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Admiralty chart

An Admiralty chart is an official nautical chart produced by the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO), serving as a specialized graphical representation of marine areas designed to facilitate safe and efficient maritime navigation. These charts depict critical navigational information, including water depths, seabed contours, hazards such as wrecks and shoals, aids to navigation like buoys and lighthouses, tidal data, currents, and coastal landmarks, all rendered using standardized symbols, abbreviations, and color schemes established by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO).^[1] Widely recognized as the global standard for paper and digital nautical charting, with over 3,500 standard nautical charts, Admiralty charts are essential for commercial shipping, naval operations, and recreational boating, ensuring compliance with international Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulations.^[2] The origins of Admiralty charts trace back to the establishment of the UKHO in 1795 under the direction of King George III, who appointed Alexander Dalrymple as the first Hydrographer to the Admiralty, marking the formal beginning of systematic hydrographic surveying and chart production in the United Kingdom.^[2] Over 230 years, the UKHO has evolved from producing hand-drawn charts based on early exploratory surveys to leveraging advanced technologies like multibeam sonar, satellite imagery, and geospatial data integration, building an extensive archive of historical maritime records that informs contemporary updates.^[3] This long-standing expertise has positioned the UKHO as a world-leading authority in hydrography, supplying charts that are adopted or referenced by over 70 nations.^[2] In addition to their core navigational function, Admiralty charts encompass a diverse range of formats and scales to meet varied user needs, from large-scale harbor plans for precise port approaches to small-scale ocean charts for transoceanic voyages.^[4] They are available in both traditional paper versions and electronic formats, such as raster and vector-based Admiralty Digital Charts (ENCs), which integrate seamlessly with Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) for real-time decision-making.^[1] To maintain accuracy and relevance, charts are updated weekly through the Admiralty Notices to Mariners service, incorporating new survey data, reported hazards, and regulatory changes, thereby supporting the safe passage of over 90% of the world's large international trading vessels.^[5] Beyond standard navigation, specialized Admiralty chart series address emerging requirements, including maritime security information on piracy risks and routeing guides for optimizing fuel-efficient paths amid variable weather and oceanographic conditions.^[6]

History

Establishment and Early Years

The Hydrographic Office of the Admiralty was established on 12 August 1795 by an Order in Council under the administration of George John Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer, who served as First Lord of the Admiralty from 1794 to 1801.^[7] This foundational department was tasked with managing nautical charting for the Royal Navy, with Alexander Dalrymple, a Scottish hydrographer and former employee of the East India Company, appointed as the inaugural Hydrographer of the Navy.^[8] Dalrymple, who had previously compiled and published extensive collections of charts based on voyages in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, brought his expertise in organizing disparate hydrographic data to the role.^[9] The office initially comprised Dalrymple, one assistant, and a draughtsman, reflecting its modest beginnings amid the naval demands of the French Revolutionary Wars.^[7] In its early years, the Hydrographic Office focused primarily on compiling and correcting existing surveys rather than conducting new ones, heavily relying on foreign charts and data from explorers, merchants, and rival powers to fill gaps in British knowledge.^[10] Dalrymple played a pivotal role in advocating for systematic hydrography, emphasizing the compilation of reliable nautical information from global sources to support naval operations, though this approach often led to challenges in verifying accuracy and integrating inconsistent foreign materials.^[9] The office acquired its first printing press in 1800, enabling the production of charts via copper-plate engraving; the inaugural Admiralty chart, depicting Quiberon Bay in Brittany, was published that November exclusively for naval use.^[7] This marked a shift from manuscript copies to standardized printed outputs, though production remained limited by the scarcity of original British surveys. The office underwent significant changes under Captain Thomas Hurd, who succeeded Dalrymple as Hydrographer in 1808 following the latter's dismissal amid internal disputes. He died shortly thereafter on 19 June 1808.^[2] Hurd, a naval officer with surveying experience, advocated for broader accessibility and persuaded the Admiralty Board to authorize public sales of charts in 1821, extending their utility to merchant vessels and aligning with growing commercial maritime trade.^[7] This policy shift culminated in the publication of the first Admiralty chart catalogue in 1825, which listed 756 charts, plans, and views available for purchase, signaling the office's maturation into a key resource for global navigation.^[11] Early challenges persisted, including dependence on foreign surveys for coverage beyond British waters, but these foundations laid the groundwork for expanded hydrographic efforts in subsequent decades.

