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A10

The Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II is a single-seat, twin-turbofan, straight-wing subsonic attack aircraft developed specifically for the United States Air Force to perform close air support missions, with a primary emphasis on destroying armored vehicles and providing direct firepower to ground forces in low-altitude environments.^[1] Centered around the GAU-8 Avenger, a 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling-style autocannon capable of firing 3,900 rounds per minute, the aircraft incorporates extensive survivability features including a titanium-armored cockpit "bathtub," redundant hydraulic and flight control systems, self-sealing fuel tanks, and the ability to operate from forward, austere airfields.^[2] Nicknamed the "Warthog" or "Hog" for its robust, unconventional appearance and tenacious battlefield performance, it carries up to 16,000 pounds of mixed ordnance such as Maverick missiles, bombs, and rockets, enabling prolonged loiter times over combat zones.^[2]^[3] Introduced into service in 1977 after its first flight in 1972, the A-10 was produced in quantities exceeding 700 airframes and underwent progressive upgrades, including the A-10C variant with digital avionics, GPS-guided precision munitions, and advanced targeting pods for enhanced night and adverse-weather operations.^[2] Its design prioritizes simplicity, low operating costs, and durability over speed or multirole versatility, with a top speed of about 450 knots and a combat radius of roughly 250 nautical miles when fully loaded.^[2] In combat, empirical records from operations such as the 1991 Gulf War highlight its effectiveness, where A-10s flew over 8,000 sorties with a 95.7% mission-capable rate, accounting for a significant portion of tank and vehicle destructions through low-angle gun passes and Maverick missile strikes, while sustaining minimal losses relative to exposure.^[1]^[4] Subsequent deployments in the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Iraq further validated its role in suppressing enemy infantry and armor, with data indicating high sortie generation and low collateral damage when integrated with joint terminal attack controllers on the ground.^[2]^[4] Despite these achievements, the A-10 has been embroiled in prolonged debates over its continued relevance, as the Air Force has pursued retirement since the early 2010s, arguing that its subsonic speed, lack of stealth, and specialized focus render it vulnerable to peer adversaries' advanced surface-to-air missiles and integrated air defenses in high-threat environments.^[5] Maintenance demands and aging airframes have compounded these concerns, prompting shifts toward multirole platforms like the F-35 for consolidated capabilities.^[5] Proponents, including ground force advocates and some analysts citing combat survivability metrics—such as resistance to 23 mm rounds and operational data from asymmetric conflicts showing loss rates far below those of faster jets—counter that no alternative matches its cost-effective persistence and precision in troop-centric support, leading Congress to repeatedly authorize sustainment funding and delay full divestment into the mid-2020s.^[6]^[7] As of 2025, plans call for phased retirements culminating by fiscal year 2026, though legislative proposals continue to explore extended service or transfers to allies.^[8]^[9]

Military

Aircraft

The Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II is a twin-engine straight-wing jet aircraft designed specifically for close air support (CAS) of ground forces, entering U.S. Air Force service in 1977 after development under the A-X program launched in 1966 to replace aging propeller-driven attack aircraft.^[1]^[10] Its airframe emphasizes durability, with redundant flight controls, self-sealing fuel tanks, and a titanium-reinforced cockpit tub providing ballistic protection to vital pilot areas against small-arms fire and shrapnel.^[1] Powered by two General Electric TF34-GE-100 turbofans producing 9,065 pounds of thrust each, the A-10 achieves low-speed maneuverability and extended loiter times exceeding two hours at operational altitudes, enabling persistent overwatch and repeated attack passes in tactical environments.^[1] Central to its design is the 30 mm GAU-8/A Avenger seven-barrel Gatling gun, a hydraulically driven autocannon with a rate of fire up to 3,900 rounds per minute, firing armor-piercing incendiary depleted uranium projectiles at 3,400 feet per second muzzle velocity to defeat main battle tanks and fortified positions.^[1]^[11] The aircraft carries 1,174 rounds of ammunition for the gun, supplemented by up to 16,000 pounds of external ordnance including Maverick missiles, laser-guided bombs, and rocket pods, allowing flexible engagement of armored columns, artillery, and troop concentrations while minimizing collateral risk through low-altitude precision.^[1] Unlike multirole fighters prioritizing air superiority, the A-10's fixed-forward firing capability and straight-line stability optimize it for ground-attack missions, with engine placement above the fuselage shielding them from ground fire.^[12] During the 1991 Gulf War, A-10s flew over 8,000 sorties and were credited with destroying 987 tanks, 926 artillery pieces, and 501 armored personnel carriers, validating its role in neutralizing Iraqi Republican Guard formations through repeated low-level strafing and bombing runs despite operating in a high-threat air defense environment.^[12] In subsequent U.S. operations in Iraq from 2003 and Afghanistan from 2001, the A-10 conducted thousands of CAS missions, expending munitions against insurgent positions and vehicle convoys while achieving a mission-capable rate above 90 percent in austere conditions, underscoring its empirical value in supporting maneuver units with immediate, suppressive firepower over broader strategic bombing.^[4]^[13] These engagements highlighted the platform's causal effectiveness in disrupting enemy mobility and protecting ground troops, derived from its specialized low-and-slow flight profile rather than speed or stealth.^[4]

