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Lineage

In anthropology, a lineage is defined as a unilineal descent group composed of kin who trace their direct ancestry to a common progenitor, known as the apical ancestor, through either the male (patrilineal) or female (matrilineal) line.^[1] This structure emphasizes verifiable genealogical connections, typically spanning four to six generations, distinguishing it from broader or more mythical kinship forms.^[2]^[3] Lineages function as corporate groups in many societies, holding collective rights and obligations such as property ownership, inheritance transmission, and dispute resolution among members.^[3] They often regulate marriage alliances to prevent incest and foster social ties between groups, while also providing a framework for individual identity and social status within the community.^[4] A key distinction exists between lineages and clans: while lineages rely on demonstrable, remembered descent from an actual ancestor, clans are larger unilineal groups based on a shared belief in common ancestry that may be legendary or untraceable beyond a few generations.^[3] This difference affects their scale and cohesion, with lineages serving as the smallest units capable of corporate action in unilineal descent systems.^[3] In various cultures, lineages shape broader social organization by influencing residence patterns—such as patrilocal living for patrilineages—^[5] and perpetuating hierarchies where certain lineages hold prestige or political power.^[6] They also guide resource distribution and cultural practices, reinforcing group solidarity and continuity across generations.^[1]

Scientific Contexts

Evolutionary and Biological Lineage

In evolutionary biology, an evolutionary lineage refers to a temporal series of populations, organisms, or genes connected by a continuous line of descent from an ancestor to its descendants, representing the path of evolutionary change over time. This concept underpins the understanding of how species diversify and adapt through descent with modification. Lineages form the basis of phylogenetic systematics, emphasizing the historical connections among taxa rather than mere morphological similarities.^[7]^[8] The idea of evolutionary lineage traces its origins to Charles Darwin's seminal 1859 work, On the Origin of Species, where he proposed that all life shares common ancestry through gradual modification, forming branching patterns of descent akin to a "tree of life." This foundational framework was significantly refined in the mid-20th century with the advent of cladistics, pioneered by Willi Hennig in his 1950 book Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. Hennig's approach formalized the analysis of lineages by prioritizing shared derived characteristics (synapomorphies) to reconstruct ancestor-descendant relationships, shifting taxonomy toward a strictly genealogical basis.^[9]^[10] Central to lineage dynamics are two primary modes of evolution: anagenesis, which describes gradual, linear change within a single lineage without branching, leading to the transformation of one species into another over time; and cladogenesis, the splitting of a lineage into two or more descendant lineages through speciation events, thereby increasing biodiversity. Lineages are further categorized as monophyletic, encompassing a common ancestor and all its descendants to form a complete clade, or paraphyletic, including an ancestor but excluding some descendants, often resulting in artificial groupings that do not reflect full evolutionary history. These distinctions highlight how evolution produces hierarchical patterns of relatedness, with cladogenesis driving the proliferation of clades.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] Illustrative examples abound in the fossil record. The human lineage exemplifies anagenetic and cladogenetic processes, evolving from early australopiths such as Australopithecus afarensis around 3.9 million years ago through transitional forms like Homo habilis to modern Homo sapiens by approximately 300,000 years ago, marked by increasing brain size and tool use amid branching hominin radiations. Similarly, the avian lineage diverged from non-avian theropod dinosaurs via cladogenesis during the Late Jurassic, around 150–165 million years ago, with early avialans like Archaeopteryx bridging reptilian and bird traits through feathered adaptations for flight.^[15]^[16]^[17] To map these relationships, biologists employ phylogenetic trees and cladograms as key representational tools. Phylogenetic trees illustrate evolutionary history by depicting branches that diverge from common ancestors, often scaled to reflect time or genetic divergence. Cladograms, a simplified form, focus on branching order based on shared derived traits without temporal scaling, serving as hypotheses of relatedness testable against new evidence. These diagrams enable the visualization of lineage branching, aiding in the reconstruction of deep evolutionary histories.^[18]^[19]^[20]

