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Andvari

Andvari is a in , renowned for dwelling beneath a where he amasses a vast hoard of , including the Andvaranaut that multiplies wealth, and for cursing this after its forcible seizure by the god , thereby dooming successive owners to strife and death. In the mythological accounts, Andvari—whose name derives from meaning "the careful one"—is depicted as the son of the dwarf Oin (or Óinn). He himself possesses the ability to transform into a , a form that allows him to navigate and guard his submerged domain in the known as Andvari's Force. The tale involves Hreidmar, a powerful figure and father of Otr—who often shape-shifts into an —and underscores the dwarves' themes of craftsmanship, greed, and familial bonds in lore. The pivotal events involving Andvari unfold during a journey by the gods , Hoenir, and , who unwittingly slay Otr in his guise while he fishes. Taken to Hreidmar, the gods agree to pay a by filling Otr's skin with gold and covering it entirely, prompting to seek out Andvari's treasure. Using a net borrowed from the sea goddess , captures Andvari in his form at the and compels him to relinquish his entire hoard, even seizing the last ring Andvaranaut that Andvari attempts to conceal. In the , this confrontation is narrated as declaring, "What of all fishes swims strong in the but hath learnt little wit to beware?" to which Andvari responds, "Andvari folk call me, call Oinn my father, over many a force have I fared." Enraged by the theft, Andvari utters a dire upon the gold, proclaiming in the Poetic Edda's Reginsmál, "Now shall the gold that Gust once had bring their death to brothers twain, and evil be for heroes eight; joy of my wealth shall no man win." This , echoed in the as "That gold-ring, yea and all the gold withal, should be the bane of every man who should own it thereafter," ensures the treasure—known as the Ottergild—brings misfortune to all possessors. The curse manifests immediately when Hreidmar's sons Fafnir and quarrel over the hoard, leading Fafnir to slay his father and transform into a dragon to hoard it jealously. Andvari's narrative, central to the heroic legends of the Völsung cycle, exemplifies themes of fate, avarice, and the inescapable consequences of greed, influencing the downfall of gods like and heroes such as , who later slays Fafnir only to succumb to the curse's lingering effects. His story appears primarily in the (Chapter 14) and the (Reginsmál), with allusions in Snorri Sturluson's , establishing him as a catalyst for the mythic chain of events that culminates in the tragedy of the Nibelungs.

Identity and Attributes

Etymology

The name Andvari derives from andvari, pronounced approximately as [ˈɑndˌvɑːrɪ], and literally translates to "the careful one" or "cautious one," a meaning that underscores the figure's characterization as a vigilant of in tradition. Linguistically, andvari carries connotations of "gentle breeze" or "watchfulness, vigilance," potentially implying a sense of wariness toward natural elements like , as explored in studies of Old religious for . This dual semantic layer aligns with broader patterns in dwarf naming, where terms evoke caution or cunning, comparable to names like ("the delayer" or "lingerer," suggesting sly procrastination) or Alvíss ("all-wise," implying shrewd knowledge). Scholars propose possible links to Proto-Germanic roots, with the element -vari tracing to warjaną ("to guard" or "beware," from Proto-Indo-European wer-, "to perceive" or "watch"), emphasizing themes of parsimony and alertness that recur in Germanic mythological onomastics. The full form and- may relate to anda- ("breath" or "spirit"), evoking a subtle, elusive quality akin to a breeze, though exact reconstructions remain interpretive. The name's historical evolution is preserved in 13th-century medieval Icelandic manuscripts, with its earliest attestations appearing in the Poetic Edda (specifically Reginsmál) and the Völsunga Saga, where it consistently denotes the dwarf's role without significant orthographic variation from the standardized Old Norse form.

