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Long Wall (aerospace company)

Long Wall is an aerospace company specializing in containerized, mass-producible systems and low-cost technologies for applications. Founded in 2017 as ABL Space Systems in , it rebranded in February 2025 under CEO Dan Piemont to redirect efforts toward defense amid challenges in the commercial small-satellite launch market, including two RS1 rocket launch failures in 2023 and 2024 that highlighted intense competition from established providers. The company's pivot builds on seven years of from its ABL origins, repurposing technologies like liquid rocket boosters into the RSX family for hypersonic threat replication and target missions, alongside the system for robust ground support, command, control, power, and communications in extreme environments. Long Wall emphasizes rapid deployment and scalability to address escalating global threats, such as advanced hypersonic weapons and proliferating nuclear capabilities, without disclosed contracts as of early but aligned with U.S. Department of Defense priorities for agile, cost-effective solutions.

History

Founding and initial focus on launch vehicles

ABL Space Systems, the predecessor to Long Wall, was established in 2017 in El Segundo, California, by Harry O'Hanley, a propulsion engineer with prior experience at SpaceX, and Dan Piemont, a finance professional formerly at Morgan Stanley. The founders aimed to address gaps in the commercial space sector by developing affordable, on-demand launch capabilities for small satellites, targeting payloads up to 1,000 kilograms to low Earth orbit as an alternative to rideshare missions on larger rockets. The company's initial efforts centered on the RS1 , a two-stage, vertically integrated designed for rapid deployment from mobile launch platforms to enable responsive access to . Powered by the in-house E2 —a throttlable, restartable bipropellant unit using fuel and —the RS1 featured nine engines on the first stage for approximately 175,000 pounds of and a single vacuum-optimized engine on the second stage. Early development emphasized , cost efficiency through streamlined , and integration with ground systems like the GS0 mobile launch to minimize turnaround times between missions. By 2018, ABL had secured initial contracts and funding to advance RS1 prototyping and testing, positioning the vehicle for operational smallsat launches in the early .

Development and testing of RS1 rocket

ABL Space Systems initiated development of the RS1 rocket shortly after its founding in November 2017, aiming to create a low-cost, responsive small-lift vehicle capable of delivering up to 1,200 kg to using a "dirt simple" design philosophy emphasizing modularity and rapid operations. The two-stage RS1 stood approximately 27 meters tall, with the first stage powered by nine E2 bipropellant engines (using and ) arranged in a clustered for a total of about 74,000 lbf at , and the second stage employing a single vacuum-optimized E2 engine. Early development focused on engine and stage qualification through iterative hot-fire tests. By November 2020, ABL had accumulated over 18 months of component-level, single-engine, and partial-stage testing, culminating in a significant first-stage test campaign that validated integration and structural . In October 2020, the company conducted a key stage test firing, demonstrating reliable ignition and sustained burn of multiple E2 engines under simulated flight conditions. A full-duration hot-fire of the second stage remained a critical into early 2021, with ABL targeting operational readiness for initial launches later that year. systems underwent rigorous modular testing to support high-cadence reusability in ground infrastructure. Testing progressed to integrated vehicle preparations by late 2022, including cryogenic propellant loading and rapid-response demonstrations in collaboration with the U.S. , achieving full operational cycles with propellants in days rather than weeks. The second stage underwent acceptance hot-fire testing in , in August 2023, confirming vacuum engine performance post-failure analysis from the prior launch attempt. Additional milestones in October 2023 included ground-based rehearsals for Flight 2, such as engine startup sequences and payload fairing separations, ahead of shipment to the Kodiak launch site. The RS1's first orbital test flight, designated Demo-1, occurred on January 10, 2023, from Pad 3C at the Alaska Aerospace Corporation's Kodiak Launch Complex. Liftoff appeared nominal initially, but at T+10.87 seconds, the first stage experienced a complete loss of electrical power, causing propellant valves to close and halting thrust, resulting in the vehicle's destruction. Post-anomaly investigations identified wiring issues in the power distribution system, prompting hardware redesigns; ABL completed assembly of a second RS1 vehicle, with both stages prepared for further static-fire validation. Preparations for the second test flight advanced into 2024, including a static-fire attempt in July that achieved ignition of all nine first-stage engines but was followed by a residual pad fire from unburned propellants, inflicting irrecoverable structural damage to the vehicle. Root-cause analysis focused on post-burn propellant residuals and ignition sequencing, underscoring challenges in achieving reliable pre-launch rehearsals for the RS1's clustered engine architecture. No subsequent RS1 orbital tests materialized under ABL's commercial launch ambitions, as the program shifted toward defense repurposing following the company's November 2024 exit from that market.