Genetic and Cell Lineage

Genetic lineage refers to the set of all descendants derived from a specific genetic sequence, typically originating from a novel mutation, allowing researchers to track the propagation of that mutation across generations or cell divisions.^[21] This concept emphasizes the historical descent of unique genomic changes rather than predefined genetic variants. In contrast to alleles, which represent fixed alternative forms of a gene present in a population, genetic lineages focus on the dynamic inheritance of idiosyncratic mutations that distinguish one branch of descent from others.^[21] Cell lineage, closely related but distinct, describes the developmental trajectory of cells from a zygote to differentiated tissues and organs, mapping the proliferative history and fate decisions of individual cells or progenitor populations.^[21] A landmark example is the complete mapping of the cell lineage in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, where researchers traced 671 cells from the zygote to the hatched larva, revealing an invariant pattern with 113 programmed cell deaths in hermaphrodites.^[22] This work, conducted in the early 1980s, demonstrated how cell lineage analysis uncovers the autonomy of cell fates and the absence of strict ancestry-fate correlations in early embryogenesis.^[22] Key techniques for tracking genetic and cell lineages have evolved significantly. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis exploits its uniparental, maternal inheritance—due to the elimination of paternal mtDNA during spermatogenesis via mechanisms like nuclear localization of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM)—to trace maternal lineages across generations.^[23] In the 2010s, CRISPR-based barcoding emerged as a powerful modern method, using Cas9-deaminase fusions to introduce targeted C-to-T substitutions in endogenous loci like L1 elements, generating unique, heritable barcodes for high-resolution lineage reconstruction with theoretical diversities exceeding 10^250.^[24] Notable applications include Y-chromosome tracking for paternal human ancestry, where single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) define haplogroups; for instance, the ancient A00 lineage, identified in African American and Cameroonian individuals, pushes the estimated time to the most recent common ancestor to approximately 338,000 years ago.^[25] In hematopoiesis, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) give rise to all blood cells via myeloid and lymphoid lineages: myeloid progenitors yield granulocytes, monocytes, and erythrocytes, while lymphoid ones produce B-cells, T-cells, and natural killer cells, primarily in the bone marrow.^[26] These examples highlight how lineage tracking at the genetic and cellular levels elucidates developmental dynamics and evolutionary histories in organisms.^[21]

Anthropological Lineage

In anthropology, a lineage refers to a unilineal descent group composed of individuals who trace their ancestry through known links to a common apical ancestor, either via the male line (patrilineal) or female line (matrilineal).^[27] This social construct emphasizes corporate unity, where members share rights and obligations, distinguishing it from broader kinship networks.^[28] The concept of lineage emerged in early 20th-century anthropology, particularly through British structural-functionalist studies of African societies. E.E. Evans-Pritchard's seminal 1940 ethnography The Nuer detailed patrilineal lineages among the Nuer people of South Sudan, portraying them as foundational to political and social order.^[29] Building on this, Meyer Fortes in 1953 formalized the structure of unilineal descent groups, highlighting their role in perpetuating social continuity across generations.^[27] Key features of lineages include rules of exogamy, which prohibit marriage within the group to foster alliances, and the transmission of inheritance—such as property, titles, or ritual responsibilities—along the descent line.^[27] In social organization, lineages often form segmentary structures, as seen in many African societies, where nested subgroups balance opposition and solidarity in conflict resolution.^[30] For instance, among the Nuer, these segments enable flexible political alliances based on proximity to shared ancestors.^[29] Examples illustrate lineage diversity: In Chinese society, zongzu (patrilineal clan lineages) organize communal rituals, land management, and ancestor veneration, reinforcing familial hierarchies in rural communities. Among the Ashanti (Asante) of Ghana, matrilineages trace descent through females, governing inheritance of stools (symbolic thrones) and succession to chiefly offices, thus integrating kinship with political authority.^[31] Lineages differ from clans in requiring verifiable genealogical connections to a real ancestor, whereas clans often rely on mythical or totemic origins without such documentation.^[28] This distinction underscores lineages' emphasis on empirical descent for corporate functions like resource allocation.^[27]

