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Single

Single may refer to a person who is unmarried or not in a , a type of media release such as in music or , a concept in sports or games, a term in science and technology, or various other uses. For specific meanings, see the following sections:
  • Personal status
  • Arts, entertainment, and media
  • Sports
  • Science and technology
  • Transportation
  • Business and economics

Personal status

Marital status

In the context of personal relationships and legal marital conditions, the term "single" refers to an who is not currently legally married. This encompasses those who have never been married, as well as individuals who are divorced or widowed but have not remarried. The definition emphasizes the absence of a legally recognized spousal , distinguishing it from or common-law partnerships that may not confer equivalent in many jurisdictions. Historically, single status evolved significantly from feudal eras, where marriages were primarily arranged for economic alliances, property transfer, and social stability, often leaving little societal space for prolonged singledom beyond widowhood or clerical vows. By the early , industrialization, , and movements began shifting toward personal choice and companionship, reducing its economic imperatives and allowing greater acceptance of delayed or voluntary . This trend accelerated post-1970s with declining marriage rates—reaching historic lows in the U.S. by the —driven by factors like increased female workforce participation, higher education levels, and changing norms around . Culturally, acceptance of single status varies, with areas generally exhibiting higher due to diverse lifestyles and greater compared to rural settings, where traditional family expectations often prevail. In the U.S., approximately 42% of adults were unpartnered as of 2023, reflecting a growing of singledom, particularly among younger cohorts in metropolitan regions. Single are more concentrated in urban cores (around 31% of the ) than rural areas (14%), correlating with attitudes toward non-marital living. Legally, single status influences taxation and in the U.S., where unmarried individuals file taxes as "single," qualifying for a of $15,000 in 2025 but lacking the higher thresholds and credits available to married filing jointly couples. For , there is no , but estate taxes apply to transfers exceeding $13.99 million per individual in 2025; singles do not benefit from the unlimited marital deduction that spouses receive, potentially increasing tax liability on bequeathed assets. In intestate succession—when no will exists— passes to like parents or siblings rather than partners, underscoring the need for singles to draft wills to direct assets.

Family structure

A single-person household consists of an individual living alone without any other family members or cohabitants. In the United States, these households accounted for 29% of all occupied s in 2023, marking a significant increase from 7.7% in 1940, driven by factors such as aging populations, , and changing social norms. Projections indicate continued growth, with single-person households contributing 44% of U.S. household expansion between 2010 and 2020, and expected to rise further due to ongoing demographic shifts. Single-parent families are households headed by one parent raising dependent children, often resulting from , of a , or choice to parent solo without . These families face notable challenges, including economic strain, with single mothers in the U.S. experiencing a poverty rate of 32.2% in 2023, exacerbated by lower earnings and higher childcare costs compared to two-parent households. Support systems have evolved to mitigate these issues; in the U.S., the program, enacted in 1975 as part of the Social Security Amendments, mandates financial contributions from noncustodial parents to reduce and ensure . Demographic trends show a global rise in single-parent families, with approximately 6.8% of children worldwide living in such households as of recent estimates, influenced by delayed ages and declining rates that have fallen below 2.5 children per globally. In the U.S., delayed has contributed to fertility declines, with the dropping to 1.60 births per in 2024, below replacement levels, leading to more nonmarital births and single-parent arrangements. Research on the psychological impacts of single-parent families highlights both risks and in children. Studies from the , including E. Mavis Hetherington's Virginia Longitudinal Study, found that while children initially experience distress from parental —such as emotional adjustment difficulties—about 75% demonstrate and adapt well over time, particularly with supportive and stable environments. This is attributed to like strong parent-child bonds and access to community resources, countering long-term negative outcomes in a majority of cases.