Transportation

Roadways

The A10 designation applies to several major roadways across Europe, serving as key arteries for regional connectivity, freight transport, and urban bypass. In France, the Autoroute A10, known as L'Aquitaine, spans approximately 550 kilometers from the A6 near Paris to Bordeaux, facilitating high-volume north-south traffic through the Île-de-France, Centre-Val de Loire, and Nouvelle-Aquitaine regions.^[14] Initial construction occurred between 1960 and 1967, with extensions built in the 1970s and 1980s to handle growing logistics demands linking the capital to southwestern ports and industrial areas.^[14] Germany's Bundesautobahn 10, or Berliner Ring, forms a 196-kilometer orbital motorway encircling Berlin, primarily in Brandenburg with a brief Berlin segment, enabling efficient circumvention of urban congestion for interregional haulage.^[15] Designated in 1971, its completion involved phased development interrupted by post-World War II divisions, with full connectivity achieved post-reunification in 1990 to support logistics bypassing the city center.^[15]^[16] Italy's Autostrada A10, dubbed the Autostrada dei Fiori, runs 158 kilometers along the Ligurian coast from Genoa to the French border at Ventimiglia, optimized for coastal freight and tourism flows.^[17] Designed between 1962 and 1966, it entered full operation in 1971, integrating with broader European corridors for efficient goods movement to Mediterranean ports.^[17] In Portugal, the A10, or Autoestrada do Ribatejo, provides a radial link from Lisbon northward through Vila Franca de Xira and Santarém to the Ribatejo region, alleviating central congestion via structures like the Lezíria Bridge completed in 2007. Construction accelerated in the late 1990s and early 2000s as part of national motorway expansion, enhancing logistics access to agricultural and industrial zones.^[18] Other A10 roadways include the Netherlands' 32-kilometer A10 ring around Amsterdam, a high-traffic urban loop integrating with radial motorways for metropolitan distribution.^[19] These routes, reflected in logistics simulations like Euro Truck Simulator for route planning fidelity, underscore A10's role in practical supply chain efficiency without overlapping military or rail functions.

Railways

The Queensland Railways designated several classes of early steam locomotives as A10, reflecting their 10-inch cylinder diameter and two driving axles (denoted by "A" in the classification system), primarily on the 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow-gauge network. Introduced from the 1860s onward, these tank engines supported the colony's rail expansion, hauling freight, passengers, and construction materials across varied terrain, with some later adapted for sugar cane tramways in Queensland's coastal districts. Their compact design enabled operation on lightly built tracks, though limited tractive effort restricted them to lighter duties compared to later classes.^[20]^[21] The A10 Neilson class comprised 0-4-2T locomotives built by Neilson and Company of Glasgow, Scotland, with production spanning 1865 to the 1870s. Locomotive No. 6 (works No. 1170, delivered 1866) featured outside cylinders of 10 in × 18 in, a boiler pressure of 120 psi, 3 ft diameter driving wheels, and a weight of 13 tons 12 cwt, enabling speeds up to 25 mph on early main lines. Initially used for mixed passenger and freight services, including shunting at Ipswich workshops, several units were repurposed for sugar cane haulage on private plantation tramways, such as No. 6 at the Wattawa mill near Gin Gin until the 1950s.^[20]^[22]^[23] The A10 Avonside class included four 2-4-0 locomotives constructed by the Avonside Engine Company of Bristol, England, circa 1865, among the earliest imports for Queensland service. No. 3 ("Lady Bowen") exemplified the class, employed in pioneer operations for line construction and light freight on the southern network. Their simple inside-cylinder arrangement prioritized reliability over power, suiting initial infrastructure development before heavier classes displaced them.^[24]^[25] The A10 Fairlie class consisted of three 2-4-0 locomotives built by Vulcan Foundry in 1877 (works Nos. 802–804, road numbers 202–204), transferred northward for the Normanton–Croydon line amid the 1880s gold rush. Designed for demanding outback conditions, including steep grades and uneven alignment in the Gulf region's savanna, they hauled construction trains, passengers, and gold ore freights, demonstrating sustained performance in empirical service under variable loads without recorded structural failures in period accounts. Two survive partially restored at Croydon, underscoring their role in remote freight viability.^[26]^[27]^[28] The A10 Baldwin class featured two locomotives from Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, built in 1879 and classified as an American Passenger type adapted for Queensland duties. Employed for express passenger runs and moderate freight on developing southern lines, their larger frames allowed heavier axle loads than contemporaries, aiding haulage on upgraded alignments until withdrawal in the 1890s.^[29]^[30] No verified A10 locomotive designations exist outside Queensland Railways, with analogous classifications in other nations' systems unconfirmed in historical records.^[22]