Habitat and Shapeshifting Ability

Andvari, a in , resided in a hidden beneath a known as Andvari's , a location teeming with fish that underscored his isolation and role as guardian of subterranean wealth. This aquatic habitat, often depicted as a rock or stone enclosure within the falls, reflected the typical dwarven association with underground realms such as rocks, earth, and caverns like Níðavellir. Such dwellings symbolized the dwarves' reclusive nature, dwelling in stones and underground plains as described in the . A defining feature of Andvari's abilities was his capacity to into a , allowing him to navigate and sustain himself in the by as a fish and feeding on the abundant aquatic life there. He had long dwelt in this piscine form, transforming at will to evade threats or procure food, a power tied to dwarven and their affinity for elements in mythological narratives. While some variants describe similar transformations into a , the primary accounts in the and Reginsmál consistently portray the as his chosen guise. As a , Andvari embodied broader traits common to his , including exceptional craftsmanship in magical artifacts, a profound for , and possession of otherworldly that set them apart from more ethereal elf-like beings. Dwarves like Andvari, whose name means "careful one," were renowned as master smiths creating divine treasures such as Thor's hammer and Odin's spear , often driven by avarice as seen in their guardianship of . Their wisdom, exemplified in sagas like Álvissmál, encompassed esoteric lore, reinforcing their status as cunning, subterranean artisans rather than the luminous, nature-bound elves.

The Treasure and Its Acquisition

The Hoard and Andvaranaut

Andvari, a renowned in for his wealth, amassed a vast hoard of and other treasures within the confines of a hidden , where he dwelt among the rushing waters. This accumulation, characteristic of dwarven craftsmanship, consisted primarily of finely wrought artifacts and precious items forged with the meticulous skill typical of dwarves, who were celebrated as master smiths in the mythological tradition. Central to this hoard was the known as Andvaranaut, meaning "Andvari's Gem" or "Andvari's precious possession," which Andvari himself had forged. The ring possessed the extraordinary power to generate additional each day, functioning similarly to the divine Draupnir by multiplying its owner's riches and ensuring an endless supply of wealth. This attribute made Andvaranaut a unparalleled artifact among dwarven treasures, symbolizing boundless prosperity through its generative magic. To safeguard his , Andvari employed his abilities, often assuming the form of a to blend with the waterfall's depths. Yet, the and its embodied a profound mythological duality: a source of immense prosperity that fueled avarice, while harboring the potential for peril unique to Andvari's narrative, distinguishing it from other dwarven accumulations in lore that lacked such multiplicative .

Loki's Theft

In , the events leading to Loki's theft of Andvari's treasure begin with an ill-fated journey undertaken by the gods , Hoenir, and . While traveling through the wilderness, the trio encountered a river where an was devouring a . Mistaking the creature for a common animal, hurled a stone at it, killing and skinning it on the spot. Seeking shelter, they arrived at the hall of Hreidmar, a wealthy and powerful and the father of three sons: , Fafnir, and . Upon seeing the otter skin, Hreidmar recognized it as his son , who often assumed that form, and in a rage, he seized the gods, binding them and demanding a steep wergild—or blood debt—for the killing. To satisfy the demand, Hreidmar required the gods to fill Ótr's flayed skin with red and cover it entirely, leaving no part exposed. Odin, Hoenir, and Loki swore oaths to fulfill this condition, after which Hreidmar released them but kept the skin as until the payment was delivered. Recognizing the need for an immense hoard, Odin directed Loki to procure the , placing the burden of resolution squarely on the god's shoulders. This underscored the accidental yet grave nature of the offense, drawing the major deities into a of obligation toward a lesser but formidable of beings. Loki's quest for the treasure led him first to the sea-goddess , wife of the sea giant , from whom he borrowed her —a tool she used to ensnare drowning sailors at sea. Armed with this invention, Loki proceeded to Andvari's waterfall, the dwelling of the Andvari, who had amassed a vast hoard through cunning and lived much of his time in the form of a to evade detection. Spreading the net across the falls, Loki lay in wait; when Andvari attempted to leap over it in his fish guise, he became entangled, allowing Loki to seize him forcefully. This calculated ambush highlighted Loki's resourcefulness and willingness to exploit borrowed tools and the 's shapeshifting habits. Confronting the captured Andvari, Loki demanded his entire hoard as ransom for his life, threatening if he refused. The , initially resistant, reluctantly led Loki to his hidden rock dwelling and surrendered the , piece by piece, until the pile seemed sufficient. However, Loki noticed the weight fell short of what was needed to cover Ótr's skin fully and insisted on every last item. Andvari attempted to conceal a single ring—later known as Andvaranaut, which possessed the ability to multiply wealth for its owner—but Loki detected the deception and wrested it away, leaving the destitute. This exemplified divine exploitation, as Loki's relentless coercion stripped Andvari not only of his fortune but of his means of future prosperity, reducing a shrewd guardian of treasure to desperation.