Arts, entertainment, and media

Music

In , a single is a short audio recording, typically containing one to three tracks, designed primarily for promotional purposes and radio . This originated in the late 1890s with the advent of gramophone records, which were flat discs capable of holding about four minutes of sound per side, allowing for the distribution of individual songs or performances. Early gramophone discs, introduced by Emile Berliner, marked the shift from wax cylinders to more durable and reproducible media, establishing the single as a core unit of music consumption. The single format evolved significantly through the , beginning with shellac discs that dominated from the onward due to their ability to capture higher-fidelity sound for the era, though they were fragile and limited to roughly three to four minutes per side. In 1949, RCA Victor introduced the vinyl single, a smaller 7-inch disc that offered improved durability, longer playtime of about four minutes, and vibrant colored labels to appeal to teenagers, quickly becoming the standard for pop and releases. By the , cassette tapes gained prominence as a portable format for music, with cassette singles (or "cassingles") emerging in the early to capitalize on the medium's affordability and ease of use in personal stereos. The also saw the rise of CD singles, which provided superior audio quality and included extras like remixes, debuting commercially around 1985 and peaking in popularity by the late decade. The transition to digital occurred post-2000, with Apple's launching on April 28, 2003, enabling the sale of individual tracks for 99 cents, revolutionizing access and boosting single sales amid declining . Commercially, singles have played a pivotal role in the music industry, often serving as entry points to drive album sales and chart performance. The , launched on August 4, 1958, tracks the most popular singles in the United States based on sales, radio airplay, and streaming, providing a key metric for success. Certifications by the (RIAA), established in 1958, originally awarded Gold status to singles for 1 million units shipped, highlighting commercial benchmarks like "" by , released in 1968 as a 7-inch single running 7:11—the longest to top the UK charts at the time—and certified Gold for its massive sales.

Film and television

In film and television production, the refers to a where one primary camera captures each sequentially, contrasting with multi-camera methods that record multiple angles simultaneously for efficiency. This approach originated in the during the early development of , establishing itself as the foundational mode for due to its emphasis on controlled, cinematic visuals. In television, multi-camera setups dominated early broadcasts and 1950s sitcoms like for their speed in front of live audiences, but single-camera production became prevalent in modern dramas and comedies for its artistic versatility. For instance, (1994–2004) utilized a multi-camera format to capture ensemble interactions in a studio, while (2005–2013) adopted single-camera filming to simulate a documentary style with handheld mobility and natural performances. Single-camera production offers key advantages, such as greater flexibility for on-location shooting, dynamic camera movements, and precise lighting adjustments per shot, enabling more immersive and realistic . However, it typically demands longer production schedules—often requiring multiple takes for coverage—and increases costs, including extended to assemble disparate angles into cohesive scenes. The concept of single films encompasses standalone motion pictures that exist independently, without ties to sequels, prequels, or broader franchises, prioritizing original narratives over serialized universes. (1942), directed by , exemplifies this format as a self-contained romantic drama set during , celebrated for its tight plotting and iconic performances by and . In recent market trends, standalone films comprised approximately 58% of wide theatrical releases in 2024, underscoring their enduring role in the industry despite franchises capturing the majority of box office revenue. In television, single episodes function as discrete, self-contained stories within , allowing viewers to engage without prior context. , created by and debuting on in 2011 before moving to , pioneered this structure in the digital age, with each installment presenting a unique, technology-driven tale unconnected to others. This format facilitates thematic exploration and high-concept premises, as seen in episodes like "Nosedive" (2016), which critiques without relying on overarching arcs.

Sports

Baseball

In baseball, a , also known as a one-base , is credited to a batter who hits a into play and safely reaches without the assistance of an , a , or other baserunners advancing. This occurs when the ball lands in and is not caught, allowing the batter to beat the throw to or the play to unfold without defensive miscues. Per MLB Official Rule 9.05(a), the official awards a base if the batter reaches safely on a that settles on the ground in before being touched by a fielder, provided no enables the advance. Singles have been a cornerstone of statistics throughout the sport's history, with legendary players accumulating thousands over their careers. , playing primarily in the 1920s and 1930s, tallied 1,517 singles as part of his 2,873 total hits during his MLB tenure from 1914 to 1935. In the modern era, contact hitters like stand out, with 2,514 singles contributing to his MLB-record 3,089 hits from 2001 to 2019. These figures highlight singles as the most common type of hit, often reflecting a player's ability to make consistent contact rather than power. Strategically, singles play a key role in manufacturing runs by advancing baserunners one base, setting up opportunities for doubles, sacrifices, or stolen bases, in contrast to home runs that clear the bases instantly. They emphasize small-ball tactics in low-scoring games, where consistent base-reaching builds pressure on defenses. In , MLB's league-wide stood at .248, with singles forming the bulk of those hits and underscoring their prevalence in an era favoring power over . A notable variant is the infield single, where a ground ball hit to the infield is fielded but the batter reaches first safely, typically due to exceptional speed or a . These hits reward athleticism and quickness, often seen from speedsters like Ichiro, who turned infield grounders into singles at an elite rate. Infield singles represent a small but tactically important portion of all despite defensive shifts.

