Atlanta Legends
The Atlanta Legends were a professional American football team based in Atlanta, Georgia, that competed as one of eight franchises in the Alliance of American Football (AAF) during the league's inaugural and only season in 2019.[1][2] The team played its home games at Georgia State Stadium, formerly known as Turner Field, and was positioned in the Eastern Conference of the Sun Belt-focused league.[1][3] With a focus on providing second chances to former college and NFL players, the Legends featured notable personnel including head coach Kevin Coyle and offensive coordinator Ken Zampese, with Michael Vick serving in an advisory role, while emphasizing faster-paced games with a 35-second play clock to shorten contests to around two hours.[1][2] The franchise was established in 2018 as part of the AAF, co-founded by television producer Charlie Ebersol and Pro Football Hall of Famer Bill Polian, with the league backed by Silicon Valley investors and MGM Resorts.[1][3] The team's name and logo—a stylized "A" incorporating Atlanta's skyline—were unveiled in September 2018, positioning the Legends as a complement to the NFL by offering a spring schedule that avoided direct competition.[1] Key roster highlights included quarterback Aaron Murray, a former Georgia Bulldogs standout, and kicker Younghoe Koo, who scored the AAF's first points in the league's debut game.[3][2] The AAF's structure included NFL-out clauses in player contracts, allowing talents to join the NFL mid-season, and broadcast deals with CBS and NFL Network to reach broader audiences.[2] During the 2019 season, the Legends lost their first three games, including a home opener on February 24 that drew 10,717 fans, won the next two, and lost their final three games to finish with a 2–6 record, tied for the worst in the league.[3][2] Average attendance was 10,895 per home game, reflecting modest local interest in a market already home to the NFL's Atlanta Falcons.[3] However, the team's season—and the entire AAF—abruptly ended after eight weeks when league owner Tom Dundon suspended operations on April 2, 2019, citing insurmountable financial challenges despite a $250 million investment.[4][5][6] The AAF filed for bankruptcy shortly thereafter, marking the Legends' dissolution without a playoff appearance or championship opportunity.[4]History
Formation and league context
The Alliance of American Football (AAF) had announced its eight inaugural franchise markets by June 2018, with Atlanta selected on April 25, 2018, as one of the four teams in the league's Eastern Division alongside the Birmingham Iron, Memphis Express, and Orlando Apollos.[7][8][9] The AAF was co-founded by filmmaker Charlie Ebersol and Hall of Fame executive Bill Polian, who aimed to create a spring developmental league that would bridge the gap between college football and the NFL by offering playing opportunities to former NFL players and recent college graduates.[10][11][12] The league adopted a centralized ownership structure, in which all teams were owned and operated directly by the AAF as a single entity, without independent local ownership groups, to streamline operations and focus on collective success.[13][14][15] Atlanta was chosen as a franchise market for its position in the Sun Belt region, large metropolitan population exceeding 6 million, and robust football culture bolstered by the existing NFL franchise, the Atlanta Falcons, which provided a ready fanbase for off-season professional play.[9][3] Following the team announcement, the Atlanta franchise began establishing its operations in late 2018, including the hiring of Billy Devaney, a veteran NFL executive and former general manager of the St. Louis Rams, to lead personnel efforts as the team's general manager.[3][16] Under Devaney's direction, scouting processes commenced to build the initial roster, drawing from agent submissions, online evaluations like YouTube footage, and background verifications to identify talent ahead of the NFL roster cuts in September 2018.[3]Branding and naming
The Alliance of American Football (AAF) officially unveiled the Atlanta Legends' name, logo, and colors on September 20, 2018, as part of the announcement for its four eastern division teams.[17] The team's branding was developed by a diverse group of artists led by designer Joe Bosack, following AAF-wide guidelines that emphasized unified graphic icons and word marks on colored backgrounds to create a cohesive league identity.[18] The name "Legends" draws inspiration from Atlanta's legacy of producing enduring icons in civil rights and sports, particularly figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and Hank Aaron, who symbolize the city's heroic and larger-than-life contributions to American history.[19][1] This choice reflects the notion that "players come and go, but legends live forever," tying the franchise to Atlanta's storied past, including its Olympic heritage and athletic achievements.[17] The team colors—purple, gold, and white—evoke themes of royalty, rich heritage, and tradition, aligning with the regal connotations of Atlanta's influential "kings" and its cultural prominence.[17][20] The primary logo consists of the words "ATLANTA LEGENDS" in a bold font beneath a stylized crown, with the center of the crown formed by a football to signify the sport's role in building legacies.[21] This design element, often rendered in purple and gold, underscores the theme of enduring achievement and was adapted for the team's helmets, where a crown appears on one side opposite the player's number.[22] The uniforms, revealed on November 28, 2018, feature purple jerseys with gold sleeves, numbers, and "ATL" lettering on the shoulders, paired with gold pants accented by solid purple stripes down the sides; no distinct home and away variants were specified, emphasizing a singular regal aesthetic.[23][18]Preseason preparations
