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Victor Chang

Victor Chang (21 November 1936 – 4 July 1991) was a pioneering Australian cardiac surgeon renowned for his advancements in and valve technology. Born in , , as Chang Yam Him to Australian-born Chinese parents, the family relocated to in 1937. His mother died of in 1948. Chang moved to in 1951 to join his father and pursue his education. Chang graduated from the with a Bachelor of Science in in 1961 and a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery with first-class honours in 1963, followed by residency training at St Vincent's Hospital in . He advanced his expertise in cardiothoracic surgery through fellowships at institutions including St Anthony’s Hospital and the Royal Brompton Hospital in the UK, where he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1966, and the in , from 1970 to 1971. Returning to in 1972 as a staff cardiothoracic surgeon at St Vincent's Hospital, Chang established the National Heart Transplant Program there in 1984, leading a team that performed Australia's first successful heart transplant on 24 February of that year and ultimately conducted 266 heart transplants, 22 heart-lung transplants, and 6 single-lung transplants with impressive survival rates of 92% at one year and 85% at five years. His innovations included the development of the St Vincent’s Heart Valves, low-cost artificial valves designed for widespread use in and beyond, as well as research into artificial hearts and heart assist devices that saved hundreds of lives and influenced global cardiac care. Chang's humanitarian efforts extended internationally; he served as an honorary professor at the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Shanghai Medical School, advised on cardiac surgery in and , and was a member of the Australia-China Council from 1982. In recognition of his contributions, he was appointed a Companion of the (AC) in 1986, received an honorary from the in 1988, and was posthumously voted Australian of the Century in 1999. Married to Ann Lois Simmons since 1968, with whom he had a daughter and two sons, Chang was known for his family-oriented life and interests in cars, model-making, and Chinese action films. Tragically, he was murdered on 4 July 1991 in , , during an extortion attempt, leading to the establishment of the at St Vincent's Hospital in his honor, which continues his legacy in heart research.

Early years

Childhood and family background

Victor Peter Chang was born Chang Yam Him on 21 November 1936 in , , to Australian-born Chinese parents Aubrey Chung Fung (later Aubrey Chang) and May Chang (née Lee). His father, a merchant and partner in a thermos-flask factory, had been born in , while his mother was born in , also in ; both were descendants of Chinese immigrants who arrived in during the mid-19th-century era. Chang was the eldest of three children, with a younger sister Frances (born 1938) and brother Anthony (born 1940). The family faced significant disruptions due to the Second Sino-Japanese War, which began in 1937. Shortly after Chang's birth, they evacuated in 1938 amid the Japanese invasion, relocating to where they settled in . Further escalations in 1940 prompted additional moves: the family traveled to Rangoon in , then to Yunnan Province and in to escape advancing Japanese forces and bombings, during which they lost most possessions. Following Japan's surrender in 1945, they returned to in , resuming a more stable life amid the onset of the . These wartime displacements profoundly shaped Chang's early years, exposing him to hardship and instability. Tragedy struck in 1948 when Chang's mother died of on 7 April, when he was 12 years old; she had traveled to for treatment but passed away there, leaving a deep emotional impact on the young Chang. This loss later influenced his interest in medicine. In 1951, amid ongoing post-war challenges and his father's business travels, Chang and his sister were sent by to , , to live with extended family, including their uncle Charlie in Campsie; the six-week journey by marked the family's partial return to their ancestral homeland.

Education and early influences

Chang attended Belmore Boys' High School upon arriving in as a teenager, later completing his at Christian Brothers' High School in , . These institutions provided the foundation for his academic pursuits in a new country, where he adjusted to life away from his family in . In 1956, Chang enrolled at the , embarking on a rigorous program that culminated in his receiving a in in 1961 and graduating with first-class honours in and in 1963. Following this milestone, he began his medical internship at St Vincent's Hospital in , gaining hands-on experience in clinical settings that would shape his early professional path. The profound impact of his mother's death from in 1948, when Chang was just 12 years old, was a pivotal influence, igniting his determination to enter the field of . This personal tragedy, coupled with his observations of medical practices while living with relatives whose family business included a in Campsie, further steered his early aspirations toward a surgical career. These experiences fostered a deep commitment to , particularly in addressing diseases like cancer and cardiovascular conditions.

