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Bassein

Bassein is the former English name for Pathein, the capital city of Myanmar's Ayeyarwady Region, situated in the Irrawaddy Delta near the mouth of the Irrawaddy River.^[1]^[2] Located about 190 kilometers west of Yangon along the Pathein River—a western distributary of the Irrawaddy—the city functions as a key port and commercial hub for the surrounding fertile rice-growing lowlands.^[3] Historically, Bassein emerged as a trading center of regional importance, facilitating the export of rice, timber, and other delta commodities, with records indicating its role in commerce dating back centuries, potentially linked to ancient ports in the area.^[4] Under British colonial rule, it developed infrastructure supporting its port activities and became known for shipbuilding and agricultural processing, though its growth was periodically disrupted by natural disasters, including severe cyclones affecting the delta's vulnerability to flooding and storm surges. The city's defining characteristics include its blend of Burmese, Mon, and colonial-era architecture, as well as local crafts such as hand-painted umbrellas and traditional sweets, which reflect its cultural ties to the Mon ethnic heritage predominant in the region.

Bassein in India (Vasai)

Etymology and Overview

The name Vasai derives from the Sanskrit root vās, signifying "to dwell" or "residence," reflecting its historical role as a settlement area.^[5] ^[6] Under Muslim rule during the Gujarat Sultanate in the early 16th century, the name evolved to Basai, before the Portuguese adapted it to Baçaim—pronounced with a soft "s" sound and silent "m"—which was later anglicized by the British as Bassein.^[6] ^[7] This progression underscores the region's successive layers of cultural and political influence, from indigenous Sanskrit origins to Indo-Portuguese linguistic adaptations. Vasai, located in Palghar district of Maharashtra approximately 50 kilometers northwest of Mumbai on the Arabian Sea coast, forms part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region and encompasses the Vasai-Virar municipal corporation.^[8] Historically known as a strategic island at the mouth of the Vaitarna River, it served as a vital maritime and trading hub dating back to ancient times, with references in Puranic texts linking it to early settlements.^[5] The city's prominence peaked during the Portuguese era (1534–1739), when Baçaim functioned as the administrative capital of their northern Indian territories, featuring fortified structures, churches, and administrative complexes that facilitated trade in spices, textiles, and shipbuilding.^[9] Today, Vasai blends its colonial heritage—epitomized by the ruins of Bassein Fort—with modern suburban development, supporting a population engaged in fishing, agriculture, and commuting to Mumbai.^[6] The fort's remnants, including bastions, gateways, and ecclesiastical sites, preserve evidence of 16th- to 18th-century European military architecture adapted to local conditions, highlighting Vasai's enduring significance as a crossroads of Indo-European history.^[8]

Pre-Colonial and Early History

The Konkan region, including Vasai, participated in ancient maritime trade networks along India's western coast, with nearby ports like Sopara facilitating exchanges with Roman, Greek, Arab, and Persian traders from at least the 1st century BCE, as evidenced by archaeological finds such as Roman coins and amphorae shards in the area.^[10] Local dynasties exerted control over Vasai during the early medieval period, beginning with the Silhara (Shilahara) rulers of North Konkan, who governed from approximately 765 to 1215 CE and administered territories encompassing Thane and surrounding coastal areas, including Vasai, through feudatory arrangements under larger Deccan powers like the Rashtrakutas.^[11]^[12] Control of Vasai transitioned to the Yadava (Seuna) dynasty around 1187 CE, following their expansion from Devagiri into Konkan territories after subjugating or absorbing Silhara holdings; Vasai served as an administrative district headquarters under Yadava rule until the dynasty's collapse in 1317 CE.^[13]^[14] Yadava presence is corroborated by inscriptions found in Vasai, referencing rulers like Bhillama V, who consolidated power through alliances such as his marriage to Chalukya princess Avalladevi.^[15] After the Delhi Sultanate's conquest of the Yadavas, the region fragmented under Tughlaq, Bahmani, and local Muslim governors, eventually integrating into the Gujarat Sultanate by the early 16th century under rulers like Mahmud Begada, who fortified coastal defenses against emerging European threats.^[5]^[13] During this phase, Vasai, renamed Basai by Muslim administrators, functioned primarily as a strategic port and agrarian outpost rather than a major urban center.^[6]