Expansion and Technological Advances

By 1855, the British Admiralty had completed comprehensive surveys of the entire United Kingdom coastline, marking a significant milestone in domestic hydrographic efforts that enabled reliable navigation around British waters.^[12] This achievement built upon earlier foundational work and shifted focus toward international expansion, with the Admiralty commissioning extensive expeditions to map foreign coasts vital to British interests. A notable example was Matthew Flinders' survey of Australia from 1801 to 1803 aboard HMS Investigator, which provided critical data for Admiralty charts and supported Britain's colonial presence in the region.^[7] The portfolio of Admiralty charts grew rapidly during the late 19th century, expanding from 1,116 charts in 1839 to thousands by 1900, reflecting the Admiralty's commitment to documenting global waterways amid Britain's imperial reach.^[7] These charts were instrumental in supporting Britain's maritime dominance, facilitating trade routes and military operations that underpinned the empire's global network. Technological innovations enhanced production efficiency and chart utility throughout this period. In the 19th century, hand-coloring was introduced to denote depth shading, using tints to visually represent bathymetric variations and improve readability for navigators. By the early 20th century, the Admiralty transitioned from traditional copper engraving plates to more durable zinc and aluminum plates, which allowed for higher-volume printing and reduced wear. During World War II, the adoption of rotary offset printing, trialed in 1938 using zinc plates copied from copper originals, dramatically accelerated production to meet wartime demands for updated charts.^[13]

Surveying Practices

Historical Methods

Early surveys for Admiralty charts in the 18th century depended heavily on lead-line sounding to measure water depths and dead reckoning to estimate positions, as these were the primary tools available to hydrographers aboard Royal Navy vessels.^[14] Lead lines, weighted with lead or tallow to sample seabed composition, were deployed from the ship's bow or quarter while underway, providing spot depths along the track; dead reckoning combined compass bearings, log-line measurements of speed, and elapsed time to plot approximate locations, though it accumulated errors over distance due to currents and leeway.^[15] These methods formed the basis of "running surveys," suitable for offshore reconnaissance but limited in precision for detailed coastal work.^[14] The adoption of marine chronometers from the 1760s revolutionized longitude determination, enabling surveyors to calculate positions by comparing local time (via astronomical observations) with Greenwich mean time. Invented by John Harrison and first proven seaworthy during trials in the 1760s, these instruments reduced reliance on lunar distance methods, which were cumbersome and weather-dependent; by the late 18th century, chronometers were standard on surveying voyages, allowing fixes accurate to within a few miles. Commissioned expeditions, notably Captain James Cook's three Pacific voyages from 1768 to 1779, exemplified this integration, yielding extensive hydrographic data—including soundings, coastal sketches, and anchorages—that directly informed early Admiralty chart compilations.^[16] Cook's meticulous application of these techniques produced charts of regions like New Zealand and the eastern Australian coast, setting a benchmark for naval hydrography.^[17] In the 19th century, triangulation emerged as a key advancement for enhancing coastal survey accuracy, particularly along complex shorelines where dead reckoning proved inadequate.^[18] This method involved establishing a network of fixed points ashore using theodolites to measure angles between visible landmarks, from which positions and depths could be computed trigonometrically; introduced systematically by British hydrographers in the early 1800s, it allowed for detailed plans of harbors and approaches, reducing positional errors to tens of yards.^[19] By mid-century, triangulation frameworks extended inland from coastal baselines, integrating with Ordnance Survey data for comprehensive coverage.^[20] Surveyors faced significant challenges, including incomplete coverage in remote or hazardous areas like the Pacific atolls, Arctic passages, and southern ocean routes, where harsh weather, ice, and vast distances limited systematic work.^[18] Data gaps persisted in such regions, often filled with outdated reconnaissance or anecdotal reports, posing risks to navigation.^[21] Additionally, until a policy shift in 1829 under the newly appointed Hydrographer Francis Beaufort, Admiralty charts frequently incorporated non-official sources, including foreign hydrographic publications from France, Spain, and Denmark, as well as private surveys; this reliance stemmed from limited Royal Navy resources but raised concerns over accuracy and consistency, prompting Beaufort's emphasis on original British surveys and formal international exchanges.^[21] Key milestones marked the maturation of these practices: By 1829, under Hydrographer Francis Beaufort, the Admiralty had expanded to 11 dedicated survey vessels, marking a key milestone in focused hydrographic operations independent of warships.^[21] By 1914, significant surveys of principal trade routes and colonial waters had been conducted, establishing a foundational global framework of charts that supported imperial and commercial activities.^[22]