Medical career

Training and qualifications

After graduating from the with a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery in 1963, Victor Chang commenced his postgraduate medical training as a house surgeon at St Vincent's Hospital in , where he spent six months in casualty and six months in . He then advanced to senior resident medical officer in 1964, rotating through and thoracic surgery at the same institution, and in 1965 served as surgical registrar in the cardiothoracic unit. In September 1965, Chang traveled to the to pursue further surgical training, initially as and surgical at St Anthony's Hospital in , , and subsequently at in , , both under the mentorship of Aubrey York Mason. He obtained the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons (FRCS) in in 1966. He then joined the Brompton Chest Clinic (now ) as surgical under Lord Brock, gaining specialized experience in cardiothoracic procedures. From 1970 to 1971, Chang trained at the in , where he served as chief resident in . Chang returned to in 1972 to continue his cardiothoracic training at St Vincent's Hospital in , where he worked toward advanced surgical certification. In 1973, he was awarded the Fellowship of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (FRACS), marking the completion of his formal qualifications in surgery.

Cardiothoracic surgery practice

Upon returning to in 1972, Victor Chang was appointed as a staff at St Vincent's Hospital in , where he joined the existing team led by Harry Windsor and Mark Shanahan. In this role, he quickly established himself as a leading figure in , performing a broad range of procedures including valve replacements and coronary artery bypass grafts. His clinical practice focused on improving outcomes for patients with severe heart conditions through meticulous surgical techniques and comprehensive postoperative care, contributing to the hospital's reputation as a in . In 1984, Chang spearheaded the establishment of Australia's National Heart Transplant Program at St Vincent's Hospital, serving as its head and performing the country's first successful heart transplant on 39-year-old shearer Peter Apthorpe on 24 February. Apthorpe, who had suffered from heart disease for a decade, recovered well and was discharged shortly thereafter, marking a milestone that revitalized in after a hiatus since the 1968 procedure. Under Chang's leadership, the program expanded rapidly, with his team conducting 266 heart transplants, 22 heart-lung transplants, and 6 single-lung transplants between 1984 and 1991. Chang's success in stemmed from his development of specialized surgical teams and refined protocols that enhanced selection, organ preservation, and management, achieving a one-year of 92 percent and a of 85 percent—among the highest globally at the time. These advancements not only boosted transplant volumes but also integrated routine cardiac interventions, such as valve replacements and coronary bypasses, into a cohesive practice that prioritized efficiency and reduced operative risks. By fostering multidisciplinary collaboration among surgeons, anesthetists, and cardiologists, Chang ensured high standards of care that extended the viability of complex procedures for a diverse .

Innovations in cardiac surgery

During the 1980s, Victor Chang pioneered the development of the St Vincent's , a prosthesis designed to replace dysfunctional ventricle and address the high cost of imported alternatives. Constructed from Delrin, a durable plastic material, the valve was engineered for affordability, priced at approximately $600 compared to $3,500 for existing options, enabling broader implantation in resource-limited settings across . This innovation emerged from collaborative efforts involving teams of scientists and engineers in , , and , as well as international biomedical experts from and , reflecting Chang's emphasis on global partnerships to advance cardiac prosthetics. A key feature of the St Vincent's valve was its incorporation of fluid dynamics principles, including spiral blood flow patterns, to minimize clotting risks and enhance long-term patency. This design reduced the incidence of thrombosis compared to earlier mechanical valves, improving patient safety and outcomes for those with chronic valvular disease. The valve has since been produced overseas and implanted in hundreds of patients worldwide, demonstrating its practical impact. Chang's research extended to artificial heart devices, culminating in the CHAD (Chang Heart Assist Device), a biventricular pneumatic intended as a total or bridge-to-transplant solution amid organ donor shortages. Developed over three years with five prototypes tested in animal models, CHAD operated at 80 beats per minute and was designed for cost-effectiveness at $4,000–$5,000 per unit, far below conventional devices. These efforts involved close collaborations with an engineering firm, cardiac surgeon Chun-Xiu Ye, and specialists from St Vincent's Hospital, integrating surgical expertise with engineering to optimize device performance and reduce complications like through innovative blood flow mechanics. In parallel, Chang advanced heart transplant immunosuppression techniques within Australia's National Heart Transplant Program, which he established at St Vincent's Hospital in 1984. His protocols, refined through clinical experience, emphasized optimized drug regimens to mitigate rejection, contributing to markedly improved survival rates—such as the first Australian long-term successful transplant that year, where the patient survived over a year post-procedure. These innovations built on his broader cardiothoracic research, disseminated through numerous publications in leading medical journals. That same year, Chang founded the Victor Chang Foundation as a precursor to dedicated cardiac initiatives, allocating over AUD$1 million in grants to support training for approximately 200 surgeons in and , fostering advancements in prosthetics and transplant technologies. This early program laid the groundwork for interdisciplinary , emphasizing affordable, high-impact solutions to global heart disease challenges.