Other sports

In , singles refers to a format where one player competes against another on opposite sides of the net, contrasting with doubles, which involves two players per side and utilizes a wider measuring 36 feet across the doubles sidelines. This one-versus-one structure emphasizes individual endurance, strategy, and coverage of the full 27-foot-wide singles court, demanding greater physical as players must independently defend the entire playing area without support. The format has deep roots in Grand Slam , with the inaugural in 1877 featuring only the Gentlemen's Singles event, won by Spencer Gore in a final against William Marshall. Women's Singles was introduced in 1884, solidifying singles as a cornerstone of professional tennis alongside emerging doubles competitions. In , particularly ten-pin variants, "singles" denotes individual player competitions or single-game formats within leagues, distinct from doubles or team events where scores aggregate across multiple participants. Single-pin scenarios often arise in shooting, where a bowler must precisely knock down an isolated remaining pin, such as the 7 or 10, testing accuracy and adjustment to lane conditions. The (PBA), founded in 1958, has promoted singles-style events through its tour since the inaugural 1959 season, beginning with the Empire State Open won by Lou Campi, establishing a professional framework for solo performances across tournaments. Cycling incorporates "single" elements through individual time trials (ITTs), where riders compete alone on a fixed course, starting at staggered intervals without assistance from others. In the , ITTs represent solo efforts amid multi-stage races, such as the 33 km flat trial in the 2025 edition or shorter uphill variants like the 11 km climb to Peyragudes, rewarding specialized and power output in isolation. These single-rider formats highlight personal pacing and equipment optimization, often deciding standings. Post-2020, participation in singles-focused sports like surged due to social distancing measures during the , enabling safe, low-contact individual play. U.S. tennis participation rose 22% in 2020, adding approximately 4 million players and prompting investments like the USTA's $10 million initiative to expand court access for solo formats. This trend, with over 8% further growth into 2024, underscored singles' appeal for independent recreation amid restrictions on group activities.

Science and technology

Computing and mathematics

In , single refers to a 32-bit floating-point format defined by the standard, which allocates 1 bit for the sign, 8 bits for the exponent, and 23 bits for the . This format provides an approximate range from 1.18 × 10^{-38} to 3.4 × 10^{38} for normalized numbers, offering about 7 digits of . Single is widely used in graphics processing due to its balance of computational speed and sufficient accuracy for rendering tasks, such as and vertex transformations in GPUs. In data structures, a single-linked list (or singly linked list) consists of nodes where each node contains data and a single pointer to the next node in the sequence, enabling dynamic memory allocation without fixed size constraints. Accessing an element at a specific index in a single-linked list requires O(n) time complexity in the worst case, as traversal must start from the head and follow pointers sequentially. In , a single- , also known as a of one , maps each input value from a to exactly one output value, denoted as f(x) where x is the independent . For example, a f(x) = ax + b represents a straight line, and solving the equation ax + b = 0 for x yields the x = -b/a, illustrating basic operations in single-variable algebra. The evolution of processor architecture highlights the historical dominance of single-core designs, which prevailed in personal computing from the through the early by increasing clock speeds to achieve performance gains. This era ended around 2005 due to power and thermal limitations, prompting a shift to multi-core processors for parallelism, as exemplified by Intel's and AMD's releases.