Science and technology

Computing hardware

The Apple A10 Fusion is a 64-bit ARM-based system on a chip (SoC) developed by Apple Inc., announced on September 7, 2016, and manufactured on a 16 nm FinFET process by TSMC.^[31] It features a quad-core CPU with two high-performance Hurricane cores clocked at up to 2.34 GHz and two efficiency cores at up to 1.05 GHz, marking Apple's first implementation of a big.LITTLE-like heterogeneous architecture in mobile processors.^[32] The SoC integrates a PowerVR Series7XT Plus GPU with six execution units and supports up to 3 GB of LPDDR4 RAM, enabling deployment in devices such as the iPhone 7, iPhone 7 Plus, and seventh-generation iPod Touch, with later use in the first-generation iPad (2017).^[33] Apple claimed the A10 Fusion delivered 40% faster CPU performance and 64% faster graphics than its predecessor, the A9, in single-core and multi-core tasks respectively, based on internal benchmarks; independent tests confirmed substantial gains in mobile workloads, such as Geekbench scores around 1,370 single-core and 2,400 multi-core, supporting efficient on-device machine learning and augmented reality features without excessive power draw.^[32]^[34] However, real-world thermal throttling under sustained loads limited peak efficiency in demanding scenarios, reflecting trade-offs in die size (approximately 110 mm²) and power envelope of 5-6 W.^[32] This design prioritized balanced mobile performance over raw compute power, contributing to prolonged battery life in constrained form factors. The AMD A10 series comprises accelerated processing units (APUs) integrating x86 CPU cores with Radeon graphics, targeted at entry-level desktops and all-in-one systems from 2011 to 2017.^[35] Notable models include the Kaveri-based A10-7850K (released January 2014), featuring four Steamroller cores at a base clock of 3.7 GHz (turbo up to 4.0 GHz), 4 MB L2 cache, and Radeon R7 graphics with 512 shaders at up to 720 MHz, on a 28 nm process with 95 W TDP.^[36] Later Bristol Ridge entries like the A10-9700 (2016) used Excavator cores at 3.5 GHz base (3.8 GHz boost), with improved integrated Radeon R5 graphics for basic 1080p gaming at low settings.^[35] Benchmarks positioned A10 APUs as cost-effective for multitasking and light content creation, with PassMark scores around 4,000-5,000 for models like the A10-7870K, outperforming contemporary Intel Pentium integrated solutions in GPU-bound tasks such as casual gaming (e.g., 30-40 FPS in older titles like League of Legends at medium settings).^[37] Their value derived from unlocked multipliers for overclocking and support for FM2/AM4 sockets, enabling upgrades in budget builds, though CPU performance lagged high-end contemporaries due to older architectures and higher power consumption relative to gains.^[36] The series filled a niche for hybrid compute/graphics without discrete GPUs, with market adoption peaking in emerging markets for affordable PCs.

