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After

After is a young adult romance novel series written by American author , consisting of five books that follow the tumultuous relationship between college freshman Tessa Young and brooding bad boy Hardin Scott. The series originated as a story on in 2013, inspired by the band , where it amassed over two billion reads, making it one of the platform's most popular series. Originally self-published under the pen name Imaginator1D, the first book, After, was acquired by Gallery Books in a mid-six-figure deal and released in 2014, quickly becoming a New York Times bestseller. The narrative centers on Tessa's transition from a sheltered life to the complexities of independence and at Washington Central University, where her encounter with Hardin challenges her preconceptions and leads to an intense, often toxic romance marked by passion, conflict, and personal growth. Subsequent installments— (2014), (2015), (2015), and the Before (2015)—expand on their evolving dynamic, incorporating themes of redemption, family secrets, and emotional turmoil, with the later books alternating perspectives between and Hardin. The series has sold more than 15 million copies worldwide and been translated into over 35 languages, establishing Todd as a prominent figure in literature. In 2019, the series was adapted into a film franchise by Voltage Pictures, beginning with After, directed by Jenny Gage and starring Josephine Langford as Tessa and Hero Fiennes Tiffin as Hardin. The movies, which include After We Collided (2020), After We Fell (2021), After Ever Happy (2022), and the spin-off After Everything (2023), have collectively grossed over $141 million at the worldwide box office despite modest budgets and mixed critical reception, appealing strongly to young adult audiences through streaming platforms like Netflix. A sixth film, After: Next Generation, focusing on the next generation of characters, is scheduled for release in 2025.

Literature

Novels and series

The After series by Anna Todd is a young adult romance franchise that originated as a One Direction fanfiction serialized on Wattpad under the username Imaginator1D, gaining over 800 million reads online at the time of acquisition and over 2 billion reads total. The first novel, After, was published in October 2014 by Gallery Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster, following a mid-six-figure deal that highlighted the rising influence of digital self-publishing platforms on mainstream literature. Subsequent volumes expanded the narrative, including After We Collided (November 2014), After We Fell (December 2014), After Ever Happy (February 2015), and the prequel Before (December 2015), forming a five-book arc centered on the evolving relationship between protagonists Tessa Young and Hardin Scott. In the debut After, college freshman Tessa Young, a studious and sheltered young woman in a stable relationship, encounters the enigmatic and rebellious Hardin Scott, whose piercings, tattoos, and antisocial demeanor initially repel her but soon ignite an intense attraction that disrupts her orderly life. As their romance deepens amid conflicts involving family secrets and personal insecurities, the sequels trace the couple's turbulent journey through breakups, reconciliations, and external pressures, culminating in Before which explores Hardin's backstory. The series has been translated into 35 languages and adapted into a franchise beginning with After in 2019. As of , series had sold over 12 million copies worldwide, establishing as a and underscoring the commercial viability of fanfiction-derived works in the romance genre. It delves into themes of toxic relationships, emotional dependency, and personal growth, with Hardin and Tessa's dynamic often portraying cycles of jealousy, manipulation, and redemption that have sparked discussions on the romanticization of unhealthy partnerships in fiction. Francine Prose's After, published in 2003 by , is a that examines the psychological toll of in a high setting following a distant . The story follows narrator , a popular senior at Central High, where administrators impose extreme security measures—including quarantines, surveillance, loyalty oaths, and mandatory counseling—transforming the school into a dystopian of and . Through Tom's perspective, the narrative explores isolation, the erosion of , and societal breakdown as students grapple with grief, suppressed individuality, and the blurred line between protection and oppression. The book received a nomination for the 2003 in the category.

Poems and short fiction

The motif of "after" in 20th-century poems and short fiction frequently captures the lingering echoes of , , and , serving as a for exploring recovery amid personal or collective crises such as wars and emotional upheavals. This thematic device gained prominence after , evolving through modernist introspection to address postwar disillusionment and the psychological aftermath of global conflicts, as seen in works that prioritize concise forms to distill complex emotional states. Authors used "after" to signify not just temporal sequence but , distinguishing these shorter pieces from extended narratives by emphasizing poetic compression and introspective revelation. Cecil Day-Lewis's poem "After the Storm," included in his 1943 collection Word Over All, exemplifies this motif through its depiction of post-storm tranquility mirroring human grief and yearning for oblivion. The speaker observes clouds drifting across a after the wind subsides, evoking a "wild ache" that parallels the emotional desolation influenced by , while drawing on Day-Lewis's earlier modernist reflections on time's passage and loss shaped by post-World War I sensibilities. Published amid wartime , the poem integrates natural imagery with personal lament, highlighting grief's persistent undercurrent in . In short fiction, O. Henry's "" (1906), first published in The World of New York, employs the title to probe the irreversible consequences of time and moral divergence following separation. The story centers on a long-awaited reunion between two childhood friends in a rainy street, where one has become a criminal and the other a policeman, underscoring themes of tested by life's aftermath in an urban, prewar American context. Its twist ending amplifies the motif's focus on and the weight of past choices, a hallmark of O. Henry's psychological brevity. Derek Walcott's "Love After Love," from his 1976 collection Sea Grapes, reinterprets the as a to self-renewal following romantic or existential rupture, resonant with postcolonial and personal crises. The poem invites the reader to "feast on your life" by confronting their own image in the mirror, using imperative language to evoke and wholeness after loss, themes amplified by Walcott's background amid historical upheavals. This surreal yet affirmative piece contrasts earlier grief-oriented works, signaling a mid- to late-20th-century shift toward in the aftermath.