Contemporary Techniques

The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO) has integrated advanced acoustic technologies into its surveying practices since the early 20th century, beginning with the adoption of single-beam echo sounders in the 1920s to measure water depths vertically beneath survey vessels.^[15] These devices marked a shift from manual lead-line methods, enabling more efficient depth profiling during UKHO operations. By the 1980s, the UKHO transitioned to multibeam sonar systems, which emit fan-shaped acoustic pulses to capture high-resolution bathymetric data across wide swaths of the seafloor, significantly improving coverage and detail for nautical charting.^[23] This evolution allowed for three-dimensional seabed mapping, essential for identifying hazards and supporting safe navigation in complex marine environments.^[24] Since the 1990s, the UKHO has incorporated Global Positioning System (GPS) technology for precise horizontal positioning during surveys, achieving accuracies within a few meters and integrating with differential GPS for enhanced reliability in dynamic sea conditions.^[25] Complementing this, satellite altimetry has been employed to model sea surface heights and support vertical datum transformations, particularly through the Vertical Offshore Reference Frame (VORF) project, which combines altimetry data with tide gauge observations to unify land-sea height references.^[26] For shallow waters and coastal zones, airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems provide high-resolution topographic and bathymetric data up to depths of around 50 meters in clear conditions, as demonstrated in UKHO-commissioned surveys like the 2018 mapping of the Turks and Caicos Islands.^[27] Additionally, the UKHO employs satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) to estimate depths in shallow, clear waters using satellite imagery analysis, with a new three-to-five-year framework contract awarded to EOMAP in 2024 for integrating SDB data into Admiralty charts, enhancing coverage in remote or data-sparse areas.^[28] The UKHO conducts collaborative hydrographic surveys with international partners, adhering to International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) standards such as Order 1a for full-bottom coverage in critical areas.^[29] These partnerships, coordinated through bodies like the IHO Hydrography Priorities Working Group, facilitate data sharing and joint operations in regions like Antarctica and global shipping routes.^[30] Rigorous data validation processes follow, including ground-truthing via in-situ measurements and UKHO inspections of contractor vessels to ensure quality and compliance before integration into the national bathymetric database.^[31] As of 2025, the UKHO has advanced its capabilities with autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and uncrewed surface vessels (USVs, often referred to as marine drones) for surveying remote and hazardous areas, enabling cost-effective, high-resolution data collection without risking crewed operations.^[32] For instance, partnerships with providers like XOCEAN utilize USVs equipped with multibeam sonar for Atlantic seabed mapping, supporting the UKHO's coverage of over 15,800 electronic navigational chart (ENC) areas worldwide.^[33] These technologies enhance efficiency in data acquisition for the Admiralty chart portfolio, aligning with IHO S-100 frameworks for future-proofed marine geospatial products.^[34]