Networking

A10 Networks, Inc., founded in 2004 by Lee Chen and headquartered in San Jose, California, develops hardware and software solutions for application delivery and network security. The company focuses on application delivery controllers (ADCs) that optimize traffic management, server load balancing, and web application firewalls, alongside dedicated threat protection systems. Its products emphasize scalable performance in data centers, cloud environments, and service provider networks, with deployments reported to handle high-volume traffic without compromising latency.^[38]^[39] The Thunder ADC series serves as the core product line for application delivery, supporting Layer 4-7 load balancing with throughput up to 220 Gbps per appliance and clustering capabilities extending to 1.7 Tbps. These systems integrate acceleration features like SSL/TLS offloading and content caching, enabling efficient handling of enterprise applications such as electronic medical records systems. Independent evaluations and vendor specifications confirm their role in maintaining availability during peak loads, prioritizing hardware-accelerated processing over software-only alternatives for reduced overhead.^[40]^[41] In cybersecurity, A10 Networks provides DDoS mitigation through the Thunder TPS platform, which scales to 500 Gbps per device for volumetric attacks and up to 1.2 Tbps in clustered configurations for carrier-grade defenses. Testing has validated efficacy against multi-vector assaults exceeding 300 Gbps, including application-layer exploits, by distinguishing malicious from legitimate traffic with minimal false positives. The approach relies on behavioral analytics and automated zero-day protection (ZAP), which dynamically generates mitigation rules without dependence on static signatures, allowing adaptation to novel threats faster than pattern-matching methods. This causal focus on anomaly detection—tracking access patterns and tokenizing behaviors—has been credited in case studies for real-time blocking in gaming and service provider environments, reducing downtime compared to signature-reliant systems that lag against evolving attack vectors.^[42]^[43]^[44] No distinct A10-designated networking protocols or hardware standards exist separate from A10 Networks' proprietary implementations, which adhere to open APIs and interoperability norms like those for SDN controllers rather than defining new industry specifications.^[45]

Sports

Collegiate athletics

The Atlantic 10 Conference (A-10) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I conference established on March 2, 1975, originally as the Eastern Collegiate Basketball League, a men's basketball-only alliance of eight institutions seeking competitive scheduling amid regional realignments.^[46] It transitioned to a multi-sport entity by 1982, sponsoring championships in 10 men's and 12 women's disciplines, with emphasis on basketball and non-revenue Olympic sports such as men's soccer, swimming and diving, track and field, and women's lacrosse and rowing.^[47] Conference teams have secured 122 NCAA men's basketball tournament bids through the 2024-25 season, yielding a 104-121 record, one Final Four appearance (by Temple in 1988), and consistent production of professional talent via merit-driven recruitment prioritizing athletic performance metrics like scoring efficiency and defensive ratings.^[48] As of the 2025-26 academic year, following the University of Massachusetts's departure to the Mid-American Conference effective July 1, 2025, the A-10 comprises 14 full-time members, predominantly public and private universities in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States, including Dayton, Duquesne, Fordham, George Mason, George Washington, La Salle, Loyola University Chicago, Rhode Island, Richmond, Saint Joseph's, Saint Louis, St. Bonaventure, and Virginia Commonwealth.^[49] This footprint spans states like Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, and Ohio, facilitating geographic efficiency in travel and rivalries grounded in historical matchups rather than expansion for diversity quotas. Membership stability has supported empirical gains in win percentages and tournament qualifications, with VCU and Dayton exemplifying sustained excellence through data-informed coaching and player development.^[50] The conference's competitive model favors rigorous evaluation of recruitable talent, evidenced by alumni advancing to professional leagues; for instance, A-10 programs have contributed over 100 NBA draftees since 1975, including high-efficiency scorers like VCU's Treveon Graham and Saint Joseph's Delonte West, whose paths reflect causal links between college-level intensity and pro readiness rather than participation trophies.^[51] In Olympic sports, member institutions have produced national qualifiers and international competitors, such as Richmond's track athletes in USA Olympic trials, underscoring the value of specialized training regimens over diluted inclusivity efforts that could erode performance standards.^[52] Annual tournaments, like the 2025 men's basketball event won by VCU, reinforce meritocracy, with seeding based strictly on regular-season records and head-to-head results.^[53]