The Atlanta Legends conducted their preseason training camp in San Antonio, Texas, at the Dub Farris Athletic Complex, beginning in early January 2019 as part of the league-wide preparations for the Alliance of American Football (AAF). The month-long camp involved intense daily sessions, often lasting up to 16 hours, under challenging conditions including harsh winter weather, as the team stayed at the San Antonio Marriott Northwest. This centralized location allowed all eight AAF teams to train simultaneously, facilitating player evaluations and scheme installations ahead of the inaugural season.[24][3] A significant disruption occurred during the first week of camp when original head coach Brad Childress resigned abruptly, leading to the promotion of defensive coordinator Kevin Coyle to the head coaching role. Coyle, drawing on his extensive experience as a defensive coordinator in the NFL and college ranks, shifted focus to refining defensive schemes, altering alignments to adapt to the roster's composition and emphasizing run-stopping fundamentals. Under his leadership, practices incorporated music for stretching and adjusted schedules to maintain morale amid the coaching transition and startup league logistics. Coyle's philosophy centered on fostering a pure passion for football while preparing players for the AAF's unique rules, such as the absence of kickoffs to enhance safety and pace of play.[24][3][25] The camp presented challenges in integrating a diverse roster of NFL castoffs, former college standouts, and regionally allocated players from NFL teams based on college affiliations, requiring quick adaptation to new team dynamics and the league's modified rules. Veteran players like running back Denard Robinson provided mentorship to younger teammates, sharing NFL insights to build cohesion. By the end of camp on January 30, 2019, the Legends finalized their 52-player active roster, trimming from an initial group of 75 through performance evaluations that relied on scouting footage and on-field assessments.[3][24][26]Organization and personnel
Ownership and administration
The Atlanta Legends operated under the centralized ownership structure of the Alliance of American Football (AAF), a model in which all eight teams were owned and operated directly by the league rather than through local investors or independent franchises. This approach allowed league executives, including co-founders Charlie Ebersol and Bill Polian, to direct operations and funding from the league's headquarters in San Antonio, Texas, ensuring uniform standards across teams without regional ownership variations.[27] Billy Devaney served as the general manager of the Atlanta Legends, appointed in 2018 to oversee scouting, player contracts, and compliance with league rules. With over 30 years of experience in NFL front offices, including stints as general manager of the St. Louis Rams, Devaney was tasked with building the team's roster from a pool of available players while adhering to AAF guidelines. The administrative team also included key hires such as personnel director Nate Tice in fall 2018, who assisted in talent evaluation and operations.[3] Financially, the Legends' operations were funded through the league's overall budget, projected at $500 million to $750 million over five years, with player salaries standardized under AAF rules at a cap of $70,000 for the 2019 season as part of three-year, non-guaranteed contracts totaling $250,000. This structure prioritized cost control and player development over high spending. The team engaged with Atlanta's local business community through sponsorship outreach, operating temporarily from a Courtyard by Marriott hotel and leveraging league-wide partnerships like a three-year deal with MGM Resorts International to attract regional supporters.[3][28][29]Coaching staff
The Atlanta Legends' coaching staff was led by head coach Kevin Coyle, who was hired as defensive coordinator in October 2018 before being promoted to head coach on January 9, 2019, following the abrupt departure of Brad Childress. Coyle brought extensive experience from the NFL, including serving as defensive coordinator for the Miami Dolphins from 2012 to 2015 and as defensive backs coach for the Cincinnati Bengals across two stints totaling 13 seasons (2001–2011 and 2016–2017). Earlier in his career, he had been defensive coordinator at the University of Louisville from 2000 to 2004, where he helped develop a defense that emphasized aggressive play and coverage skills.[30][31] The offensive coordinator role was filled by Ken Zampese, who handled play-calling duties and focused on quarterback development and balanced offensive schemes. Zampese had prior NFL experience as offensive coordinator for the Cincinnati Bengals (2016–2017) and Oakland Raiders (2018), along with a long tenure as quarterbacks coach for the Bengals from 2003 to 2015, where he worked with players like Carson Palmer to refine passing concepts rooted in West Coast principles adapted from his college background at Northern Arizona University.