Genealogical Lineage

Genealogical lineage refers to the practice of tracing an individual's descent from ancestors through documented family records, such as birth, marriage, and death certificates, focusing on personal and familial histories rather than broader cultural or ethnic group dynamics.^[32] This approach emphasizes verifiable historical documentation to construct pedigrees or family trees, distinguishing it from anthropological studies of kinship systems in non-Western societies.^[33] The roots of genealogical lineage tracing lie in medieval European heraldry, which emerged in the mid-12th century as a system of inherited visual symbols to identify noble families and their lineages during tournaments and battles.^[34] By the early 12th century, hereditary arms were attested in records, such as those associated with Geoffrey Plantagenet in 1127, marking the formalization of family descent documentation among the aristocracy.^[35] A modern boom in genealogy occurred in the late 19th century, driven by the establishment of civil registration systems, such as England's 1837 Births, Deaths, and Marriages Act, which created centralized records accessible to the public and spurred widespread interest in personal ancestry.^[36]^[37] Key methods in genealogical research include the use of pedigree charts to visually map ancestor-descendant relationships, oral histories gathered from living relatives to capture undocumented details, and archival research in repositories like national archives for primary sources such as census data and wills.^[38]^[39]^[40] Since the 2000s, these traditional techniques have integrated with genetic DNA testing, which analyzes autosomal markers to identify biological relatives and confirm documented lineages; for instance, AncestryDNA, launched in 2012, cross-references user genomes against a global database to reveal ethnic origins and cousin matches.^[41] Prominent examples include royal genealogies, such as that of the House of Windsor, which traces the British monarchy's lineage from George V in 1917 through to Charles III, relying on official state records and heraldic traditions to document successions and alliances.^[42] In African American genealogy, researchers often trace lineages via fragmented slave records, including plantation ledgers, emancipation documents, and Freedmen's Bureau registers from the post-Civil War era, which help reconstruct family connections disrupted by enslavement.^[43] Contemporary tools for managing genealogical data include open-source family tree software like GRAMPS, first released in 2001, which allows users to organize records, generate charts, and export data in standard formats for collaborative research.^[44]

Computing and Technology

Data Lineage

Data lineage is the systematic recording of a dataset's lifecycle, documenting its origins, transformations, movements, and destinations across systems to provide visibility into how data evolves from creation to consumption.^[45] This process enables organizations to understand the full path of data, including metadata about sources, processing steps, and end uses, often visualized as graphs or diagrams for clarity.^[46] The concept of data lineage emerged in the 1990s alongside the development of data warehousing, where enterprises needed to track data flows in complex environments to support business intelligence and analytics.^[47] It gained formal importance through regulatory frameworks like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), effective in 2018, which mandates accountability and audit trails for personal data processing, thereby requiring traceable data histories to demonstrate compliance.^[48] Key components of data lineage include metadata capture, which logs attributes such as data types, ownership, and change histories; Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) processes that automate data movement while embedding transformation details; and specialized tools like Apache Atlas, an open-source metadata management framework for Hadoop ecosystems introduced in 2015 to facilitate lineage tracking and governance.^[49] These elements work together to create end-to-end visibility, often integrating with data catalogs and pipelines to automate lineage documentation. In the financial sector, data lineage tracks transaction data flows from origination through processing to reporting, helping institutions detect anomalies and meet standards like BCBS 239 for risk data aggregation.^[50] In healthcare, it ensures HIPAA compliance by maintaining a verifiable chain of custody for sensitive patient records, allowing auditors to trace access and modifications across systems.^[51] The primary benefits of data lineage include aiding in error debugging by pinpointing issues to specific transformation steps, enhancing data quality through proactive validation of pipelines, and supporting regulatory adherence by providing auditable proof of data handling practices.^[52] Overall, it fosters trust in data assets, reduces operational risks, and accelerates analytics by clarifying data reliability.^[53]