Launch failures and operational setbacks

The RS1 rocket's maiden launch attempt, scheduled for January 9, 2023, from Alaska's Pacific Spaceport Complex, was scrubbed due to a hardware issue with the . The following day, on January 10, 2023, the launch proceeded but failed at T+10.87 seconds when the first stage experienced a complete loss of electrical power to its nine Rutherford-derived engines, causing thrust termination. The vehicle coasted upward for an additional 2.63 seconds before falling back to the pad and exploding approximately 20 meters from the launch site, destroying the rocket and its three demonstration payloads. Post-failure analysis by ABL Space Systems identified the root cause as a transient electrical fault, potentially exacerbated by an overly restrictive vibration threshold in the flight termination system software that triggered prematurely. No further orbital launch attempts followed, as the company shifted resources amid competitive pressures in the small-satellite market and investor skepticism following the incident. By November 2024, ABL announced the termination of its commercial orbital launch program, citing unsustainable economics and a strategic pivot to defense applications. This sequence of events, including the sole launch failure and program cancellation, contributed to the company's rebranding as Long Wall in February 2025, effectively ending RS1 development for satellite deployment.

Pivot to defense applications and rebranding

In February 2025, ABL Space Systems pivoted from commercial orbital launches to defense-oriented applications, announcing the shift alongside a to Long Wall on February 19. The move was driven by operational setbacks, including two RS1 rocket launch failures in 2023 and 2024, which highlighted challenges in securing market share against competitors such as and in the small-satellite sector. CEO Dan Piemont cited these difficulties, along with broader financial pressures, as prompting the strategic redirection toward U.S. military needs for affordable hypersonic testing and missile interception capabilities. The pivot repurposes ABL's existing rocket propulsion and infrastructure for defense uses, including containerized missile defense systems designed for rapid deployment and mass production to counter evolving threats. Long Wall plans to adapt the RS1 —renamed or evolved into RSX—as low-cost liquid-fueled boosters for threat simulation in live-fire exercises, enabling targets that mimic hypersonic missiles or other incoming projectiles for interceptor validation. This leverages over seven years of R&D in engines like the E2 and ground support equipment such as , which supports command, control, power, and communications in austere environments. At the time of rebranding, Long Wall had not disclosed signed defense contracts, positioning the transition as an opportunistic response to priorities amid geopolitical tensions, including demands for scalable, cost-effective solutions over high-end systems. The name "Long Wall" evokes fortified perimeters, signaling a departure from ABL's launch-focused identity to emphasize protective technologies for . This realignment ends pursuit of commercial orbital missions, redirecting resources to military-aligned and propulsion for target vehicles.

Products and technologies

Containerized missile defense systems

Long Wall's containerized systems are engineered for and rapid deployment within standard shipping containers, facilitating scalable responses to evolving ballistic and hypersonic threats faced by the and its allies. These systems repurpose propulsion and structural technologies originally developed for the RS1 rocket, enabling cost-effective interceptor or capabilities integrated into mobile, logistics-compatible units. The design emphasizes , allowing for quick assembly in austere environments without extensive infrastructure, a direct adaptation from the company's prior experience to address sector demands for surge capacity. Central to these systems is the integration with , a containerized (GSE) platform that provides command-and-control, power distribution, and communications for launch and test operations. Ironwood supports deployment across varied conditions, having been tested in four seasons of demanding field use, which enhances the overall system's reliability for real-world scenarios. This GSE enables autonomous or semi-autonomous operations, reducing personnel requirements and logistical footprints compared to traditional fixed-site defenses. Development accelerated following the company's in February 2025, leveraging seven years of prior from ABL Space Systems to transition from commercial satellite launches to military applications. The systems complement Long Wall's RSX boosters, which serve as low-cost vehicles for threat simulation and flight testing, ensuring iterative improvements against peer adversaries' advancements. As of mid-2025, these platforms remain in active refinement, with emphasis on producibility to meet U.S. Department of Defense needs for distributed, resilient architectures amid rising global tensions.