Design and Production

Traditional Printing Processes

The traditional printing of Admiralty charts relied on labor-intensive techniques centered around copper plate engraving, which produced durable and precise reproductions suitable for maritime use. Established in the late 18th century, this process began with draftsmen creating detailed compilation drawings from survey data, which were then reversed and transferred to copper plates for engraving. Lines, contours, symbols, and text were incised into the plates using burins and etching acids, allowing for the application of black ink during printing to yield high-contrast, monochromatic base charts. Copper plates were prized for their longevity, often yielding up to 3,000 impressions before significant wear, and many remained in service for over a century with periodic corrections achieved by scraping, hammering, and re-engraving altered sections.^[35]^[36]^[13] To enhance navigational utility, these black-and-white engravings were manually colored by skilled artists, particularly to denote water depths: deeper areas shaded in darker blue, transitioning to lighter blues or whites for shallows, while land features received green or yellow tints. This hand-coloring practice, which added interpretive layers to the charts without altering the engraved plates, persisted until 1967 when mechanized color printing became standard. The standard sheet size adopted in the 19th century was the "double-elephant" folio, measuring approximately 39 by 25.5 inches, chosen for its robustness against shipboard handling and folding wear. Smaller harbor plans were often printed on subdivided portions of these sheets to maintain uniformity.^[7]^[13] By the 1830s, efficiency improved through lithographic transfers, where engraved copper plates were pressed onto lithographic stones or zinc sheets to create offset masters, enabling faster and higher-volume production while preserving the fidelity of the original engravings. Printed sheets were then folded—typically into quarters or eighths for practicality—and bound into atlases or portfolios with stiff marbled paper covers and leather spines for onboard storage and reference. These atlases facilitated easy access during voyages, with charts issued in series for regional coverage.^[36]^[7] Quality control was integral, beginning with proof impressions pulled from plates and cross-verified against original surveys for accuracy in positions, depths, and hazards. Engraving journals and "chart histories" ledgers documented each stage, including costs and alterations, while corrections to issued charts were applied via overprinted patches—adhesive or pasted updates distributed through Notices to Mariners—to address discrepancies without full reprints. This rigorous proofing ensured reliability, with the Hydrographic Office supervising production through dedicated branches until the mid-20th century.^[13]

Standardization and Updates

In 1967, the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO) initiated metrication of Admiralty charts as part of a broader modernization effort, replacing imperial units with SI units for depths, heights, and distances to align with international standards.^[37] This coincided with the introduction of the "New Style" chart format, which enhanced clarity through standardized color schemes, including buff tinting for land areas, green for drying (intertidal) zones, and magenta for lights and depth contours to improve visual distinction and reduce ambiguity in low-light conditions.^[38] These changes were implemented progressively across the chart series to facilitate global interoperability while maintaining the charts' reputation for precision.^[37] Admiralty charts are maintained through a rigorous update regime to ensure navigational safety, with weekly Notices to Mariners (NtM) issued by the UKHO providing corrections for hazards, aids to navigation, and environmental changes.^[39] These NtM include Temporary and Preliminary (T&P) notices for short-term alterations, such as construction works or seasonal hazards, which mariners apply directly to charts using provided tracings or instructions. New chart editions are released periodically, typically every 5-10 years depending on the accumulation of permanent changes in the surveyed area, incorporating cumulative NtM updates to reset the baseline for ongoing corrections.^[40] This system ensures compliance with SOLAS regulations, requiring vessels to maintain up-to-date charts. Projection standards for Admiralty charts adhere to International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) guidelines, employing the Mercator projection for most mid-latitude and equatorial charts to preserve angles for rhumb line navigation, while transverse Mercator is used for larger-scale charts (1:50,000 and above) since 1978 to minimize distortion in coastal areas.^[41] In polar regions, where Mercator distortion becomes excessive, transverse Mercator or stereographic projections are applied to maintain accuracy for high-latitude operations.^[42] Charts also incorporate tidal data tables or references to the companion ADMIRALTY Tide Tables (NP201-208), providing heights, streams, and predictions relative to chart datum for safe passage planning.^[43] The UKHO operates an error reporting system reliant on mariner input to refine chart accuracy, where navigators submit Hydrographic Notes detailing observed discrepancies, new dangers, or changes to aids via online forms, email, or post.^[44] These reports are verified against surveys and incorporated into subsequent NtM or new editions, fostering a collaborative feedback loop that has historically improved chart reliability through crowdsourced validation. Mariners are encouraged to report promptly, with the UKHO processing submissions to prioritize safety-critical updates.^[45]