[32][33] Defensive coordinator Louie Cioffi oversaw the unit, implementing a scheme that prioritized secondary coverage and linebacker versatility. Cioffi, a 26-year NFL veteran, had previously served as defensive backs coach for teams including the Tennessee Titans (2009–2012), Cleveland Browns (2005–2008), Arizona Cardinals (2003–2004), and New York Jets (1999–2002), drawing on his expertise in man and zone coverages honed during his early career after graduating from Stony Brook University.[34][35] Key assistants included special teams coordinator Mark Criner, who managed kicking operations and return units while also coaching linebackers, bringing his background from college programs such as defensive coordinator at Texas State (2011–2015) and special teams coordinator at Rhode Island (2016). The strength and conditioning staff was led by efforts from assistant coach Frank Failace, who focused on building player durability and speed through structured programs informed by his prior roles in college football.[36][37] The coaching staff's philosophy centered on fundamentals, discipline, and player development to create pathways to NFL opportunities, aligning with the Alliance of American Football's mission to serve as a developmental league for professional prospects. This approach involved rigorous training in basic techniques and scheme mastery during preseason preparations, aiming to elevate under-the-radar talent through consistent repetition and feedback.[3]Roster and player allocation
The Atlanta Legends assembled their 2019 roster through the Alliance of American Football's (AAF) geographic-based player allocation system, combined with a quarterback draft and open market signings, resulting in a 52-player active roster finalized on January 30, 2019, supplemented by a 10-player practice squad.[26][38] The allocation process first assigned players based on their college affiliations in the team's regional footprint—primarily southeastern institutions such as the University of Georgia, Georgia Tech, Georgia State, and Clemson—before considering ties to nearby NFL franchises like the Atlanta Falcons, Carolina Panthers, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Washington Redskins (then known as the Redskins).[39][40] This approach aimed to build regional fan interest by prioritizing local talent, as emphasized by AAF co-founder Bill Polian, who noted that college eligibility determined primary assignment regardless of prior NFL experience.[40] The roster featured a blend of former NFL veterans, recent college graduates, and undrafted free agents, reflecting the league's goal of providing opportunities for players seeking to return to or enter professional football. Key quarterbacks included Matt Simms, selected in the second round of the AAF's inaugural quarterback draft, and T.J. Yates, a veteran with prior starts for the Houston Texans.[41] Local flavor was evident through several Georgia Tech alumni, such as wide receiver Justin Thomas.[42] Under head coach Kevin Coyle, the staff evaluated and selected from the allocated pool during training camp, waiving players to reach the limit and adding free agents as needed. Mid-season transactions addressed roster gaps, particularly at quarterback amid injuries to starters. These moves exemplified the AAF's flexible contract structure, which allowed non-guaranteed three-year deals worth $70,000 annually plus incentives, enabling quick adjustments without significant financial barriers.[43]Facilities
Home stadium
The Atlanta Legends played their home games at Georgia State Stadium, located on the campus of Georgia State University in downtown Atlanta, Georgia.[3][40] The stadium, which the team leased for the 2019 Alliance of American Football (AAF) season, features a capacity of 25,000 seats and an artificial turf playing surface, aligning with the league's emphasis on a faster-paced game.[44][3] Originally constructed as the Centennial Olympic Stadium for the 1996 Summer Olympics, the venue was reconfigured into Turner Field for Major League Baseball's Atlanta Braves from 1997 to 2016.[40] Georgia State University acquired and converted the site into a football facility, with the stadium opening for college games in August 2017 under the name Georgia State Stadium.[45] In 2020, it was renamed Center Parc Stadium following a naming-rights agreement with Center Parc Credit Union.[46] Situated at 755 Hank Aaron Drive SE, the stadium's urban location near Mercedes-Benz Stadium facilitated access for fans in Atlanta's competitive sports market.[40] The Legends' home attendance averaged approximately 10,000 per game, reflecting the team's draw in a city dominated by established NFL and college football programs.[3]Training and practice facilities