LineageOS and Software

LineageOS is a free and open-source operating system based on the Android mobile platform, serving as the direct successor to the discontinued CyanogenMod project.^[54] It was officially launched on December 24, 2016, following the shutdown of Cyanogen Inc., which had commercialized aspects of CyanogenMod and prompted the community to fork the codebase under a new name to maintain independence.^[54] As of November 2025, LineageOS supports over 100 devices from more than 20 manufacturers, including recent models like the Google Pixel 9 series and OnePlus 13, while continuing to provide updates for older hardware to extend device longevity beyond official manufacturer support.^[55] This broad compatibility is achieved through community-maintained device trees and kernels, allowing users to install the OS on smartphones and tablets that would otherwise be obsolete.^[56] Development of LineageOS is entirely community-driven, with contributions from developers worldwide coordinated through an open-source model that prioritizes user privacy and security.^[57] Key features include the optional integration of microG, a free reimplementation of Google Play Services that enables compatibility with apps requiring Google APIs without relying on proprietary Google software, thus supporting a de-Googled experience.^[58] The project delivers monthly security patches and emphasizes customization options, such as advanced theming and root access via add-ons, all while adhering to the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) guidelines established in 2008. Contributions are submitted and reviewed via Gerrit, a code review system hosted at review.lineageos.org, ensuring rigorous peer validation before integration into the mainline repository on GitHub.^[59] Historically, LineageOS traces its roots to the AOSP, which Google initiated in 2008 to foster an open Android ecosystem, evolving through CyanogenMod's enhancements from 2009 onward until the 2016 transition. Its version history aligns closely with Android releases: LineageOS 14.1 (2017) based on Android 7.1 Nougat, progressing to LineageOS 18.1 (2021) on Android 11, LineageOS 21 (2023) on Android 14, and the latest LineageOS 23.0 (October 2025) built on Android 16, incorporating features like updated camera and music apps alongside AOSP's Material You design refinements.^[58] Device support timelines illustrate this evolution; for instance, initial 2016 builds targeted popular devices like the Nexus 5 and Samsung Galaxy S5, with ongoing additions such as support for the Fairphone 5 in 2024, expansions to Nothing Phone (2) in 2025, and further additions including the Pixel 9a and Samsung Galaxy A71 in November 2025, demonstrating a commitment to sustainable software lifecycles.^[60] Beyond mobile operating systems, the concept of lineage in software extends to version control systems like Git, introduced in 2005 by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development, where it tracks commit histories as branching lineages to manage code evolution and collaboration. In academic contexts, software lineage manifests as "genealogy" tools that trace intellectual lineages, such as mentor-student chains in fields like mathematics, exemplified by the Mathematics Genealogy Project, which documents over 1 million dissertations and advisor relationships since 1996 to highlight scholarly descent. These applications underscore lineage as a framework for provenance and continuity in software and knowledge dissemination.

Gaming

Lineage MMORPG Series

The Lineage series is a cornerstone of the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) genre, developed and published by South Korean company NCSoft. Launched in 1998, the original Lineage introduced a medieval fantasy world emphasizing large-scale player-versus-player (PvP) combat, where players form alliances to conquer territories and engage in territorial disputes.^[61] Set in the fictional kingdom of Aden, the game features isometric 2D graphics and a class-based system drawing from fantasy archetypes like knights, elves, and dark elves.^[62] Its design prioritized social dynamics and guild warfare over solo progression, setting it apart from contemporary Western MMORPGs like EverQuest.^[63] Central to the series' gameplay are mechanics like the blood pledge system, which allows players to form clans (or "blood pledges") led by a monarch to coordinate attacks and defenses, and castle sieges, epic PvP events where guilds battle for control of fortified castles to gain economic benefits such as tax collection from surrounding areas.^[64] These sieges occur on a scheduled basis, lasting hours and involving hundreds of players, with victors earning weekly privileges like enhanced resource generation.^[65] The emphasis on open-world PvP, including player-killing for experience penalties on the aggressor, fostered intense rivalries and community-driven economies.^[66] At its peak in Asia, particularly South Korea, Lineage attracted over 3 million subscribers, with daily active users exceeding 1 million during high periods, driven by the proliferation of PC bangs (internet cafes).^[63] The franchise expanded with key sequels and spin-offs, beginning with Lineage II in 2003, a prequel set 150 years before the original that shifted to full 3D graphics while retaining core PvP elements like clan wars and sieges.^[67] It introduced seven playable races and a more dynamic world with instanced dungeons alongside open conflicts. Lineage 2M, a mobile adaptation of Lineage II, launched on November 27, 2019, and achieved immediate success, topping sales charts and generating 849.6 billion KRW in its first year.^[68] Mobile adaptations revitalized the series: Lineage M, a direct port of the original with touch-optimized controls, launched in South Korea on June 21, 2017, achieving a peak daily active user base of 2.1 million within weeks.^[61]^[69] Lineage W, a cross-platform title supporting PC, mobile, and consoles, followed on November 4, 2021, in 13 Asian regions, incorporating real-time translation for global play and updated visuals.^[70] An ambitious project, Lineage Eternal, announced in 2011 as a sequel blending action combat with traditional mechanics using Unreal Engine 4, entered closed beta in 2016 but was officially suspended in November 2017 due to development challenges.^[71] Expansions across titles, such as Lineage II's "Goddess of Destruction" (2012) and Lineage M's "The Elmor" (2021), added new classes, zones, and monetization features like in-app purchases, sustaining long-term engagement.^[72] The Lineage series has profoundly shaped the Korean gaming industry, generating cumulative revenue exceeding 12 trillion South Korean won (approximately $8.8 billion USD) as of September 2024,^[73] with mobile entries like Lineage M contributing over $4.2 billion as of 2023.^[74] The franchise powered NCSoft's record annual revenue of 2.4 trillion won in 2020.^[75] Its success popularized the MMORPG model in Asia, influencing the rise of PC cafes and free-to-play structures with premium items, while inspiring competitors like Black Desert Online in emphasizing guild-based PvP.^[76] The series' dominance, accounting for up to 50% of NCSoft's sales in peak years, solidified South Korea's position as a global MMORPG hub and popularized "lineage-like" designs focused on social competition over narrative depth.^[77]