Chart Features and Usage

Symbols and Navigational Elements

Admiralty charts utilize a comprehensive system of standardized symbols, abbreviations, and notations to ensure mariners can interpret hydrographic, topographic, and navigational data accurately for safe passage.^[5] These elements are detailed in the official UK Hydrographic Office (UKHO) publication NP 5011, Symbols and Abbreviations Used on Admiralty Paper Charts (8th Edition, 2020), which serves as the authoritative guide for their application across international waters.^[5] The symbols prioritize clarity, with black outlines for most features and magenta ink specifically for lights and fog signals to distinguish them visually.^[46] A key component is the depiction of the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) Maritime Buoyage System, which divides global waters into Region A (covering Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australasia, including UK waters) and Region B (primarily North America and parts of the Caribbean, with reversed lateral colors).^[5] On Admiralty charts, buoys are represented by simplified black symbols without internal shading, with colors, structures, and light characteristics indicated by accompanying abbreviations. In Region A, lateral marks include port-hand buoys (green can or pillar, cylindrical topmark) on the left when returning from sea, symbolized as an upward-pointing triangle, and starboard-hand buoys (red conical or nun, conical topmark) as a downward-pointing triangle. Cardinal marks, identical in both regions, denote the safest side of a hazard relative to compass directions: north (black-yellow-black bands, two black cones point up, white light with continuous quick flashing (Q) or very quick flashing (VQ)), south (yellow-black-yellow, cones point down), east (black-yellow, cones bases together), and west (yellow-black, cones points together). Safe water marks, signaling navigable water all around, appear as red-and-white vertical stripes with a red spherical topmark and a white isophase light, symbolized by a black outline of a vertical pole.^[46]^[47] Special marks for hazards like cables or aquaculture use yellow buoys with an X-shaped topmark and yellow flashing lights.^[48] Depth information, or soundings, is critical for under-keel clearance and is expressed in metric units on charts modernized after 1967, with depths less than 21 meters shown in meters and decimeters (e.g., 5_3 for 5.3 meters), 21–31 meters in half-meters, and greater depths in whole meters.^[46] All soundings reference the chart datum, typically the lowest astronomical tide (LAT) to provide a conservative low-water baseline for safety.^[5] Drying heights—elevations above chart datum that uncover at low water—are underlined (e.g., _2 for 2 meters above datum). Hazard symbols overlay this data: wrecks are marked by a magenta diamond enclosing "Wk" (wreck), with least depth if known (e.g., Wk 4.5) or "PD" (position approximate) if uncertain; dangerous wrecks include a dashed line extension.^[46] Rocks appear as a dotted circle with "R" and depth (e.g., R 2.1 for 2.1 meters below datum), an asterisk for awash rocks, or a plus sign for those that cover and uncover. Obstructions, such as foul ground or stakes, are abbreviated "Obstn" within a hatched area, while currents and eddies are shown as blue arrows with rates in knots (e.g., 2kn).^[46] Topographic features aid in coastal recognition and are rendered with conventional signs for landforms and structures. Hachures—short, radiating lines—increase in density and length downslope to indicate hill relief and elevation, with spot heights marked by small dots and values in meters above datum.^[46] Coastlines are solid lines for surveyed areas and dashed for unsurveyed regions, with cliffs symbolized by tick marks. Place names follow typographic conventions: upright Roman font for administrative names like towns or capes (e.g., "Cape Wrath"), italic for natural features like bays (e.g., Loch Ewe), and bold for prominent landmarks such as churches ("Ch") or towers ("Tr").^[46] Common abbreviations include "Obstn" for general obstructions, "Foul G" for foul ground, and "CD" for chart datum, ensuring concise labeling without cluttering the chart face.^[46] Marginal notes provide supplementary data for precise navigation. Tidal streams are illustrated with directional arrows and speed tables, showing rates in knots at springs and neaps (e.g., 2.8kn springs, 1.5kn neaps), often with time references to high water.^[46] Magnetic variation tables list the annual change (e.g., 4°30'W in 2007, increasing 5.0' yearly) to adjust compass readings, accompanied by a compass rose showing true and magnetic north.^[46] Scale bars in the margins confirm distances in nautical miles and kilometers, with bar scales for latitude-dependent measurements to account for projections.^[5] These elements collectively enable mariners to integrate visual cues with dynamic environmental data for informed decision-making.