The Curse and Its Consequences

Imposition of the Curse

In the , Andvari, having been captured by and compelled to surrender his entire hoard of gold—including the multiplying Andvaranaut—declares a malediction upon the treasure as Loki departs with it. Enraged at the loss of his carefully guarded wealth, the pronounces that the ring "should be the ruin of every one who should come into possession of it," thereby infusing the item with a prophetic force of destruction aimed at all future owners. This curse stems from Andvari's transformation from a vigilant guardian of subterranean riches to a vengeful figure, his "careful" nature—reflected in his name, meaning "cautious" or "sparing"—now channeled into retribution against the gods who despoiled him. The presents a similar imposition, where Andvari, after yielding his gold to , retreats into a rock crevice and cries out that the gold-ring, along with the entire hoard, "should be the of every man who should own it thereafter," binding it with inevitable misfortune and strife. This declaration underscores Andvari's intent to ensure endless and woe, prophesying for possessors and marking the as an instrument of doom rather than prosperity. The dwarf's rage is immediate and personal, triggered by the forcible extraction of his livelihood-sustaining assets, shifting his role from hoarder to harbinger of calamity. In the ’s Reginsmál, the curse takes poetic form in a attributed to Andvari, foretelling that "shall bring their death to brothers twain, / And evil be for heroes eight; / Joy of my wealth shall no man win," emphasizing among kin and the denial of any lasting benefit from the . This wording highlights the curse's broad scope of destruction and misfortune, intended to perpetuate across generations as for the . Andvari's malediction thus originates as a direct counter to the gods' greed, embedding prophetic within the very essence of the treasure.

Impact on Gods and Heroes

The cursed hoard immediately incited strife among Hreidmar's sons, with Fafnir slaying his father to claim the treasure and then transforming into a to hoard it jealously, while Regin fled and later sought vengeance through a . This familial fulfilled the early stages of Andvari's malediction, as the gold's allure corrupted even close kin, setting a pattern of violence that extended beyond the initial possessors. The curse's reach deepened into heroic narratives when , urged by , slew the dragon Fafnir and claimed the ring Andvaranaut along with the hoard, unwittingly perpetuating the cycle of doom. 's possession of the ring fueled deception and tragedy: after his marriage to , revelations of his past with Brynhild incited her jealousy, prompting 's brothers and Hogni to orchestrate 's murder by their half-brother while he slept. Brynhild, overcome by grief, subsequently immolated herself on 's funeral pyre. The treasure passed to , who concealed it in a (or the in saga variants) to thwart Atli's demands, leading to 's torture and death alongside Hogni; in the saga, the gold is ultimately cast into the . Thematically, Andvari's curse embodies the inescapability of , ensnaring figures from divine intermediaries like —who facilitated the hoard's transfer—to mortal heroes across generations, decimating lineages such as the Völsungs and Gjúkings through intertwined motifs of avarice, oath-breaking, and fate. This symbolism underscores how the ring and gold propagate destruction indiscriminately, blending personal ambition with inexorable destiny in legend.