Biology and chemistry

In biology, single-celled organisms, known as unicellular organisms, represent the simplest form of life, consisting of a single cell that performs all necessary functions for survival, growth, and reproduction. Bacteria such as Escherichia coli exemplify this category; E. coli is a gram-negative, rod-shaped prokaryote commonly found in the intestines of warm-blooded organisms, serving as a model organism due to its rapid reproduction and genetic tractability. These organisms dominate microbial ecosystems and predate more complex life forms, highlighting the evolutionary primacy of unicellularity. The transition to multicellularity, where cells cooperate in specialized groups, occurred as early as 1.56 billion years ago, as evidenced by ancient fossils of multicellular algae, with 2024 evidence indicating even earlier instances around 1.635 billion years ago, marking a pivotal shift that enabled greater complexity in eukaryotic lineages. In chemistry, a single covalent bond forms when two atoms share a single pair of electrons, creating a stable linkage through mutual attraction to the shared electron density. This bond type is fundamental in organic molecules, exemplified by the carbon-carbon single bond in ethane (C₂H₆), where each carbon atom contributes one electron to the pair, resulting in a bond length of approximately 1.54 Å and an average bond energy of about 348 kJ/mol. Such bonds provide structural integrity in hydrocarbons and biomolecules, allowing free rotation around the bond axis for flexibility in molecular conformations, unlike double or triple bonds which have restricted rotation due to pi bonds. Advancements in single-molecule imaging techniques have revolutionized the study of biological processes at the molecular scale. microscopy for single molecules was pioneered in the late and , with the first optical detection of a single in a condensed phase achieved by W. E. Moerner and Lothar Kador in 1989 using frequency-modulation spectroscopy on pentacene in p-terphenyl. By the mid-, this approach was applied to studies, such as molecular combing, enabling visualization of individual DNA strands and their interactions, which provided insights into replication and transcription dynamics at unprecedented resolution. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) illustrate key applications of single-unit variations in , representing single base substitutions in sequences that occur approximately once every 1,000 nucleotides in the . These variations contribute to and phenotypic differences; for instance, SNPs in the and OCA2 genes on , particularly rs12913832, strongly influence by regulating production in the , with the ancestral promoting brown eyes and the derived associated with blue. Such SNPs have enabled genome-wide association studies to link genetic markers to traits, advancing fields like .

Transportation

Rail and roads

Single-track rail lines, consisting of a single set of rails used for bidirectional traffic, rely on passing loops or sidings to allow oncoming trains to bypass each other safely. The , opened in 1825 as the world's first public steam-powered railway, employed this configuration over its 25-mile (40 km) route, using rails supported by square oak or stone sleepers. This design enabled efficient coal transport from mines to ports but required careful scheduling to avoid conflicts, a principle that persists in modern implementations. In the United States, single-track segments form a substantial part of the freight network, particularly on secondary lines where traffic volumes are lower, allowing cost savings in and compared to double-track alternatives. These lines support essential freight movement, accounting for a key share of the nation's 140,000 miles of infrastructure dedicated to goods transport. However, remains a primary challenge; simulations indicate that single-track freight lines typically handle up to 36 s per day before congestion, roughly half the 64 trains per day feasible on double-track equivalents, due to delays from train meetings at sidings. Single-lane , often found in rural or undeveloped areas, feature a single narrow for bidirectional vehicle travel, necessitating drivers to pull over or to oncoming at designated passing places. These pose significant risks, including head-on collisions, a notable cause of rural fatalities that often occur on undivided roadways like single-lane paths, exacerbated by limited , sharp curves, and maneuvers. Between 2016 and 2020, rural , including single-lane variants, were the site of over 85,000 U.S. deaths according to a 2022 GHSA , highlighting their disproportionate danger relative to urban areas. Regulatory standards address these hazards; in the , the absolute minimum width for a single on such roads is 3.0 meters, with a desirable range of 3.25–3.50 meters to accommodate safe passage and reduce collision risks, as outlined in safety guidelines for street works and rural infrastructure. Despite these measures, single- roads continue to challenge capacity and safety, often limiting speeds and requiring enhanced signage or barriers to mitigate head-on impacts.

Vehicles

In vehicle design, the term "single" often refers to configurations with a single deck or level for passenger transport or a single or for , prioritizing simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and operational efficiency over higher capacity or power outputs. Single-decker buses and single-level trains, for instance, feature one passenger level, contrasting with double-decker buses or bi-level rail cars that stack two levels to increase seating within the same footprint. Similarly, single- setups dominate automobiles, while single- engines are prevalent in motorcycles, offering straightforward at the expense of smoother performance. Single-decker buses constitute the largest segment of the global bus market, driven by their versatility in urban and suburban settings where maneuverability and efficiency are paramount. In 2023, they accounted for the majority of bus sales worldwide, far outpacing double-deckers, which are more niche due to height restrictions in many cities. For example, in urban transit fleets like those in Norwich, UK, single-deckers cost approximately £350,000 each, about 30% less than comparable double-deckers at £500,000, owing to simpler construction and lower material requirements. They also exhibit better stability from a lower center of gravity, reducing rollover risks in sharp turns compared to double-deckers, which require additional engineering for balance. Operationally, single-deckers consume less fuel and incur lower maintenance costs, making them ideal for high-frequency routes with frequent stops. Single-level trains follow a similar principle, with configurations that avoid the added complexity of bi-level designs, resulting in reduced manufacturing and upkeep expenses. These trains are particularly advantageous in networks with tight clearance limits or where rapid boarding is essential, as they eliminate the need for onboard elevators, simplifying and cutting long-term costs. A lower profile enhances stability during high-speed travel or on uneven tracks, minimizing and improving passenger comfort without the weight penalties of multi-level structures. In automobiles, single-engine configurations are the standard, powering over 99% of production vehicles for their balance of reliability and economy, in contrast to rare dual-engine setups in specialized performance cars like certain kit vehicles. Historically, early s exemplified this simplicity; the 1903 runabout featured a 4-horsepower , enabling affordable mass mobility before multi-cylinder designs prevailed for smoother operation. Motorcycle single-cylinder engines, often called "thumpers" for their distinctive sound, emphasize lightweight construction and low-end , making them suitable for off-road and entry-level riding. The 2024 450, for instance, uses a 452cc liquid-cooled producing 40 horsepower, ideal for adventure touring with its robust low-rev power delivery. These engines are 20-30% cheaper to produce and maintain than multi-cylinder alternatives due to fewer components, though they transmit more to the rider, which can fatigue during extended highway use.