Portuguese Colonial Period

The Portuguese established a trading factory at Bassein in 1526, but formal control was secured through the Treaty of Bassein signed on December 23, 1534, between Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat and the Portuguese viceroy Nuno da Cunha, ceding the territory with rights to fortify and tax trade routes.^[8]^[16] In 1536, Governor Garcia de Sá initiated construction of the Bassein Fort, enclosing the settlement with a three-mile stone wall featuring eleven bastions and gates, which by 1590 supported 90 artillery pieces and a garrison of up to 2,400 men.^[16]^[8] Bassein served as the administrative headquarters of the Portuguese Northern Province (Corte da Norte), overseeing dependencies like Damão and Thana, and functioned as a key port for exporting rice, timber, and corn while hosting shipbuilding activities.^[16] Under Portuguese governance, Bassein developed into a fortified urban center with a mint established in 1611 and multiple churches, including the Franciscan convent from 1547 and Jesuit missions from 1549, where figures like St. Francis Xavier conducted conversions starting in 1548.^[8] The population in 1634 comprised approximately 400 Portuguese families, 200 Christian Indian families, and 1,800 slaves, likely sourced from Portuguese African holdings, reflecting a stratified colonial society with growing Native Christian communities.^[8] By 1719, the total population reached about 60,000, predominantly Christian Indians under a captain-major's administration that enforced Portuguese customs, including intermarriages and cultural assimilation.^[8]^[16] Challenges included a devastating storm and plague in 1618 that halved the population, alongside intermittent Maratha raids, such as the 1683 invasion of the Konkan.^[16] Portuguese dominance waned amid rising Maratha power under the Peshwas; in February 1739, Chimaji Appa launched a siege on Bassein Fort, employing mines to breach walls and blockading sea access via the Angre navy.^[16] The fort surrendered on May 16, 1739, after 89 days, with Portuguese losses around 800 and Maratha casualties exceeding 12,000, marking the end of over two centuries of rule and forcing the evacuation of survivors by May 23.^[8]^[16] This defeat dismantled the Northern Province, reducing Portuguese holdings in the region to isolated enclaves like Goa.^[16]

Maratha and British Eras

The Maratha Empire captured Vasai Fort from the Portuguese on May 16, 1739, following a siege that commenced on February 17, led by Chimaji Appa, brother of Peshwa Baji Rao I.^[17] ^[18] The Marathas renamed the area Bajipura and integrated it as a key coastal outpost in the Konkan, leveraging its fortifications for regional defense and trade oversight.^[5] ^[6] During the First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782), British East India Company forces seized Vasai from the Marathas in December 1780, amid internal Maratha divisions where the British backed rival claimant Raghunathrao.^[6] ^[19] The Treaty of Salbai in 1782 restored Vasai to Maratha authority, ending that conflict and temporarily preserving Maratha sovereignty over the territory. The pivotal Treaty of Bassein, signed on December 31, 1802, at Vasai between Peshwa Baji Rao II and the British East India Company, imposed a subsidiary alliance on the Marathas, requiring territorial cessions—including revenues from specified districts—and the stationing of British troops at Pune for the Peshwa's protection.^[20] ^[12] This agreement, viewed by other Maratha leaders as a capitulation, triggered the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805), expanding British territorial holdings in western India. British dominance solidified after the Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818), with Vasai incorporated into the Bombay Presidency under Thane district administration, where it functioned primarily as a taluka headquarters rather than a military hub.^[12] ^[6] The fort's strategic role waned as British naval power shifted focus southward to Bombay, reducing Vasai to a secondary administrative and agrarian center until 1947.^[7]