Hypersonic and target flight testing vehicles

Long Wall has repurposed its RS1 rocket into the RSX variant, a suborbital designed primarily as a target for testing and threat replication. The RSX utilizes the company's E2 bipropellant engines for both stages, enabling it to simulate trajectories or other incoming threats during live-fire exercises and interceptor evaluations. This adaptation supports rapid, low-cost by providing a deployable platform that can be containerized for quick deployment to remote sites. In its defense pivot announced on February 20, 2025, Long Wall emphasized the RSX's role in generating realistic threat scenarios to validate advanced systems, drawing on prior RS1 development experience despite the original vehicle's lack of successful orbital launches. The system prioritizes affordability and scalability, with production leveraging modular, mass-producible components inherited from ABL Space Systems' infrastructure. As of that date, no RSX flight tests had been publicly conducted, but ground testing of the E2 continued to advance, including milestones passed in early 2025. For hypersonic applications, Long Wall contributes to test vehicle development through partnerships, notably as a key to Defense on the U.S. Department of Defense's Multi-Service Advanced Capability Hypersonic Test Bed (MACH-TB) 2.0 program. Awarded a $1.45 billion contract in January , MACH-TB aims to accelerate testing from fewer than a dozen annually to higher cadences by providing reusable and expendable platforms for speeds exceeding 5. Long Wall leads integration efforts for booster and target systems within this initiative, focusing on enhancing test throughput for hypersonic glide vehicles and technologies to address U.S. military gaps in and validation.

Propulsion and support systems

Long Wall's primary propulsion system is the E2 liquid rocket engine, a bipropellant engine utilizing (LOX) as the oxidizer and refined (RP-1 or Jet-A ) as the fuel. The E2 employs a with a turbopump-fed , designed for , reliability, and rapid through additive of key components. Each E2 engine delivers approximately 12,100 pounds-force (53.8 kN) of at and 13,000 pounds-force (57.8 kN) in , enabling scalability for clustered configurations. In the RSX launch vehicle—repurposed from the earlier RS1 for hypersonic and target testing—the first stage incorporates nine E2 engines for a total sea-level of about 485,000 pounds-force, while the second stage uses a single vacuum-optimized E2. Development of the E2 began under ABL Space Systems with a clean-sheet design emphasizing in-house production of all major components, including the single-shaft and injector elements, to minimize dependencies and accelerate iteration. The engine's architecture prioritizes robustness over complexity, avoiding staged in favor of the proven gas-generator approach, which vents turbine exhaust to provide additional augmentation. Hot-fire testing milestones, including integrated stage firings, validated the engine's performance prior to the company's 2025 rebranding, with recent evaluations confirming operational maturity for defense applications such as threat-replicating rocket targets. Support systems complement the propulsion hardware through containerized and rapidly deployable ground equipment, exemplified by the system, which facilitates mobile launch and testing operations for and hypersonic vehicles. integrates fueling, , and command into standardized shipping containers, enabling deployment in austere environments with minimal setup time—typically under 24 hours—to support tactical responsiveness for U.S. customers. This modularity builds on prior RS1 ground support elements, repurposed for containerized missile systems that emphasize mass-producibility and efficiency in contested theaters.

Organization and operations

Leadership and key personnel

Dan Piemont has served as of Long Wall since November 2024, following the company's from ABL Space Systems and its strategic shift to defense-focused technologies. As a co-founder of ABL Space Systems established in 2017, Piemont previously held the role of president, overseeing operations during the development of launch vehicles and subsequent pivot to systems. He graduated from the . Harry O'Hanley, co-founder of the company alongside Piemont, acted as CEO from its inception in August 2017 until November 2024, leading initial efforts in rocket development and testing. O'Hanley, who also holds a degree from the , transitioned to an executive role post-rebranding, contributing to ongoing propulsion and systems expertise. Kevin Sagis joined as and in late 2023, responsible for product strategy and engineering integration across Long Wall's containerized and hypersonic testing platforms. Prior to ABL, Sagis held engineering leadership positions in firms, bringing experience in scalable technologies.