Business and economics

Accounting

Single-entry bookkeeping is a fundamental method of financial record-keeping that involves recording only one aspect of each transaction, such as income received or expenses paid, without documenting the dual effects required in more advanced systems. This approach, often maintained in a simple book or , focuses on tracking flows and is particularly suited to small-scale operations like proprietorships or micro-businesses with minimal transaction volume. Its origins trace back to ancient civilizations for basic record-keeping, but in the European context, it was widely practiced by merchants in medieval during the , predating the development of double-entry methods. In contrast to , which ensures every transaction affects at least two accounts to maintain an (assets = liabilities + ), single-entry omits these balancing entries, providing no inherent mechanism for error detection or . This simplicity reduces the time and expertise needed for maintenance, making it ideal for proprietors who handle their own records without assistance. For example, if a sells for $100 in cash, the entry would simply note "+$100 " in the column, ignoring the corresponding increase in cash assets. Such systems are commonly used by very small businesses, including freelancers and startups with uncomplicated finances, as they require minimal training and tools. Despite its ease of use, has notable limitations that restrict its applicability for growing enterprises. It is prone to errors because discrepancies, such as omitted or duplicated entries, cannot be easily identified without manual cross-checks, potentially leading to inaccurate financial overviews. Additionally, it does not support the direct generation of key like profit and loss reports or balance sheets, requiring supplementary calculations or conversions to double-entry format for compliance with tax authorities or investors. As a result, businesses often transition to double-entry as operations expand to ensure reliability and scalability in accounting practices.

Market structures

In , a single-seller market, known as a , arises when one firm dominates the supply of a product or service with no close substitutes, enabling it to set prices above and restrict output to maximize profits. A historical example is in the , which controlled up to 90% of U.S. oil refining through aggressive acquisitions and , wielding substantial price-setting power until its dissolution in 1911. Monopolies contrast sharply with perfect competition, where numerous firms produce identical products at price equal to marginal cost, achieving allocative efficiency with zero deadweight loss. In a monopoly, the firm produces a lower quantity than the socially optimal level, leading to deadweight loss—the net loss of economic surplus to society—quantified as the area of a triangle in graphical analysis: \frac{1}{2} \times (base, or difference between competitive and monopoly quantities) \times (height, or difference between monopoly price and marginal cost). This inefficiency arises because the monopolist equates marginal revenue (which slopes downward steeper than demand) to marginal cost, forgoing trades that would benefit consumers and society. Single-market economies promote integration by eliminating internal barriers to trade and movement, fostering efficiency across borders. The , established on January 1, 1993, following the of 1986, removed tariffs, quotas, and many non-tariff barriers among EU member states, enabling seamless flow of goods, services, capital, and labor. Complementing this, the introduced a single currency on January 1, 1999, initially for electronic transactions among 11 countries, which reduced volatility and transaction costs, further unifying the market and boosting intra-euro area trade by an estimated 5 to 10 percent. To curb monopolistic abuses, governments enact antitrust regulations that promote and dismantle single-seller dominance. The of 1890, the foundational U.S. law against monopolies, prohibits contracts, combinations, or conspiracies in and bans attempts to monopolize, leading to the breakup of entities like and imposing penalties up to $100 million for corporations. Similar frameworks worldwide, such as the EU's Treaty on the Functioning of the (Articles 101-109), enforce rules against anti-competitive agreements and abuse of dominant positions, ensuring single markets remain dynamic rather than concentrated.

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