Depictions in Literature

In the Eddas

In the , Andvari appears primarily in the poem Reginsmál, where his story serves as a foundational to the tale of the smith and the hero . The narrative begins with , , and traveling near a , where Loki kills an otter—unbeknownst to them, the shapeshifted form of Hreidmar's son Otr. Seeking ransom to appease Hreidmar, Loki captures Andvari, a who has long dwelt in the in the likeness of a , sustaining himself on fish. Andvari reveals his identity and laments that a Norn had shaped him to live in the waters, stripping him of his former life in the echoing halls of his kin. Under duress, Andvari yields his hoard of gold and the multiplying ring Andvaranaut, though he attempts to conceal the ring; Loki seizes it nonetheless. In a prophetic , Andvari curses the , declaring that it will bring death to Hreidmar's two sons ( and ) and woe to eight further princes, emphasizing the inexorable doom tied to its possession through stark, rhythmic dialogue that underscores themes of fate and betrayal. This poetic account, preserved in the manuscript from around 1270, prioritizes dramatic exchanges and oracular warnings over linear exposition, framing Andvari as a tragic figure ensnared by decree. The , compiled by in the early 13th century, recounts Andvari's myth in greater narrative detail within , chapters 39 and 48, as an exemplum of dwarf lore and the origins of poetic kennings related to and treasure. Here, the sequence mirrors the : , , and slay Otr during their journey, leading to Hreidmar's demand for sufficient to fill and cover the otter's skin. then ventures to the world of the dark elves to procure the ransom from Andvari, who dwells in a and shapeshifts into a . catches him with his hands and extracts the entire hoard, including the Andvaranaut, which multiplies but now bears a curse of ruin for all who possess it. Snorri's prosaic version elaborates on the mechanics of the theft, such as Loki's invention or acquisition of the net—a detail absent in Reginsmál—and portrays Andvari as a quintessential dwarf: greedy yet magically adept, embodying the Svartálfar (dark elves) who craft treasures in hidden realms. While the curse's prophecy is less versified, it is explained as a mechanism ensuring destruction for its holders, with Odin selecting Andvaranaut to cover the otter's skin. This account integrates the myth into a broader euhemerized framework of Norse cosmology, using it to illustrate terms like "Otter's Ransom" for gold. Key variations between the Eddic texts highlight their distinct genres: Reginsmál employs terse, alliterative verse for Andvari's curse as a prophetic outburst, focusing on emotional immediacy and heroic foreshadowing, whereas provides a more explanatory narrative, clarifying abilities and the curse's causal role in subsequent events like Fáfnir's transformation. These differences reflect the Poetic Edda's oral-poetic roots versus the Prose Edda's role as a scholarly for skaldic , yet both establish Andvari as the aggrieved source of a fateful treasure whose consequences ripple through the gods and heroes.

In the Völsunga Saga

In the , a 13th-century narrative, Andvari's story serves as a mythological to the heroic of the Volsungs, recounted by the smith to the hero in Chapter XIV to explain the origins of the cursed treasure that drives the saga's central conflicts. describes Andvari as a dwelling in the form of a pike in Andvari's force, a , where captures him using a net borrowed from the goddess to ransom and after they slay , son of the dwarf king Hreidmar. Forced to yield his entire hoard of gold—which fills Otter's skin and is covered with red gold—Andvari retains only a single , known as Andvaranaut or Andvari's Arf, before seizes it as well. In response, Andvari pronounces a upon the and all the gold, declaring that it "should be the bane of every man who should own it thereafter," thus embedding the treasure with inevitable doom and greed. This curse immediately manifests in the saga's narrative through Hreidmar's sons, particularly Fafnir, whose overwhelming greed leads him to murder his father and seize the , transforming into a dragon to guard it on Gnitaheath. , guided by , slays Fafnir in Chapter XVIII and claims the treasure, including the ring, which Fafnir warns will become Sigurd's bane as it was his own. The is divided among the Niblung kings—Gunnar, , and —with the ring passing to Sigurd and then to Brynhild, fueling betrayals and tragic divisions within the heroic genealogy. Andvari's tale thus originates the saga's blend of mythic elements with the Volsung clan's lineage, propelling conflicts of avarice and fate that underpin 's exploits and the downfall of the Giukings. Unique to the saga's expanded prose account—beyond the briefer Eddic parallels—Andvari's curse culminates in the hoard's final dispersal after Gunnar's death in Chapter XXXVIII, where he is cast into a (worm-close) by Atli, and the ring slips from his finger into the , symbolizing the treasure's return to watery origins. The narrative implies Andvari's reclamation of the entire following the Giukings' annihilation in Chapters XXIX–XXX and XLIII, underscoring the curse's permanence and closure to the cycle of destruction it initiated. Through this, Andvari's role reinforces the saga's thematic fusion of divine and heroic destiny, ensuring the treasure's legacy as an inexorable force in the Volsung epic.