Other Gaming References

In various role-playing games (RPGs), the concept of lineage manifests through character bloodlines that influence abilities and progression. For instance, in The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (2011), the "Bloodline" quest in the Dawnguard expansion allows players to join the Volkihar vampire clan, granting access to the Vampire Lord form with unique powers derived from this ancient bloodline, such as enhanced frost magic and transformation abilities.^[78] Similarly, racial lineages in the series tie player origins to ancestral heritages—like Nords descending from Atmora—which determine starting attributes and cultural bonuses, emphasizing how inherited traits shape gameplay. Dynasty and heritage mechanics in grand strategy games further illustrate lineage as a core progression system. In Crusader Kings III (2020), players manage dynasties as unbroken noble lines comprising multiple houses, where renown accumulation unlocks legacies that propagate benefits across generations, such as improved inheritance claims or trait inheritance probabilities.^[79] This system tracks royal lineages through marriages, successions, and cadet branches, allowing rulers to build lasting empires by prioritizing genetic and political continuity.^[80] The term "lineage" also appears in evolutionary mechanics within creature-collection games. In the Pokémon series, evolutionary lines refer to sequential transformations of species, such as Bulbasaur evolving into Ivysaur and then Venusaur, which represent developmental progressions unlocking new abilities and forms.^[81] These lines, spanning over 1,000 species across generations, analogize biological lineages by grouping Pokémon into family trees based on shared ancestry and evolution methods like leveling or items. Beyond digital titles, lineage themes extend to board games focused on family tree construction. Ancestree (2017), a tile-placement game by Calliope Games, has players build whimsical family lineages by arranging ancestor tiles through marriages and parent-child relationships, scoring points for generational connections and humorous traits.^[82] This mechanic highlights lineage as a narrative tool for strategic depth and replayability in non-digital gaming. Historically, the concept of lineage influenced early multiplayer online precursors. Multi-User Dungeons (MUDs), originating in the late 1970s with MUD1 (1978), incorporated player progression systems inspired by familial or guild-based hierarchies, where characters advanced through inherited roles or community lineages in text-based worlds. These elements laid groundwork for later MMORPG dynasty features by emphasizing persistent social and hierarchical ties.^[83]

Entertainment

Television Episodes

Several television episodes titled "Lineage" have aired across various series, typically centering on revelations about familial origins, secrets, and personal identities within dramatic or speculative fiction contexts. These installments often use the concept of lineage to drive character development and plot twists, highlighting tensions between biological ties and chosen families. In the supernatural drama Angel, the episode "Lineage," which aired on November 12, 2003, on The WB network as season 5, episode 7, focuses on Wesley Wyndam-Pryce's strained relationship with his visiting father, Roger, amid an assault on Wolfram & Hart by advanced cyborg assassins.^[84] The plot escalates when Connor, Angel's son who had been absent, returns unexpectedly and intervenes in the chaos, mistaking Roger for a threat and killing him in a moment that exposes deep family secrets and emotional fractures in the supernatural world.^[85] This episode underscores Wesley's insecurities rooted in paternal expectations, marking a pivotal exploration of surrogate family dynamics within the firm's high-stakes environment.^[84] The Smallville episode "Lineage," broadcast on November 5, 2002, on The WB as season 2, episode 7, delves into Clark Kent's adoptive origins when a woman named Rachel Dunleavy arrives claiming to be his biological mother and Lionel Luthor his father.^[86] She kidnaps Lex Luthor to coerce a confession from Lionel, forcing Clark to confront uncertainties about his Kryptonian heritage and the circumstances of his adoption by the Kents.^[87] The narrative reveals Lionel's manipulative role in the adoption process, emphasizing themes of hidden parentage and identity as Clark grapples with his extraterrestrial roots.^[86] "Lineage" from Revenge, aired on November 25, 2012, on ABC as season 2, episode 8, employs a flashback structure set in 2006 to uncover dark secrets in the Grayson family history, including Victoria Grayson's estrangement from her mother and Emily Thorne's early encounters with Aiden Mathis during her revenge training.^[88] The episode exposes deceptions involving Emily, Nolan, Ashley, and the Porters, tying personal betrayals to the broader vendetta against the Graysons.^[89] It highlights how inherited traumas fuel cycles of retribution, advancing the series' core plot of familial conspiracy.^[90] Other notable episodes include the 2025 FBI installment "Lineage," season 7, episode 17, which aired on April 8 on CBS and investigates a rapper's murder alongside personal milestones for team leader Isobel, touching on legacy in a procedural context.^[91] Across these episodes, a recurring motif emerges of lineage as a source of conflict, where discoveries about ancestry provoke identity crises and reshape relationships, often blending personal drama with larger stakes.^[84]^[86]^[88]