Personal life

Family and marriage

Victor Chang met his future wife, Ann Lois Simmons, a hair stylist, while working as an on-call at . Anthony's Hospital in North Cheam, London, where she sought treatment for an illness. They married on 20 April 1968 at the register office in . The couple had three children: daughter Vanessa, born on 28 May 1969 in ; son Matthew, born on 13 October 1970 in ; and son Marcus, born in May 1974 in Sydney, Australia. In December 1970, shortly after Matthew's birth, the family relocated to , where Chang undertook advanced training at the . The family eventually settled in , a suburb of , , where they resided at the time of Chang's death in 1991. Despite the demands of his high-pressure career in , Chang maintained a strong commitment to family life, often prioritizing time with his wife and children amid his professional obligations.

Interests and philanthropy

Chang developed a keen interest in cars during his youth, a passion that extended to model making and provided a creative outlet amid his demanding professional life. Additionally, Chang was an enthusiast of Chinese action movies, reflecting his cultural heritage. Beyond leisure, Chang engaged in community service by mentoring aspiring surgeons, particularly through skill-sharing initiatives that fostered professional growth. He also contributed to Asian-Australian cultural ties by facilitating medical training programs for professionals from Asia, enhancing cross-cultural collaboration in healthcare. In philanthropy, Chang supported medical research through efforts such as launching medical exchanges with in 1978 to advance cardiothoracic expertise. These predated the formal Victor Chang Foundation, which he established in 1984 to fund education, training, and innovation in heart for and Asian communities.

Death and aftermath

Murder and investigation

On the morning of 4 July 1991, Victor Chang, aged 54, was driving to work in his along a quiet street in the suburb of when his vehicle was forced to stop by another car occupied by two Malaysian-born Chinese men, Chiew Seng Liew and Phillip Choon Tee Lim. The men, who had been attempting to extort money from Chang to fund a fraudulent venture involving artificial heart valves, approached him as he exited his car following a brief argument. Liew then shot Chang twice in the head with a .38-calibre supplied by Lim, causing him to collapse beside his vehicle; witnesses nearby heard the shots and saw the perpetrators flee in their car. An autopsy conducted shortly after confirmed that Chang died from the two gunshot wounds to the head, with no other injuries noted. The New South Wales Police Force launched an immediate investigation, treating the incident as a targeted linked to an plot originating from , where Liew and Lim had previously approached Chang under false pretenses about investment opportunities. Detectives traced the suspects through vehicle descriptions provided by witnesses and forensic evidence from the scene, including bullet casings, leading to rapid breakthroughs. Liew was apprehended at on 13 July 1991 while attempting to flee the country, and Lim was arrested at his residence the following day during coordinated raids. The investigation revealed the plot's Malaysian connections, including the men's prior travels and communications aimed at coercing Chang into providing funds for their scam, ultimately confirming the murder as a botched and scheme rather than involvement.

Trial and legal proceedings

Following the of Victor Chang on 4 July 1991, Malaysian nationals Chiew Seng Liew and Phillip Choon Tee were arrested on 13 and 14 1991 and charged with shortly thereafter, after turned and provided key details about the plot. 's cooperation led to reduced charges against him, ultimately resulting in a conviction and a sentence of 24 years imprisonment with a non- period of 18 years, of which he served 18 years before being granted in 2009 and deported to . The trial took place in the of in 1992, where Liew was convicted of and sentenced to 26 years imprisonment with a non-parole period of 20 years. The prosecution argued that the motive stemmed from an attempted and plot gone wrong, in which the perpetrators sought to leverage Chang's wealth and fame. Liew appealed his conviction and sentence multiple times; his non-parole period of 20 years expired in 2012, but he was granted later that year after serving 21 years.