Post-Independence Developments

Following India's independence in 1947, Vasai, previously under British administration as part of the Bombay Presidency, was incorporated into the newly formed Bombay State, retaining its primarily agrarian and fishing-based economy with limited industrial activity.^[21] Upon the linguistic reorganization of states in 1960, it fell under Thane district in the state of Maharashtra, where development remained modest through the 1960s and 1970s, supported by basic infrastructure like local railways and roads connecting to Mumbai.^[22] From the 1980s onward, Vasai experienced rapid urbanization as a spillover from Mumbai's congestion, fueled by affordable land, improved transport links including the electrification of the Vasai Road railway line, and migration for employment in nearby industries.^[23] This led to a surge in residential and commercial construction, transforming parts of the taluka into suburbs; the Vasai-Virar urban agglomeration's population grew from approximately 395,000 in the 2001 census to 1,220,000 by 2011, reflecting a decadal growth rate exceeding 200%.^[24] The taluka as a whole recorded 1,343,402 residents in 2011, with literacy rates rising to 87.56% amid expanding education and healthcare facilities.^[24] To address administrative demands of this expansion, the Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation (VVCMC) was established on July 3, 2009, merging four municipal councils and 53 gram panchayats into a single entity to oversee urban planning, water supply, and waste management across 309 square kilometers.^[25] Economic shifts included growth in small-scale manufacturing, real estate, and services, positioning Vasai-Virar as a key node in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region with potential for further industrial corridors, though challenges like unplanned settlements and environmental strain from creek reclamation persisted.^[23] In August 2014, the Maharashtra government carved out Palghar district from Thane, including Vasai taluka, as the state's 36th district to enable focused development in coastal and tribal areas, backed by an initial allocation of ₹465 crore for infrastructure.^[26] ^[27] Heritage preservation saw mixed outcomes; the 16th-century Vasai Fort, under Archaeological Survey of India protection since 1909, endured post-independence neglect, encroachment, and structural decay, with restoration attempts in the 2010s criticized for inadequate quality and funding, limiting its role to tourism rather than active conservation.^[28]

Geography and Demographics

Vasai is located on the western coast of Maharashtra, India, in Palghar district, approximately 50 kilometers north of Mumbai along the Arabian Sea.^[29] The city lies at roughly 19°23′N latitude and 72°51′E longitude, encompassing coastal terrain with the Vasai Creek forming a significant geographical feature that influences local hydrology and urban layout.^[30] As part of the Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation, the administrative area spans 319.4 square kilometers, characterized by low-lying plains, urban expansion, and proximity to mangrove ecosystems along the creek.^[31] The region experiences a tropical monsoon climate, with high humidity, average annual rainfall of about 1,668 millimeters concentrated during the June-to-September monsoon season, and temperatures ranging from 19°C in January to 33°C in May.^[32] Demographically, the 2011 Indian census recorded a population of 1,222,390 for Vasai-Virar City, with 648,172 males and 574,218 females, yielding a sex ratio of 885 females per 1,000 males.^[33] The population density was 3,827 persons per square kilometer, reflecting rapid urbanization.^[31] Literacy stood at 88.6%, higher than the state average.^[34] Religious composition included Hindus at 77.16% (943,165 individuals), Muslims at 9.03% (110,384), Christians at 8.28% (101,209), Buddhists at 2.65%, and Jains at 1.90%.^[34] The Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation estimates the current population at around 1.985 million, driven by migration and suburban growth from Mumbai.^[25] Marathi serves as the predominant language, alongside Hindi and other regional tongues influenced by historical Konkani and Portuguese elements.^[35]