Music Works

"Lineage" serves as the title for several notable music releases that delve into themes of heritage, ancestry, and artistic tradition. These works span jazz and electronic genres, often using the concept of lineage to pay homage to personal or musical forebears. The 1990 album Lineage by jazz pianist Benny Green, released on Blue Note Records, features a piano trio performing straight-ahead jazz standards and originals that reflect Green's deep roots in the jazz tradition. Recorded in New York City from January 30 to February 1, 1990, the album includes tracks such as Thelonious Monk's "Ask Me Now" and Neal Hefti's "Lil' Darlin'," selections that honor influential mentors and predecessors in jazz piano.^[92]^[93] Green's approach emphasizes swinging rhythms and melodic improvisation, underscoring the intergenerational lineage of post-bop jazz.^[92] In the electronic music realm, Shigeto's 2012 mini-album Lineage, issued by Ghostly International, blends hip-hop beats, jazz elements, and ambient textures to explore familial heritage. The release draws inspiration from the artist's Japanese-American background, prominently featuring a back-cover photograph of his great-grandfather at the Amache Internment Camp during World War II. Tracks like the title song "Lineage" incorporate live drums and harp samples, creating a reflective soundscape that traces personal and cultural ancestry.^[94]^[95] The album received critical acclaim for its emotional depth and production maturity, with reviewers praising its balance of introspection and rhythmic vitality.^[95]^[96] Beyond full albums, "Lineage" appears as a track title in other works, evoking themes of heritage. In jazz education and music theory, the concept of lineage refers to the historical transmission of stylistic innovations from pioneers like Louis Armstrong to modern improvisers, emphasizing mentorship and evolutionary connections over isolated techniques.^[97] These releases collectively highlight how "Lineage" evokes artistic ancestry, with albums like Green's and Shigeto's achieving recognition for their evocative tributes—Green's work solidifying his place in jazz piano history, and Shigeto's earning praise in electronic circles for its thematic resonance. The Lineage Performing Arts Center in Pasadena further ties into this motif by hosting multidisciplinary events that integrate music performances, such as live bands in musical theater productions like Cabaret.^[98]