In the Nibelungenlied

In the Nibelungenlied, the Norse dwarf Andvari is adapted into the figure of , a who merges elements of various guardians from Germanic to serve as the keeper of the hoard. This transformation reflects the epic's integration of mythological motifs into a more secular, courtly narrative framework. Alberich, described as a powerful with immense strength, oversees the treasure originally belonging to the Nibelung kings Schilbung and . Siegfried, the heroic analogue to the Norse , acquires the hoard during his adventures by slaying the quarreling brothers after they summon him to divide the treasure, which he cannot fairly apportion. In the ensuing conflict, Siegfried defeats seven hundred warriors and the kings themselves, claiming lordship over the riches. then attempts to avenge his masters but is overpowered by Siegfried, who wrests from him the Tarnkappe—a magical cloak that renders the wearer invisible and endows him with the strength of twelve men—thus securing the dwarf's submission and appointing him as the hoard's new treasurer under Siegfried's command. Key differences from the traditions mark this adaptation: exhibits no abilities, unlike Andvari's transformation into a or , with emphasis instead placed on raw physical force and the Tarnkappe's powers of and might during the confrontation. The curse motif is notably subdued; while the Andvari explicitly maledicts the treasure upon its theft, bringing doom to its possessors, the Nibelungenlied implies the hoard's fatal influence through its role in inciting envy, betrayal, and tragedy without any direct pronouncement from . This shift underscores a broader from the isolated, mythologically driven tales to the Germanic court's heroic epic, where the Nibelung treasure—now stripped of overt supernatural curses—fuels the Burgundian dynasty's downfall through human ambition and vendettas, culminating in the massacre at Etzel's court. reappears briefly as a loyal servant attempting a futile revenge against , reinforcing the hoard's enduring peril in the narrative.

Cultural Legacy

In Wagner's Opera Cycle

In Richard Wagner's operatic tetralogy Der Ring des Nibelungen, the dwarf Andvari from Norse mythology is synthesized into the character Alberich, blending elements of Andvari's cursed ring and hoard with motifs from the Nibelungenlied, such as the dwarf guardian of treasure. Alberich, ruler of the Nibelungs, forges the Ring of Power from the stolen Rhinegold, a magical substance that grants dominion over the world but requires the forger to renounce love forever, symbolizing the corrupting trade-off between ambition and human connection. This act of renunciation, absent in Andvari's original tale of involuntary loss, underscores Wagner's transformation of the myth into a cautionary narrative about unchecked desire. The operatic portrayal of occurs primarily in , the cycle's prologue, where his theft of the Rhinegold from the in Scene 1 mirrors the mythological seizure of Andvari's hoard but introduces the dramatic motif of love's renunciation to enable the gold's magical properties. In Scene 3, uses the gold to forge the with his brother Mime's aid, enslaving the Nibelungs through its power, before being tricked and captured by Wotan and Loge in Scene 4. Upon surrendering the , imposes a invoking and upon all who possess it, an amplified version of Andvari's malediction that propels the ensuing tragedies across the , from the gods' downfall to the heroes' demise. Wagner innovates upon the source material by emphasizing the Ring's potential for world-dominating power, portraying it not merely as a multiplier of wealth like Andvaranaut but as a symbol of tyrannical control that critiques emerging industrial capitalism and its dehumanizing effects. The curse evolves into a fatalistic force, intertwining personal greed with cosmic inevitability, as seen in leitmotifs that recur to highlight themes of renunciation and doom, ultimately leading to the cataclysmic resolution in Götterdämmerung. This adaptation elevates Andvari's localized curse into a philosophical engine for the cycle's exploration of power's destructive cycle.