Scales, Projections, and Types

Admiralty charts are produced in a variety of scales to meet diverse navigational requirements, categorized broadly as large, medium, and small scale based on the level of detail and geographic coverage needed. Large-scale charts, typically ranging from 1:5,000 to 1:50,000, provide intricate details for precise navigation in confined areas such as harbors, anchorages, and narrow straits, enabling safe maneuvering in high-risk environments. Medium-scale charts, generally between 1:50,000 and 1:150,000, offer balanced coverage for coastal approaches and inshore passages, incorporating essential features like coastlines, depths, and aids to navigation without overwhelming detail. Small-scale charts, at 1:150,000 or smaller, depict expansive ocean regions for offshore and open-sea voyages, prioritizing route planning over fine-scale hazards.^[4]^[49] The geometric projections employed in Admiralty charts are selected to preserve critical navigational properties, such as angles and distances, while minimizing distortion for specific uses. The conformal Mercator projection, often in its transverse variant for scales of 1:50,000 and larger since 1978, is the standard for most nautical charts, ensuring that rhumb lines—constant bearing courses—are represented as straight lines and that angles are preserved for accurate compass plotting. Gnomonic projections are utilized in dedicated planning charts, where great-circle routes, the shortest paths between distant points, appear as straight lines, facilitating efficient long-distance voyage optimization. Historically, some coastal charts employed a modified polyconic projection prior to the 1970s, which approximated equal-area properties for mid-latitude regions, though it has largely been supplanted by transverse Mercator for modern productions.^[41]^[42] Admiralty charts encompass several types tailored to navigational phases and specialized needs, all adhering to international standards for safety and interoperability. Standard Nautical Charts (SNCs), the core paper-based offerings, provide comprehensive coverage for general marine navigation across deep-sea, coastal, and port environments. Overview or planning charts, including routeing and gnomonic variants, support strategic voyage preparation by illustrating broad areas with key traffic separation schemes, weather patterns, and optimal paths. Specialized charts address niche applications, such as fishing charts that highlight grounds, restrictions, and seabed features for commercial fisheries, or those integrating radio signal coverage for communication planning in remote areas. Collectively, these approximately 3,500 SNCs focus on high-traffic commercial shipping routes, ports, and harbors worldwide, ensuring prioritized updates for critical zones.^[4]^[1]^[50]

Modern Developments

Transition to Digital Formats

The transition from traditional paper Admiralty charts to digital formats began in the mid-1990s with the introduction of the Admiralty Raster Chart Service (ARCS) in 1996, which provided scanned digital copies of official paper charts in raster format for use in electronic chart systems (ECS).^[51] These raster nautical charts (RNCs) conformed to International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) standards, enabling mariners to view familiar paper chart imagery electronically while maintaining compatibility with existing navigational practices.^[52] ARCS offered coverage for key international routes and ports, with weekly updates derived from Notices to Mariners to ensure accuracy. By 2000, the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO) advanced to vector-based Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs), compliant with the IHO S-57 standard (Edition 3.1, November 2000), which defined the format for digital hydrographic data exchange.^[53] These ENCs integrated seamlessly with Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS), meeting International Maritime Organization (IMO) SOLAS carriage requirements for ships over 500 gross tonnage on international voyages when used as the primary navigation method.^[34] Unlike raster charts, vector ENCs store data as layered objects—such as depths, traffic separation schemes, and aids to navigation—allowing users to query, scale, and overlay information dynamically for enhanced situational awareness.^[54] The UKHO's Admiralty Vector Chart Service (AVCS), building on ENCs, provides comprehensive global coverage with over 23,000 cells from hydrographic offices worldwide, delivered through weekly digital updates via internet download, email, or DVD.^[34] This service includes the Admiralty Information Overlay (AIO), a digital layer that adds real-time temporary and preliminary notices to ENCs, supporting passage planning and risk assessment. As of 2025, the UKHO is phasing down production of certain paper charts on a case-by-case basis, with full withdrawal extended to at least 2030, while promoting hybrid systems where digital charts serve as primary tools backed by paper for redundancy in non-ECDIS environments.^[55] This shift enhances efficiency through real-time overlays and automated updates, reducing manual corrections and improving safety.^[56]

