized the ^{58}\mathrm{Fe} + ^{244}\mathrm{Pu} reaction, also forming ^{302}_{120}\mathrm{Ubn}^*. The plutonium target was bombarded with ^{58}\mathrm{Fe} ions at 330 MeV, accumulating a total dose of $7.1 \times 10^{18} projectiles over several months. Despite thorough analysis focusing on alpha decay chains and spontaneous fission signatures for identification, no events were detected that could be attributed to unbinilium isotopes. The experiment established an upper limit of 0.7 pb (84% CL) on the cross section for the 3n channel (^{299}_{120}\mathrm{Ubn}), consistent with theoretical estimates around 0.5–1 pb but underscoring the need for more asymmetric entrances to enhance survival probabilities. JINR's approach emphasized detailed decay chain correlations to distinguish signal from background, including beam-induced reactions and transfer products.^[3] In the 2010s, GSI pursued further attempts, including a 2011–2012 irradiation with ^{54}\mathrm{Cr} + ^{248}\mathrm{Cm} to access the same compound nucleus via a more neutron-rich path. Over extended beam time with 2.6 × 10^{19} projectiles, three potential decay chains were recorded, but subsequent analysis ruled them out as unbinilium due to inconsistencies with expected properties, such as decay energies and half-lives. No confirmed atoms were produced in any historical experiment up to 2020, with upper limits on production rates from these runs around 0.09–0.7 pb, informing models of fusion hindrance and setting benchmarks for future accelerators. JINR continued related studies, refining decay identification techniques for potential superheavy signals in similar fusion-evaporation setups.^[22]

Recent advancements and methods

In 2024, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory achieved a significant milestone by successfully synthesizing livermorium (element 116) using a beam of titanium-50 accelerated onto a plutonium-244 target in the 88-Inch Cyclotron. This experiment produced two atoms of livermorium-290 over 22 days of continuous irradiation, with a measured production cross-section of 0.44 picobarns. The use of a titanium beam, which provides higher beam energies compared to traditional calcium-48 beams, demonstrated the viability of "hotter" fusion reactions essential for accessing more neutron-rich isotopes near the predicted island of stability.^[23]^[5] This breakthrough has direct implications for unbinilium (element 120) synthesis, as the titanium beam approach can be adapted to proposed reactions such as titanium-50 on californium-249 or chromium-54 on curium-248. These asymmetric fusion-evaporation channels are favored due to their potential to form more stable isotopes with excitation energies around 25-30 MeV. Theoretical models predict cross-sections for the titanium-50 + californium-249 reaction on the order of 1 picobarn, roughly comparable to or slightly lower than that observed for livermorium, necessitating beam times approximately 10 times longer—potentially several years of dedicated irradiation versus the months required for element 116—to accumulate sufficient events for detection.^[24]^[25]^[26] As of November 2025, experiments targeting unbinilium are ongoing or slated to commence at Berkeley Lab, where the titanium beam infrastructure will be repurposed with a californium target following upgrades to the Berkeley Gas-filled Separator; no successful synthesis has been reported. Similarly, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) anticipates initiating runs using the Superheavy Element (SHE) Factory, leveraging chromium-54 beams on curium targets to probe cross-sections potentially as low as 100 femtoseconds or below. RIKEN's ongoing multi-nucleon transfer reaction studies, aimed at producing neutron-rich superheavy nuclei, have not yielded detections of unbinilium as of November 2025. These efforts underscore the need for enhanced facilities like the SHE Factory, which offers increased beam intensities and improved detection efficiency to overcome the minuscule production rates.^[5]^[27]^[28]