Economy, Culture, and Landmarks

The economy of Vasai, integrated into the Vasai-Virar urban agglomeration, relies on small-scale industries such as engineering, plastics, pharmaceuticals, and logistics, supported by the Vasai Industries Association established in 1989.^[36] Historically, the area featured shipbuilding under Portuguese rule, while contemporary growth stems from proximity to Mumbai, fostering real estate development, infrastructure expansion, and population influx exceeding 1.3 million as of recent municipal estimates. Industrialization potential is enhanced by available land and market access, though the region balances manufacturing with residential suburbanization amid Mumbai Metropolitan Region projects.^[37] Cultural life in Vasai reflects Portuguese colonial legacies through its East Indian community, primarily Catholic converts from the 16th-18th centuries, who maintain traditions blending indigenous and Iberian elements in cuisine, festivals, and architecture.^[38] Key observances include São João, the feast of St. John the Baptist on June 24, where participants don flower garlands, prepare traditional foods like javaycha sann (fermented rice balls), and perform rituals such as sons-in-law jumping into wells (baokhal) to symbolize purification and marital bonds.^[39] Harvest festivals like Aagera mark the end of the monsoon kharif season, honoring agricultural yields essential to local food security.^[40] Prominent landmarks include Bassein Fort (Vasai Fort), a 110-acre Portuguese stronghold built starting in 1536 as their northern headquarters after the 1534 treaty with Gujarat's Bahadur Shah, featuring bastions, churches, and administrative structures that withstood sieges until Maratha capture in 1739.^[9] ^[41] The site hosted the 1802 Treaty of Bassein, where Peshwa Baji Rao II allied with the British, effectively weakening Maratha sovereignty.^[29] Other notable sites encompass historic churches from the colonial era, such as those within the fort complex, and Hindu temples like Tungareshwar, a Shiva shrine amid forested hills drawing pilgrims for its natural setting and annual fairs.^[29]

Bassein in Myanmar (Pathein)

Etymology and Overview

Ancient and Mon Kingdom History

The earliest archaeological evidence for settlement in Pathein (ancient Pusim or Kusim) dates to the 11th century, with votive tablets in the "Aniruddha style" (circa 1044–1077 CE) discovered locally, featuring Mon script adapted to the Pagán-era Burmese orthography and reflecting the expansion of the Pagán kingdom into the Irrawaddy Delta under King Aniruddha (r. 1044–1077 CE). These artifacts indicate early Theravada Buddhist activity and literacy, but point to Pagán's administrative integration of lower Burma rather than an independent local polity.^[42] Contemporary inscriptions, such as the Devanagala Rock Inscription of 1165 CE by Sri Lankan king Parākramabāhu I, reference Kusumīya (likely Pathein) as one of several delta ports raided, underscoring its role in regional maritime networks during Pagán's dominance (11th–13th centuries).^[42] Pathein's first epigraphic mention appears in an Old Burmese inscription from 1264 CE, during the reign of King Narathihapade (r. 1256–1287 CE), portraying it as a provincial center amid Pagán's declining control.^[42] Following Pagán's collapse after the Mongol invasions (1287 CE), the area fell under the emergent Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287–1539 CE), a Mon-speaking polity founded by Wareru that encompassed the delta ports including Pathein, Martaban, and Pegu. Traditional Mon (Talaing) chronicles, such as those compiled in the colonial era, assert earlier Mon settlements from circa 625 CE as part of a Pegu kingdom incorporating the "32 cities of Bassein," but these narratives rely on later oral traditions without pre-13th-century corroboration from inscriptions or archaeology, contrasting with empirical evidence favoring Pagán-era Burmese urbanization.^[43]^[42] Local governance in the mid-13th century included a reported female ruler, Princess Oommadandee, who ascended circa 1250 CE before the town was conquered by Burman forces from upper Burma, reflecting fluid control amid Pagán's fragmentation.^[43] By 1289 CE, as Mon authority strengthened under Hanthawaddy's expansion, Pathein reverted to Pegu's sphere, serving as a key western outpost until its conquest by Toungoo Burmese king Tabinshwehti in 1535 CE, which ended Mon dominance in the delta.^[43] Later Middle Mon inscriptions, like the Kalyani Inscriptions of 1479 CE under King Dhammazedi, retroactively frame Pathein within a mythic Rāmaññadesa (Mon homeland) linked to ancient Suvannabhūmi, but such claims prioritize legendary continuity over verifiable pre-Pagán Mon sovereignty.^[42]