Music

Songs

"After" is an track by American musician , released on his 2011 album Destroyed. Featuring ambient sounds and minimalistic production, the song's center on themes of lost time and personal stagnation, with repeating lines such as "Oh when you had the time to give / Oh when I had a life to live / But my mind was slow," evoking reflection on life's unfulfilled aftermath. The track contributed to the album's ambient and experimental style, which peaked at No. 35 on the , though the song itself was not released as a major single. In the pop-rock genre, "After All..." by Swedish band appears on their 1994 debut album . This delves into post-relationship emotional turmoil and recovery, with lead vocalist Nina Persson's delivery emphasizing lines like "After all you were perfectly right / But I'm scaring close to insanity," symbolizing the disorientation following a . The album achieved gold certification in for sales exceeding 20,000 copies, underscoring the band's early domestic success. "After A Few" by country artist , issued as a in 2019, offers a reflective take on fleeting romantic connections aided by . The indie-influenced country track uses the word "after" to highlight transience in relationships, with portraying after a few drinks, and it reached the Top 10 on the chart. Denning's performance has been praised for its emotional authenticity in reviews through 2025. These tracks illustrate genre diversity—electronic/experimental in Moby's work, pop-rock in The Cardigans', and indie-country in Denning's—along with varied chart impacts and enduring critical appreciation for their thematic depth on transience and aftermath up to 2025. The songs appear on their respective albums, detailed further in the Albums and EPs section.

Albums and EPs

"After Laughter" is the fifth studio album by the American rock band Paramore, released on May 12, 2017, via Fueled by Ramen. This pop-punk record marks a stylistic shift toward upbeat, '80s-inspired production following the band's hiatus after their 2013 self-titled album, with themes of anxiety, depression, and loss juxtaposed against bright, vibrant visuals and melodies. Produced primarily by Taylor York and Justin Meldal-Johnsen, it features 11 tracks, including the lead single "Hard Times," which highlights the album's contrast between cheerful instrumentation and introspective lyrics. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Alternative Albums chart and No. 6 on the Billboard 200, earning critical acclaim for its emotional depth and sonic evolution. It received Grammy nominations for Best Rock Album at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards. The "After EP" by the Los Angeles-based indie duo After, self-released on Bandcamp on April 4, 2025, embodies a DIY ethos with its lo-fi, atmospheric y2k-inspired trip-hop pop aesthetic focused on personal reinvention. Comprising five tracks—"300 Dreams," "Ever," "Lichen," "Obvious," and "Nothingmore"—the EP was produced, engineered, and mixed by Alex Craig, drawing from the duo's creative partnership formed via a dating app and rooted in nostalgic early-2000s sounds. Themes center on dreamlike introspection and emotional renewal, gaining niche traction on streaming platforms through its reverent yet fresh take on pop pastiche.

Film and television

Films

The After film franchise consists of American romantic drama features adapted from Anna Todd's bestselling young adult novels, centering on the tumultuous relationship between college freshman Tessa Young and brooding rebel Hardin Scott. The series explores themes of first love, personal growth, and relational conflict through intimate cinematography that captures emotional vulnerability and tension in everyday settings like dorm rooms and urban landscapes. Directed with a focus on visual intimacy to heighten dramatic stakes, the films blend steamy romance with escalating interpersonal drama, appealing primarily to a young adult audience via theatrical releases and streaming platforms. The inaugural film, After (2019), was directed by Jenny Gage and stars as the studious and as the enigmatic Hardin. The plot follows as she navigates her freshman year at , where a chance encounter with Hardin challenges her sheltered worldview and draws her into a passionate yet volatile romance marked by secrets and emotional turmoil. Produced on a $14 million budget, it grossed $69.5 million worldwide, achieving profitability through strong international performance in markets like and . The film's visual style emphasizes shots and soft lighting to underscore the characters' internal conflicts and budding attraction. The franchise continued with three sequels that deepen the central couple's relational dynamics amid betrayals, family revelations, and personal reckonings. (2020), directed by and retaining Langford and Fiennes Tiffin in lead roles, picks up immediately after the first film, depicting and Hardin's attempts to reconcile following a breakup, complicated by workplace drama and lingering mistrust; it earned $48 million globally. (2021), helmed by , introduces family secrets that strain their bond further, with the pair facing external pressures from loved ones, grossing $21.8 million. (2022), also directed by Landon, escalates the narrative with shocking revelations about their pasts, leading to separations and reunions, and collected $19.2 million at the . The spin-off (2023), again under Landon's direction, shifts perspective to Hardin post-breakup as he travels to for self-discovery and redemption, starring Fiennes Tiffin alongside new cast members like Mimi Kirke, and grossed $10.6 million. Collectively, the five films have amassed approximately $169 million in worldwide theatrical earnings, demonstrating sustained fan interest despite pandemic-era releases. In October 2024, a sixth installment, After: Next Generation, was officially announced for a 2025 release (as of November 2025), focusing on the next generation of characters including the children of and Hardin, while incorporating cameos from the original leads to bridge the storyline. Directed by , the film builds on the franchise's established fanbase by exploring inherited relational patterns and entanglements among younger protagonists. details remain forthcoming, but it promises to extend the series' visual emphasis on emotional realism through contemporary settings. Critically, the series has faced backlash for romanticizing toxic dynamics, including emotional manipulation and in and Hardin's relationship.)