Detection challenges and future plans

The detection of unbinilium (element 120) relies primarily on gas-filled recoil separators, which exploit the differing charge-to-mass ratios of evaporation residues and beam particles to isolate potential superheavy atoms from the intense primary beam. These residues are then implanted into silicon detectors, such as double-sided silicon strip detectors or specialized arrays like the Superheavy Recoil Element Characterization (SHREC) system, where subsequent alpha decay chains or spontaneous fission events are recorded to confirm the element's production.^[29]^[30] This method has proven effective for lighter superheavy elements but faces amplified difficulties for unbinilium due to its predicted short half-lives, typically less than 1 second for candidate isotopes, which demand ultra-fast data acquisition to capture decay sequences before the signal is lost.^[31] Key challenges include extraordinarily low production cross-sections, yielding only about 1 unbinilium atom per 10^{18} to 10^{20} fusion interactions, necessitating prolonged beam exposures that strain facility resources and target integrity.^[31] Background noise from scattered beam particles and fission fragments further complicates residue identification, as does beam impurities that can mimic decay signals, requiring sophisticated suppression techniques and precise energy tuning. Evaporation residue confirmation is particularly arduous, as the brief survival times limit the observation of multi-step decay chains essential for unambiguous attribution, often resulting in statistical uncertainties even after months of irradiation.^[5]^[31] Future efforts center on facility upgrades to boost beam intensities and detection efficiencies, with the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) in the United States positioned to provide neutron-rich beams for enhanced fusion probabilities starting around 2026. International collaborations, including those between U.S. institutions like Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and global partners in Europe and Asia, aim to initiate dedicated unbinilium synthesis runs between 2026 and 2030, building on recent titanium-beam methods validated for lighter elements. If direct synthesis proves elusive, researchers plan to pivot to laser spectroscopy techniques for indirect characterization of atomic properties, leveraging online ion-trap facilities to probe electronic transitions without full nuclear identification.^[5]^[32]

Predicted Properties

Nuclear stability and isotopes

Theoretical predictions indicate that unbinilium isotopes span a range from ^{292}Ubn to ^{310}Ubn, with most exhibiting extremely short half-lives due to dominant alpha decay and spontaneous fission modes. Calculations using various nuclear models, such as the macroscopic-microscopic (MM) and Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) approaches, suggest that the majority of these isotopes have half-lives less than 1 μs, often in the range of 0.4 μs to 300 ms for representative cases like ^{298}Ubn and ^{299}Ubn.^[3] For instance, ^{299}Ubn is predicted to have an alpha decay half-life of approximately 15 μs with a Q_α value of 13.06 MeV.^[3] A notable exception is the isotope ^{304}Ubn (N=184), which benefits from shell closure effects at the neutron magic number N=184, potentially placing it within the anticipated island of stability. Predictions for its alpha decay half-life vary across models but cluster around 10–100 μs, such as 54 μs using the unified fission model (CYEM) with Q_α = 12.736 MeV.^[33] This enhanced stability arises from a predicted shell gap of approximately 3 MeV at Z=120, supporting spherical nuclear shapes and reduced decay probabilities. Alpha decay chains from such isotopes are expected to terminate in known superheavy elements, for example, linking to ^{288}Fl after multiple emissions.^[34] Fission barriers for even-neutron-number unbinilium isotopes are calculated to be around 6–8 MeV, higher than those for lighter superheavy elements, further contributing to relative stability near N=184. Skyrme-Hartree-Fock models predict barriers up to 9.6 MeV for ^{302}Ubn, while relativistic mean-field approaches yield 3.8–4.0 MeV, with overall trends showing an increase toward the island of stability due to deformed shell effects at Z=120.^[35] Half-lives are commonly estimated using the Geiger-Nuttall law, adapted for superheavy nuclei:

\log T_{1/2} = a + \frac{b}{\sqrt{Q_\alpha}},

where T_{1/2} is the half-life in seconds, Q_α is the alpha decay energy in MeV, and a, b are fitted parameters specific to Z=120 from generalized fits. This relation highlights how higher Q_α values lead to shorter half-lives, underscoring the role of shell stabilization in extending viability for neutron-richer isotopes.^[36]