The Atlanta Legends conducted their preseason training camp at the Dub Farris Athletic Complex in San Antonio, Texas, alongside all other Alliance of American Football (AAF) teams in a league-wide setup from late January to early February 2019.[24] This centralized location allowed for joint practices and roster finalization before teams dispersed to their home markets.[47] Following training camp, the Legends transitioned to practices at Milton High School in Alpharetta, Georgia, approximately 30 miles north of downtown Atlanta, for the duration of the 2019 regular season.[3][48] The high school's fields served as the primary site for on-field workouts, with team buses transporting players from their base at the Courtyard by Marriott in Alpharetta, Georgia, about a 15-minute drive away.[49][48] This arrangement provided access to local athletic infrastructure while the team operated without a dedicated professional facility. The Legends' setup emphasized resource efficiency amid the AAF's modest operational model, with the Courtyard Marriott functioning as both living quarters and an auxiliary training hub. A first-floor hotel suite was repurposed as a rehabilitation center equipped with training tables, medicine balls, low-weight dumbbells, ice coolers, and electronic therapy machines for player recovery.[48] Additional tools included stretching bands, muscle rollers, lacrosse balls, and Bosu balls, while weight training occurred at a nearby LA Fitness gym featuring limited equipment such as three squat racks.[48] Film study and team meetings took place in designated hotel rooms, reflecting the league's focus on streamlined operations rather than expansive dedicated amenities. Daily meals, including lunch served behind a curtain in the hotel lobby, supported team logistics.[48] To adapt to the AAF's rule eliminating traditional kickoffs—in which teams received the ball at their own 25-yard line after scores—the Legends incorporated practice drills for the alternative onside kick option, a fourth-and-12 play from the 28-yard line.[50] This adjustment emphasized possession strategies and reduced high-speed collision risks during training sessions at Milton High School.[3]2019 season
Regular season performance
The Atlanta Legends concluded their inaugural 2019 Alliance of American Football (AAF) regular season with a 2–6 record, tying for last place in the Eastern Conference alongside the Memphis Express. The team's struggles were evident across both sides of the ball, contributing to their inability to contend for a playoff spot in the eight-team league. Despite showing flashes of potential in their two victories, the Legends ranked at the bottom of the league in several key metrics, underscoring the challenges faced by the expansion franchise in its only season of existence.[51][52] Offensively, the Legends averaged 11.0 points per game, the lowest mark in the AAF, with a total of 88 points scored over eight games. The passing game provided the bulk of their production, accumulating 1,907 yards through the air, led primarily by quarterback Aaron Murray's 1,048 yards after he took over as starter midway through the season; Matt Simms, the initial starter, contributed 842 passing yards before being benched. The unit managed a limited number of touchdowns, relying heavily on field goals to generate scoring, which highlighted inefficiencies in red-zone execution and overall play-calling. Rushing output was modest at 721 yards for the season, further limiting big-play opportunities.[53][52][54] Defensively, the Legends surrendered 26.6 points per game—the most in the league—and allowed 213 total points, exposing vulnerabilities that opponents frequently exploited. Their run defense was particularly weak, permitting 943 rushing yards or 118 yards per game, which ranked among the worst in the AAF and allowed sustained drives by opposing ground games. The secondary also struggled, giving up 1,381 passing yards, contributing to the high points allowed and underscoring a lack of cohesion in the defensive backfield.[54][55] The Legends committed 21 turnovers during the season, including 14 interceptions and 7 lost fumbles, placing them near the bottom of the league and often derailing promising drives or extending opponent possessions. Penalties compounded these issues, though exact league-wide rankings are limited; the team frequently faced self-inflicted errors that disrupted rhythm. A key milestone came in Week 4 with their first victory, a 14–11 defensive stand against the Arizona Hotshots on March 3, where improved clock management and turnover avoidance helped secure the narrow win after an 0–3 start. Their second triumph followed in Week 5, a 23–20 decision over the Memphis Express, marking the only back-to-back positive results but unable to build momentum thereafter. Roster contributions from veterans like Murray were pivotal in these breakthroughs, providing stability amid the team's broader inconsistencies.[54][51]Schedule and standings
The Atlanta Legends played an eight-game regular season schedule in the Alliance of American Football (AAF) from February 9 to March 31, 2019, competing in the Eastern Conference against the Birmingham Iron, Memphis Express, and Orlando Apollos.[51] All home games were held at Georgia State Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. The team finished with a 2–6 overall record and a 1–4 conference mark, securing third place in the East.[56] The following table summarizes the Legends' 2019 regular season results:| Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Venue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | February 9 | Orlando Apollos | L 6–40 | Spectrum Stadium (Orlando, FL) |
| 2 | February 17 | San Diego Fleet | L 12–24 | SDCCU Stadium (San Diego, CA) |
| 3 | February 24 | Birmingham Iron | L 12–28 | Georgia State Stadium (Atlanta, GA) |
| 4 | March 3 | Arizona Hotshots | W 14–11 | Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum (Phoenix, AZ) |
| 5 | March 10 | Memphis Express | W 23–20 | Georgia State Stadium (Atlanta, GA) |
| 6 | March 17 | San Antonio Commanders | L 6–37 | Georgia State Stadium (Atlanta, GA) |
| 7 | March 23 | Orlando Apollos | L 6–36 | Georgia State Stadium (Atlanta, GA) |
| 8 | March 31 | Birmingham Iron | L 9–17 | Legion Field (Birmingham, AL) |