Other uses

Terminology and

In , the term "after" is used in inscriptions and titles to indicate that a work is a copy, , or inspired by an original , distinguishing it from the primary creation while acknowledging its . This convention became widespread in and from the 16th century onward, particularly during the when reproductive prints emulated masters like Dürer or to disseminate their styles; for instance, Hendrick Goltzius's engravings after artists in the 1590s explicitly bore such notations to credit the originator. Such usages highlight the collaborative nature of artistic production in , where engravers often worked directly from drawings or paintings by others. In nautical terminology, "after" denotes positions or directions toward the (rear) of a , synonymous with "" and contrasting with "forward" or "before." This usage has been standard in sailing and since at least the , appearing in and diagrams to describe elements like the after hatchway or after-sails, which are located near the ship's hindmost part. For example, in historical ship designs, the after part encompassed critical structures such as the steering mechanisms, emphasizing spatial orientation for safe . As a linguistic preposition in English, "after" primarily conveys in time or , meaning "following" or "subsequent to," as in the phrase "after dinner." Its traces to æfter, derived from Proto-Germanic aftarō, denoting "behind" or "later," and it has retained this temporal sense through into modern usage, governing grammatical structures like prepositional s without implying . This core function avoids overlap with nominal or adjectival forms, focusing instead on relational positioning in sentences. In postmodern art critiques, "after Duchamp" refers to movements and theoretical frameworks that build on Marcel Duchamp's readymades, challenging traditional notions of authorship, , and from the mid-20th century onward. Influential analyses, such as Thierry de Duve's Kant after Duchamp (1996), reinterpret Kantian through Duchamp's legacy, arguing that post-Duchamp prioritizes conceptual indeterminacy over formal beauty, impacting and appropriation practices in the 1960s–1990s. Joseph Kosuth's 1969 essay "Art After Philosophy" exemplifies this shift, asserting that "all (after Duchamp) is conceptual in nature because only exists conceptually," influencing critiques of modernism's emphasis on medium specificity. These discussions underscore Duchamp's role in fostering postmodern pluralism, where 's value derives from institutional and interpretive contexts rather than intrinsic qualities.

Video games and interactive media

After... is a adult () developed by Ciel and released on June 27, 2003, for Windows PCs via and DVD-ROM editions. The narrative centers on a group of high school students on a hiking trip in the who become trapped in an following a massive , shifting from everyday school life to intense survival challenges in a post-disaster . Gameplay incorporates elements, allowing players to pursue romantic routes with female characters amid , , and themes of profound loss, human bonds, and tentative societal rebuilding. In the mobile gaming space, After Inc., developed by Ndemic Creations and launched on November 26, 2024, for and , exemplifies survival simulations set in procedural post-apocalyptic worlds. Players lead human survivors emerging decades after a devastating , building settlements, exploring overgrown ruins for resources, and managing threats like mutated creatures through strategic city-building and light mechanics. A PC version, titled After Inc: , was released on on June 17, 2025. By late 2025, the game had garnered over 1 million downloads on . Other titled After emphasize player agency in narrative-driven digital environments. AFTER, an exploration-survival title released in 2021 on by an independent developer with music by Brian , places the player alone in a vast, depopulated urban cityscape, focusing on scavenging, puzzle-solving, and atmospheric immersion to uncover the aftermath of an unspecified cataclysm. Similarly, After Us (2023), developed by Piccolo Studio and published by for consoles and PC, features a young female spirit navigating a vibrant yet ruined post-human , using fluid platforming, combat, and choice-based interactions to commune with animal spirits and shape stories. These works highlight eroge-influenced branching narratives from early visual novels alongside modern mobile-driven proceduralism, fostering user-led tales of consequence and renewal in interactive formats.

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