Atomic and physical characteristics

Unbinilium (element 120) is predicted to exhibit a ground-state electron configuration of [Og] 8s², with Og representing the closed-shell electronic core of oganesson (Z=118). This places unbinilium in group 2 as an alkaline earth metal, analogous to barium ([Xe] 6s²) and radium ([Rn] 7s²), featuring two valence electrons in the outermost 8s subshell. Relativistic effects, arising from the high nuclear charge (Z=120), cause significant stabilization and contraction of the 8s orbital, as calculated using the Dirac-Coulomb-Breit Hamiltonian; these effects reverse non-relativistic trends by increasing the binding energy of s-electrons and altering orbital ordering compared to lighter homologues.^[37]^[38]^[39] The atomic radius of unbinilium is influenced by competing factors: relativistic contraction of the 8s orbital reduces its spatial extent, while the higher principal quantum number (n=8) and incomplete shielding by inner electrons lead to an overall size larger than expected without relativity. Ab initio calculations predict bond lengths in model systems like unbinilium hydride (E120H) at 2.38 Å, longer than the 2.24 Å for barium hydride, indicating a covalent radius on the order of 200–210 pm (extrapolated)—comparable to radium's estimated metallic radius of ~221 pm due to an analog of the lanthanide contraction involving unfilled 5g and 6f subshells. Dirac-Fock methods confirm these relativistic influences on orbital radii and energies.^[38]^[40] Ionization energies for unbinilium reflect the relativistic stabilization of the 8s electrons, resulting in a first ionization energy (8s² → 8s¹) of 5.85 eV, higher than radium's 5.28 eV and similar to strontium's 5.69 eV, despite the increased nuclear charge. The second ionization energy (8s¹ → core) is predicted at approximately 11.1 eV, continuing the group-2 trend of decreasing values down the period but moderated by relativistic effects on the 7s/8s-like orbitals in the ion. These values derive from high-precision relativistic coupled-cluster calculations (FS-RCCSD) incorporating electron correlation and Breit interactions.^[38]^[39] Physical properties of unbinilium are extrapolated from relativistic models, with a predicted density of ~7 g/cm³, comparable to heavy group-2 metals like radium (5.5 g/cm³), reflecting its expected metallic character. The melting point is estimated at 1000–1200 K, and volatility is anticipated to resemble radium's, with a boiling point around 2000 K, due to weakened metallic bonding from relativistic destabilization of diffuse orbitals. These predictions stem from Dirac-Fock and density-functional theory assessments of bulk properties in superheavy elements.^[1]

Chemical behavior and potential compounds

Unbinilium (Ubn), as the heaviest predicted alkaline earth metal in group 2 of the periodic table, is expected to predominantly exhibit a +2 oxidation state, consistent with its lighter homologues such as radium (Ra). However, relativistic effects, including the stabilization of the 8s valence electrons, may enable a +4 oxidation state, which is unprecedented among other group 2 elements and arises from the involvement of 7p electrons in bonding.^[41] These effects contract the 8s orbital and increase spin-orbit splitting in the 7p shell, altering the electronic configuration from the naive [Og] 8s² to a more complex structure that influences chemical reactivity. Due to its large atomic radius (approximately 2.0 Å, similar to barium) and higher first ionization potential of 5.851 eV—compared to radium's 5.28 eV—unbinilium is predicted to be less electropositive and reactive than radium, reversing the typical trend of increasing reactivity down the group. This reduced electropositivity results in weaker ionic bonding in solid compounds and diminished reactivity with water and air; for instance, it would form the hydroxide Ubn(OH)₂ upon reaction with water and the oxide UbnO in air, but with lower vigor than observed for radium. The chloride UbnCl₂ is anticipated as a key compound, exhibiting sufficient volatility owing to relatively weak M–Cl bonds, facilitating potential gas-phase studies despite the element's instability. Quantum chemical calculations, including Dirac-Coulomb methods, predict bond dissociation energies for unbinilium compounds to be significantly lower than those of lighter group 2 elements; for example, the dissociation energy of UbnH is approximately 96 kJ/mol, about half that of BaH at 199 kJ/mol, indicating generally weaker bonds around 200–300 kJ/mol for dihalides like UbnX₂.^[41] Bonding in solid unbinilium compounds would remain predominantly ionic, though the larger size weakens lattice energies compared to lighter congeners, potentially allowing for organometallic derivatives if stabilized. Experimental exploration is severely limited by the short half-lives of unbinilium isotopes (on the order of milliseconds), necessitating reliance on periodic trend extrapolations and relativistic quantum chemistry for these predictions.

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Improved Geiger–Nuttall law for α-decay half-lives of heavy and superheavy nuclei ... 120. The corresponding predictions of these formulae are basically ...
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237050419_Ab_initio_predictions_of_atomic_properties_of_element_120_and_its_lighter_group-2_homologues
[40]
https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.78.054501
[41]
Ab initio predictions of atomic properties of element 120 and its ...
Aug 6, 2025 · Very good agreement with available experimental values is obtained, lending credence to the predictions for element 120. The atomic properties ...
[42]
Calculation of the spectrum of the superheavy element | Phys. Rev. A
High-precision calculations of the energy levels of the superheavy element $Z=120$ are presented. The relativistic Hartree-Fock and configuration ...
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2012.11.013