Facilities and infrastructure

Long Wall maintains its primary operations at a consolidated headquarters and manufacturing facility in , following a strategic reorganization in early 2025 that shuttered prior sites in , and . This centralization supports the development and production of containerized systems, hypersonic test vehicles, and associated ground support equipment, leveraging modular designed for rapid deployment and scalability. The Long Beach site enables in-house engineering, quality control, and assembly of components like the RSX boost vehicle and ground systems, which are engineered for operation in austere environments without reliance on fixed . Prior to the rebranding from ABL Space Systems, the company operated a 20,000-square-foot research, development, and production facility in El Segundo, California, focused on rocket engine and launch vehicle prototyping. It also maintained a 10,000-square-foot test site in St. Marys, Georgia, for engine and hardware validation, alongside collaborations for static-fire and flight testing at Edwards Air Force Base in California. These assets informed the pivot to defense applications, with retained expertise in liquid propulsion testing—such as the E2 engine—now applied to threat-replication boosters and expendable targets. The company's infrastructure emphasizes containerized and transportable systems, including the GS0 launch infrastructure (repurposed for ), which allows setup on any flat pad using standard shipping containers for fueling, command, and . , a key support system, provides integrated power, communications, and command-and-control in ISO-standard containers, deployable globally in under 24 hours and operational across extreme conditions. This approach minimizes dependency on dedicated test ranges, enabling cost-effective hypersonic and for U.S. partners.

Funding, partnerships, and market impact

Investment and financial history

ABL Space Systems, the predecessor to Long Wall, was founded in 2017 and secured initial seed funding to develop responsive capabilities. By 2021, the company had raised approximately $461 million in across multiple rounds, including a significant Series B round led by Associates that contributed over half of the total. Key investors included Ventures, Fidelity Management & Research Company, and other funds focused on and defense technologies. This funding supported the development of the RS1 and related infrastructure, with the company achieving a of around $2.4 billion following a $200 million extension in late 2021. In addition to private investment, ABL received government support, including a $20 million from Leonid Capital Partners in and a $60 million contract from the U.S. Space Force and U.S. Air Force Strategic Funding Increase program awarded in March 2023 for propulsion and launch-related technologies. These funds were earmarked for advancing rapid-response launch systems amid growing demand for space assets. However, the January 2023 failure of the RS1 rocket's strained finances, contributing to investor skepticism and a strategic reevaluation of the commercial launch market's competitiveness. Following the rebranding to Long Wall in February 2025 and the pivot to missile defense and hypersonic testing, the company has not publicly disclosed new private funding rounds as of October 2025, instead emphasizing defense contracts for revenue stability over volatile commercial launches. This shift aligns with broader industry trends where defense-oriented applications offer more predictable government-backed financing, potentially mitigating the high burn rates experienced during the launch vehicle development phase. Total historical funding estimates vary slightly across sources, with some reports citing up to $544 million when including debt and grants.

Strategic collaborations and defense sector role

Long Wall's rebranding in February 2025 marked a strategic pivot toward the defense sector, emphasizing containerized missile defense systems and hypersonic test vehicles to meet U.S. military demands for rapid, low-cost threat simulation and interception capabilities. The company repurposes its prior RS1 rocket technology into the RSX target vehicle, designed for high-cadence hypersonic flight testing, addressing Pentagon priorities amid escalating geopolitical threats from advanced missiles and hypersonic weapons. This role positions Long Wall as a niche provider of mass-producible, deployable solutions, including the Ironwood ground support system for command, control, power, and communications in austere environments. Public details on formal strategic collaborations remain limited as of mid-2025, reflecting the company's recent entry into defense applications. Long Wall benefits from prior investments in its predecessor ABL Space Systems by defense-oriented venture arms, such as Lockheed Martin Ventures, which supported early rocket development transferable to military testing. Additional backing from Silent Ventures, a firm specializing in early-stage defense and deep tech, underscores alignment with sector growth areas like hypersonic replication, though operational partnerships with primes or agencies have not been disclosed. The firm's emphasis on leveraging seven years of R&D for U.S. national security applications suggests potential for future integrations with Department of Defense programs, particularly in boosting testing affordability and speed.

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