Memorials and tributes

Following Victor Chang's murder on 4 July 1991, Australia experienced a profound national sense of loss, with widespread public mourning for the pioneering . A was held at St Mary's Cathedral in on 10 July 1991, drawing over 1,000 attendees including Prime Minister , medical colleagues, former patients, and Chang's family, who played a central role in the service. In the immediate aftermath, the Victor Chang Memorial Fund was established to advance cardiac and support related initiatives at St Vincent's Hospital, reflecting the urgent public desire to honor his contributions to heart transplantation. Annual commemorations continue at St Vincent's Hospital and other sites, accompanied by memorial plaques at the location of his murder in and opposite the hospital in , Darlinghurst, where his ashes are interred.

Legacy

Institutions and foundations

The (VCCRI) was established on 14 February 1994 in , , in honor of the pioneering heart surgeon, with a primary focus on advancing research to find cures for heart disease. The institute began with just two scientists and has since grown to encompass more than 230 scientists, doctors, and staff across 26 laboratories, conducting biomedical investigations into cardiovascular conditions. The Victor Chang Foundation, founded by Chang himself in 1984 to support education and innovation in and , provided initial funding for initiatives during his lifetime. Following his death in 1991, the foundation expanded its scope under family leadership, continuing to grant funds for heart projects and training programs, including support for over 200 surgeons across through hospital partnerships. The VCCRI maintains an extensive network of more than 150 international collaborations with leading global heart centers, facilitating joint research efforts and knowledge exchange to address cardiovascular challenges worldwide. In 2025, announced a with the Harry Perkins Institute of to advance heart research outcomes. These partnerships have enabled advancements such as breakthroughs in , including a 2025 development that inserts novel genes into heart muscle cells to resolve conduction slowing and protect against arrhythmias. By 2025, the institute and foundation together have trained thousands of researchers and clinicians, contributing to over 135 scientific publications annually and transformative discoveries in heart disease prevention and treatment.

Awards and recognitions

Victor Chang received numerous accolades during his lifetime for his pioneering contributions to and medical diplomacy. In 1986, he was appointed a Companion of the (), Australia's highest civilian honor, in recognition of his service to medical science, particularly through advancements in , and his efforts in fostering international relations between and . Earlier in his career, Chang earned prestigious fellowships from leading surgical bodies. He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons (FRCS) in 1966, a Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (FRACS) in 1973, and a Fellow of the (FACS) in 1975, affirming his expertise in . In 1988, the University of New South Wales awarded him an honorary Doctor of Medicine for his academic achievements and humanitarian work in global health. Posthumously, Chang's impact was further honored when he was voted Australian of the Century in 1999 as part of the People's Choice Awards, selected from a shortlist including figures like Sir Donald Bradman and Dawn Fraser, highlighting his enduring legacy in medicine.

Cultural impact and recent honors

Chang's life and achievements have been portrayed in various media, contributing to his enduring public profile. The 1991 documentary Victor Chang: King of Hearts, produced by Film Australia, features his final interview conducted just days before his death and explores his pioneering work in . Biographies such as Victor Chang: Healer of Hearts by (1996), published by , detail his surgical innovations and humanitarian efforts, drawing on interviews with colleagues and family. Additionally, his daughter Vanessa Chang's Victor Chang: A Tribute to My Father (2001), released by Pan Macmillan, offers a personal account of his family life and professional dedication, inspired by public letters received after his murder. In 2023, honored Chang with an animated on what would have been his 87th birthday, November 21, emphasizing his role as a Chinese-Australian pioneer in and his global influence on heart health. The , visible in multiple countries including , the , and parts of , depicted Chang in surgical attire alongside a beating heart, underscoring his contributions to transplant procedures that saved hundreds of lives. Chang's legacy extends to inspiring diverse professionals in Australian medicine, particularly those from Asian-Australian backgrounds, by exemplifying success in a field historically dominated by other demographics. A bronze statue of him, sculpted by Linda Klarfeld and unveiled in 2009, stands at the entrance of the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute in Sydney, serving as a daily reminder of his humanitarian spirit for researchers and visitors. Post-2020 recognitions have included expansions in educational initiatives tied to his name. In 2025, the Victor Chang School Science Awards continued to provide scholarships to high-achieving students in STEM fields across , with recipients such as those from Colyton High School and High School celebrated for their potential in medical innovation. These awards, administered by the institute, aim to foster the next generation of diverse scientists, reflecting Chang's own path as an immigrant surgeon. His heritage has also been highlighted in broader Asian-Australian commemorations, such as through the Doodle's emphasis on his birth and Sydney-based career, promoting cultural in scientific excellence.

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