International Standards and Collaboration

The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO) has been a member of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) since its founding in 1921, contributing to the coordination of global hydrographic activities and the promotion of uniform nautical charting standards.^[57] As part of this involvement, the UKHO adopts key IHO standards, including S-52, which specifies the colors, symbols, and display rules for Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) to ensure consistent and safe navigation worldwide.^[58] Additionally, the UKHO supports the transition to the S-100 framework, an IHO-developed universal hydrographic data model that enables the integration of diverse geospatial datasets for enhanced maritime applications. In 2025, the UKHO led sea trials for S-100 ECDIS and participated in discussions at the London International Shipping Week (LISW) to explore practical implications of S-100 for e-navigation.^[59]^[60] The UKHO participates in international data sharing through the IHO's Data Centre for Digital Bathymetry (DCDB), a centralized repository hosted by the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) that archives and freely distributes bathymetric data contributed by member states and mariners to support global ocean mapping efforts.^[61] This collaboration extends to bilateral agreements with other national hydrographic offices, such as the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), for joint surveys in shared or adjacent waters, facilitating efficient data exchange and reducing duplication in international regions.^[62] Admiralty charts have significantly influenced global standards, with their symbol conventions serving as a foundational reference for the IHO's International (INT) chart specifications, which promote interoperability across national nautical products.^[63] The UKHO also plays a key role in the World-Wide Navigational Warning Service (WWNWS), acting as the national coordinator for the United Kingdom and coordinator for NAVAREA I, responsible for issuing timely maritime safety information to vessels in the eastern North Atlantic and western European waters.^[64] Over its more than 200-year history since establishment in 1795, the UKHO's accumulated hydrographic data has informed a substantial portion of global electronic navigational charts, with over 90% of large ships trading internationally relying on Admiralty products for compliance and safety as of 2025.^[2] This legacy underscores the UKHO's enduring contributions to international hydrography, supporting the IHO's mission for safe and efficient global navigation.