Other Uses

Business and Organizations

Lineage, Inc., formerly known as Lineage Logistics, is a global leader in temperature-controlled supply chain solutions, operating as the world's largest cold chain real estate investment trust (REIT).^[99] The company was founded in April 2012 by Adam Forste and Kevin Marchetti through Bay Grove Capital, LLC, a private investment firm that continues to hold majority ownership.^[100] Bay Grove initiated the platform's growth in 2008 by acquiring initial cold storage assets, consolidating them under Lineage in 2012 to create a unified network for perishable goods logistics.^[101] The company's history is marked by aggressive expansion through mergers and acquisitions, starting with early integrations such as Richmond Cold Storage in 2011, which formed the core of its mid-Atlantic and Southeast operations.^[101] Subsequent deals included the 2014 acquisitions of Loop Cold Storage, Oneida Cold Storage, and Millard Refrigerated Services, enhancing its North American footprint.^[102] By 2021, Lineage had pursued over 100 such transactions, including Hanson Logistics in the Midwest and international expansions like Van Tuyl Logistics in the Netherlands in 2022, solidifying its position in food and pharmaceutical logistics.^[103]^[104] Lineage's operations center on temperature-controlled warehousing and integrated logistics for temperature-sensitive products, including fresh and frozen foods, pharmaceuticals, and dairy, serving clients across the food supply chain.^[105] As of 2025, it manages approximately 500 facilities worldwide, spanning 19 countries and over 88 million square feet of space, with no single site exceeding 1.3% of total revenue. The company reported full-year 2024 revenue of $5.3 billion and continued growth into 2025, with third-quarter revenue reaching $1.377 billion, driven by warehousing and transportation services.^[106] In July 2024, Lineage completed its initial public offering on the Nasdaq under the ticker "LINE," raising approximately $4.4 billion in the largest U.S. IPO of the year, while Bay Grove retained majority voting control.^[107] This milestone supported further investments in automation and expansion. To address environmental impact, Lineage has implemented sustainability initiatives, including the deployment of heavy-duty electric yard trucks in partnership with Hirschbach Motor Lines starting in 2023, aiming for net-zero emissions by 2040.^[108]^[109] Lineage also supports the Lineage Foundation for Good, an independent charity it established in 2021 to combat hunger and reduce food waste through grants and donations exceeding $8.8 million in 2024.^[110] In supply chain management, the concept of business lineage—tracking the end-to-end flow of goods and data to ensure transparency and compliance—underpins operations at firms like Lineage, enabling optimized inventory and regulatory adherence.^[111]

Miscellaneous Fields

In legal contexts, lineage pertains to the tracing of familial lines for inheritance under succession laws, particularly primogeniture in common law systems. Primogeniture, which entitled the eldest son to inherit the entirety of a parent's estate to maintain family holdings intact, was a cornerstone of English common law from the medieval period onward. This practice influenced colonial American inheritance but was largely abolished in the early 19th century, as U.S. states enacted statutes distributing estates equally among children to promote egalitarian principles. In the United Kingdom, the Administration of Estates Act 1925 eliminated primogeniture as the default rule of intestacy, allowing for equal shares among heirs regardless of birth order or gender.^[112] Academic lineage tracks intellectual descent, most notably through advisor-student relationships in doctoral programs. The Mathematics Genealogy Project, initiated in 1996 at North Dakota State University under the direction of Harry Coonce, compiles these chains for mathematicians worldwide, documenting over 335,000 individuals and their academic progeny as of November 2025 to illuminate scholarly influences across generations.^[113] This approach extends to other disciplines, fostering an understanding of knowledge transmission akin to biological genealogy. Heraldry employs lineage to visually chronicle noble descent, with coats of arms serving as hereditary emblems that denote family identity and status since the 12th century. These symbols, regulated by bodies like the College of Arms, differentiate noble houses and preserve records of inheritance and alliances, often passing intact through male lines unless altered by heraldic heiresses. In vintner histories, lineage underscores multi-generational stewardship of winemaking traditions; for instance, the Herzog family has maintained a winemaking heritage across nine generations, adapting techniques from Europe to the Americas while emphasizing sustainable viticulture.^[114]^[115] Royal succession disputes frequently hinge on lineage verification, as seen in the British monarchy's ongoing adherence to absolute primogeniture following the 2013 Perth Agreement, which prioritizes birth order irrespective of gender; as of November 2025, the line begins with Prince William, followed by his children Prince George, Princess Charlotte, and Prince Louis. Philosophically, Friedrich Nietzsche's 1887 work On the Genealogy of Morality introduces genealogy as a method to investigate the historical and psychological origins of moral values, critiquing their evolution from noble to ascetic ideals. In the 2020s, AI ethics discourse has expanded the concept of lineage to model provenance, advocating for traceable chains of data and algorithmic development to mitigate biases and ensure accountability, as outlined in frameworks like the AI Model Passport for transparent health applications.^[116]

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### Summary of LineageOS
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Lineage's global network of facilities helps you create efficiencies that optimize your temperature-controlled supply chains worldwide.
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Lineage's sustainability initiatives transform the food supply chain to eliminate waste, reduce energy consumption, and help feed the world.
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An independent public charity founded by Lineage, uniting logistics, innovation and compassion to fight hunger and reduce food waste worldwide.
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