Archaeological Representations

The Drävle Runestone (U 1163), located in , , and dated to approximately 1020–1050 CE, serves as one of the most prominent archaeological artifacts linking Andvari to mythological narratives. Carved in the Pr 2 runestone style, the stone features a complex iconography centered on the legend from the , including a central scene of thrusting his sword into the Fafnir, alongside a male figure holding the cursed Andvaranaut—Andvari's creation and symbol of his . This depiction ties directly to Andvari's role as the guardian of treasure, whose ability and curse are evoked through the artifact's emphasis on ill-fated wealth. The stone also includes a female figure, interpreted as the Sigrdrífa offering a to , blending heroic and motifs within a framework, suggesting a post-conversion of pagan and Christian elements. Similar representations appear on other Viking Age runestones associated with the Sigurd cycle, reinforcing Andvari's presence as a treasure guardian in material culture. The Stora Ramsjö Runestone (Vs 18), also from and dated to the mid-11th century, mirrors the Drävle stone's composition, showing Sigurd slaying the serpent, the dwarf Andvari, and Sigrdrífa with her , highlighting recurring motifs of dwarven craftsmanship and cursed riches. Likewise, the Österfärnebo Runestone (U 862), from the late 11th century in , originally included carvings of Andvari with his ring amid other Sigurd-related figures such as a and a , though erosion has obscured some details. These artifacts, part of a broader group of about eight , illustrate Andvari not as a solitary figure but as integral to the narrative of greed and transformation in the hoard’s acquisition. Beyond specific depictions of Andvari, Viking Age carvings often feature generalized dwarf motifs that align with his archetypal role as a symbol of and protection. Small, hunched figures or abstract guardian forms appear in wood and stone artifacts from , such as those on picture stones or carvings (ca. 834 CE), where diminutive beings clutch objects evoking , reflecting cultural associations between dwarves and subterranean wealth accumulation. These motifs, while not explicitly named, connect to Andvari's through shared themes of avarice and craftsmanship, as dwarves in lore are frequently portrayed as hoard-keepers whose possessions bring doom. Scholarly analysis posits that such imagery served commemorative purposes, possibly invoking mythological warnings against excessive desire in a reliant on trade and raiding. Interpretive debates surrounding these representations center on iconographic , , and their role in preserving mythological . For instance, while many scholars identify the ring-holding figure on the Drävle stone as displaying his prize, others, including Klaus Düwel, argue it may represent Andvari himself, emphasizing the 's centrality to the curse's origin. relies on stylistic analysis of the Pr 2 ornamentation and runic forms, placing the stones firmly in the late (ca. 1000–1100 ), post-Christianization, which raises questions about how pagan lore persisted alongside Christian crosses. Iconographically, the runestones bridge to historical commemoration, potentially erected by families to honor valiant kin through heroic parallels, thus embedding Andvari's story in communal identity and ethical reflection on wealth's perils.

Modern References

In modern fantasy literature, Andvari's cursed ring Andvaranaut has influenced depictions of malevolent artifacts, most notably J.R.R. Tolkien's in , where themes of greed and inevitable doom echo the dwarf's malediction, transmitted indirectly through Richard Wagner's operatic adaptations. Scholars note that Tolkien, steeped in sources, drew on the ring's power to multiply wealth while sowing destruction, paralleling Andvaranaut's role in precipitating cycles of betrayal and tragedy among gods and heroes. Andvari appears in contemporary adapting myths, often as a cunning tied to his hoard. In the 2018 God of War, he is portrayed as a powerful enchanter whose soul becomes trapped in his alchemist's hammer, central to a side quest involving Brok the and themes of loss and craftsmanship in the Nine Realms. Similarly, Rick Riordan's Magnus Chase and the (2016) features Andvari as a reclusive guardian of gold and his cursed , which amplifies avarice and misfortune for those who claim it, underscoring motifs of wealth's perilous allure in a retelling. In the 2024 animated series , Andvari serves as a god-killing weapons from iron, exacting a soul toll that evokes his mythological vengeance, blending his lore with epic revenge narratives. Recent scholarship examines Andvari's through lenses of economic , interpreting the 's malediction on his as a of disrupting communal balance and fostering strife, as seen in analyses of the where the gold's acquisition by force perpetuates cycles of ransom, power, and downfall. In narrative studies, the symbolizes avarice's economic consequences, linking Andvari's transformation and exile to broader themes of hoarding versus equitable distribution in medieval Germanic lore. These 21st-century interpretations, including explorations of physicality and social roles, highlight Andvari's habitat in waterfalls as a space between worlds, enriching understandings of otherworldly economies in mythic texts.

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