Other uses

Standards and measurements

The A10 paper size is defined under the ISO 216 international standard for uncoated paper sizes, adopted by the International Organization for Standardization in 1975. This standard establishes the A series through successive halving of the preceding size's shorter dimension, yielding an aspect ratio of approximately 1:√2 to facilitate distortion-free scaling in reproduction processes. As the smallest format in the core A series, A10 measures 26 mm in width by 37 mm in height, with a surface area of approximately 0.962 cm².^[54]^[55] Practical applications of A10 paper center on micro-scale documents where precision and compactness are paramount, such as adhesive labels, postage stamps, discount coupons, and component tags in model assembly. Its dimensions support high-resolution printing for fine details without excessive material waste, and the inherent geometric properties of the ISO 216 series ensure that enlargements or reductions to adjacent sizes maintain proportional integrity, as verified through standardized reproduction tolerances of ±1.5 mm for lengths up to 150 mm.^[56]^[57] In technical contexts, A10 sheets enable accurate labeling for small-scale engineering models or archival miniatures, where empirical printing trials demonstrate negligible deviation from digital prototypes due to the format's orthogonal alignment with common raster scaling factors.^[58]

Miscellaneous

The A10 dopaminergic neurons, also known as the A10 cell group, are a cluster of dopamine-producing cells located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain. These neurons project to forebrain structures such as the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, playing key roles in reward processing, motivation, and goal-directed behaviors; dysfunction in this group has been linked to disorders including addiction, depression, and schizophrenia.^[59] ^[60] Recent research using human stem cell-derived models has enabled specific targeting of A10 neurons for potential therapies in psychiatric conditions.^[61] In video games, the A-10 Thunderbolt II serves as a model for ground-attack aircraft emulation, appearing in simulations like A-10 Tank Killer (1989), which replicates the plane's cockpit and missions focused on anti-armor strikes using its GAU-8 cannon and munitions.^[62] It is also featured in strategy titles such as Command & Conquer: Tiberian Dawn (1995), where it functions as a Global Defense Initiative (GDI) ground support plane for strafing enemy positions with accuracy to its real-world low-altitude tactics.^[63] Depictions extend to film, including the 2007 Transformers movie, where A-10 Warthogs provide close air support alongside AC-130 gunships in a Qatar battle sequence, emphasizing their role in suppressing ground threats with cannon fire and precision-guided munitions.^[64] These portrayals often highlight the aircraft's durability and firepower but may simplify operational constraints like vulnerability to anti-aircraft systems.^[65]

References

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30mm GAU-8/A Gatling Gun
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[55]
A10 Paper Size Dimensions - PaperSizes.io
An A10 piece of paper measures 26 × 37 mm or 1.0 × 1.5 inches. Cutting it in half will create two A11 sheets of paper.
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https://www.helloprint.com/en-us/a10-size
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A10 Paper Dimensions & Drawings
Sep 26, 2025 · A10 Paper has a width of 1.02” (26 mm) and height of 1.46” (37 mm). The surface area of A10 Paper is .01 ft2 (.001 m2).
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A10 Paper Size: The Smallest Standard Sheet Explained
Aug 7, 2025 · Model making uses A10 for instruction labels and component tags. Miniature books preserve recipes, quotes, or poetry collections in compact ...
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Human stem cell-derived A10 dopaminergic neurons specifically ...
Aug 11, 2025 · A10 dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral tegmental area play central roles in reward-related and goal-directed behaviors and are ...
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Human stem cell-derived A10 dopaminergic neurons specifically ...
Sep 4, 2025 · A10 dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral tegmental area play central roles in reward-related and goal-directed behaviors and are proposed ...
[61]
Human stem cell-derived A10 dopaminergic neurons specifically ...
Sep 4, 2025 · A10 dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral tegmental area play central roles in reward-related and goal-directed behaviors and are proposed ...
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A-10 Tank Killer (1989) - MobyGames
This simulation puts you in the cockpit of the A-10 Thunderbolt II, which is also known as the "Warthog".
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A-10 ground support plane (Tiberian Dawn)
The A-10 Thunderbolt II, also nicknamed Warthog, is a ground support aircraft used by GDI during the First Tiberium War.
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'Transformers' put Airmen, aircraft on big screen - AF.mil
Jul 3, 2007 · Also featured are the A-10 Thunderbolt II, C-17 Globemaster III, MH-53 Pave Low, HH-53 Super Jolly Green Giant, AC-130 Gunship, C-130 ...
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Air Force combat controller explains 'Transformers' airstrike scene
Jun 25, 2021 · But Scorponok is a tough enemy, and Epps has to bring in munitions from both A-10 Warthog attack planes and an AC-130 Spooky gunship just to ...