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[PDF] Using Multibeam Echosounders for Hydrographic Surveying in the ...
Mar 19, 2015 · Multibeam bathymetry has largely replaced single beam bathymetry and it is currently the most common and preferred method for determining a ...
[25]
The Evolution – not Revolution – of Seabed Mapping
When it comes to seabed mapping, fewer names are more prestigious or better known than the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO).Missing: sonar | Show results with:sonar
[26]
Vertical Offshore Reference Frames (VORF) | Faculty of Engineering
The VORF mean sea surface was developed by combining satellite altimetry observations of sea level with tide gauge measurements. Out to sea the altimetry ...
[27]
[PDF] This Is How Airborne Multibeam Lidar Coastal Mapping is Done in ...
In July 2018, Fugro embarked on a large-scale project to map the Turks and Caicos Islands for the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office. (UKHO).
[28]
UK Civil Hydrography Programme (CHP) - GOV.UK
Mar 30, 2021 · The MCA makes extensive use of geographic information systems (GIS) to prioritise survey areas using a contemporary risk analysis methodology ...Missing: techniques | Show results with:techniques
[29]
Hydrography Priorities Working Group | IHO
The HPWG coordinates hydrographic surveying in Antarctica and INT chart/ENC schemes, and develops guidelines for data collection.
[30]
[PDF] UK Civil Hydrography Programme 2024
May 2, 2024 · The UK CHP Survey Specification has evolved over time from previous iterations, with technical input from the UK Hydrographic. Office (UKHO) and ...
[31]
Autonomous bathymetric survey in the UK Atlantic | Hydro International
Mar 18, 2025 · The UKHO chose XOCEAN to provide accurate, high-quality and reliable hydrographic survey data using uncrewed surface vessels (USVs).
[32]
UKHO and XOCEAN team up for uncrewed seabed survey
Jan 19, 2024 · This team identifies navigational needs, engages in discussions about hydrographic standards, and ensures that S-100 data standards cater to the ...
[33]
ADMIRALTY Vector Chart Service
The world's leading ENC service for ECDIS, helping bridge officers to navigate safely and efficiently while meeting Flag and Port State requirements.
[34]
60 Centuries of Copper: Copper Engraving Plates
... engraving plates, both for etchings and the printing of maps. ... Both in H.M. Ordnance Survey maps and in Admiralty charts the use of copper plates for map ...
[35]
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Nautical Charts, by G. R. Putnam.
Summary of each segment:
[36]
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/44175/44175-h/44175-h.htm
[37]
[PDF] Regulations of the IHO for International (INT) Charts
A complete revision cycle of SY4 Part B was completed in 2014 by the Chart Standardization and Paper Chart WorNing Group with the publication of a completely ...
[38]
Notices to Mariners - Weekly - Maritime Safety Information
Notices to Mariners ; Chart1422NM5231, 68 KB (.pdf), Download Public ; Chart1834NM5158, 45 KB (.pdf), Download Public ; Chart2107NM5231, 93 KB (.pdf), Download ...Daily · Cumulative · Annual · Radio Navigation Warnings
[39]
ADMIRALTY Chart Availability List
The Chart Availability List (CAL) contains useful information relating to Standard Nautical Charts and Thematic Charts within the ADMIRALTY series.
[40]
UK Admiralty nautical chart series - British Oceanographic Data Centre
Jan 15, 2010 · Since 1978 all charts on 1:50,000 and larger have been produced on Transverse Mercator projection. Prior to 1978 larger scale charts were on a ...Missing: standards | Show results with:standards
[41]
ADMIRALTY Reference and Plotting Charts
A series of 20 charts at scales 1:250,000 and 1,000,000. They use mercator and stereographic projection and are useful in plotting great circle routes derived ...Missing: transverse polar
[42]
ADMIRALTY Tide Tables (NP201-208)
ADMIRALTY Tide Tables provide tidal times, heights, and stream info for planning departure/arrival times, covering 500 standard and 5,700 secondary ports.Missing: Mercator transverse polar
[43]
Submit Hydrographic Notes - ADMIRALTY
Inform us of navigationally significant information including dangers and changes to navigation aids, via paper Hydrographic Notes or by using the ADMIRALTY ...Missing: errors | Show results with:errors
[44]
https://www.admiralty.co.uk/maritime-safety-information/hydrographic-notes
[45]
[PDF] international hydrographic organization regulations of the iho for ...
The IHO regulations include Part A for regulations, Part B for medium/large-scale chart specifications, and Part C for small-scale chart specifications.<|separator|>
[46]
https://saillavie.co.il/wp-content/uploads/securepdfs/2020/05/Chart-5011.pdf
[47]
UKHO UNITED KINGDOM HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE
The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO) is the leading supplier of official Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) allowed under SOLAS Regulations. At ...<|separator|>
[48]
ADMIRALTY Raster Chart Service
ARCS is an RNC service containing digital raster copies of official ADMIRALTY paper charts, conforming to the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) ...Missing: introduction 1996
[49]
[PDF] IHO TRANSFER STANDARD for DIGITAL HYDROGRAPHIC DATA
Nov 1, 2000 · S-57 Edition 3.1 was officially made available in November 2000. A ... The S-57 Standard (including the relevant product specifications) does.
[50]
S-57 Encoding Bulletins | IHO
... S-57 is the IHO standard for the exchange of digital hydrographic data. It has been used almost exclusively for encoding Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs).UOC clause 10.1.1... · ENC PS Clause 5.6 File... · UOC Clause 2.1.5.1 Seasonal...Missing: UKHO | Show results with:UKHO
[51]
UKHO to extend timetable for paper chart withdrawal - ADMIRALTY
Feb 2, 2023 · The UKHO extended the paper chart withdrawal beyond 2026 to at least 2030, due to user feedback and the need for more time to address those ...Missing: down hybrid
[52]
ADMIRALTY Vector Chart Service updates and support
ENC Update Status ; ENC-Update-List-WK46_25 Size 759.88 KB Filetype text/csv. 13 November 2025 ; ENC-Update-List-WK45_25 Size 758.55 KB Filetype text/csv. 11 ...