British Colonial and World War II Period

Following the Second Anglo-Burmese War, British forces captured Bassein on 19 May 1852, securing control over the Irrawaddy Delta region as part of the annexation of Lower Burma.^[44] The town, renamed Bassein under colonial administration, became the headquarters of the Pathein District within the Irrawaddy Division, with British governance emphasizing revenue collection from agriculture, maintenance of law and order, and infrastructure development to support export-oriented trade.^[45] Under British rule, Bassein emerged as a key port for rice exports, with European firms establishing rice-milling operations alongside those in Rangoon, Akyab, and Moulmein; by the late 19th century, Burma's rice production expanded dramatically, positioning the colony as a leading global supplier, with Bassein's delta location facilitating the shipment of milled rice to international markets.^[46] The local economy centered on paddy cultivation, supported by canal systems and steamer navigation improvements, though this monoculture led to indebtedness among cultivators due to reliance on Chettyar moneylenders and fluctuating global prices. Administrative reforms included village tract systems for tax assessment and policing, integrating local headmen into a hierarchical structure under district commissioners.^[45] In 1937, Burma was separated from British India and designated a crown colony, granting limited self-governance while retaining Bassein as a commercial hub amid rising nationalist sentiments.^[47] During World War II, Japanese forces occupied Bassein as part of their rapid conquest of Burma, advancing through the delta following the fall of Rangoon in March 1942 and establishing control over the region by mid-1942.^[48] The occupation disrupted rice exports and local administration, with Japanese policies prioritizing military rice requisitions that exacerbated famine conditions in the delta; resistance emerged from ethnic Karen militias in the area, aligning sporadically with Allied forces.^[49] By early 1945, as Allied offensives pushed back Japanese lines, Bassein saw limited fighting during the reconquest, with British and Commonwealth troops liberating the town ahead of full independence negotiations.^[47]

Post-Independence Era

Following Myanmar's independence on January 4, 1948, Pathein, as the administrative center of the Irrawaddy Division (later redesignated Ayeyarwady Region), integrated into the new central government's framework while preserving colonial-era local governance structures such as township-level administration.^[50] The city's economy centered on rice processing and trade, leveraging the surrounding delta's paddy fields, which positioned Ayeyarwady as Myanmar's primary rice-producing area, with Pathein hosting numerous mills handling produce from nearby villages.^[51] Traditional home industries, including the production of Pathein umbrellas (hti)—handcrafted from bamboo, oiled paper, and painted motifs—persisted as key economic and cultural activities, employing local artisans and sustaining a craft dating back over 130 years with roots in royal patronage.^[52] National policies under military rule from 1962 onward, including the "Burmese Way to Socialism," nationalized industries and emphasized agricultural collectivization, which disrupted private rice trading in Pathein but reinforced state-controlled milling and export quotas through the 1980s.^[53] The 1988 pro-democracy uprising and subsequent economic isolation limited urban development, though Pathein's role in regional transport via the Ayeyarwady River endured, supporting fish, sand, and commodity flows.^[51] Partial market reforms after 2011 spurred modest infrastructure improvements, including urban planning initiatives for expansion in Pathein and adjacent townships.^[54] Cyclone Nargis, striking the Ayeyarwady Delta on May 2–3, 2008, devastated Pathein and environs with storm surges and flooding, destroying homes, crops, and mills in the low-lying area and contributing to an estimated 138,000 deaths across the region under the military junta's delayed aid response.^[55] Reconstruction efforts, bolstered by international aid and nascent civil society networks, rebuilt rice infrastructure but highlighted vulnerabilities in disaster preparedness, prompting limited policy shifts toward community-based risk management.^[56] The 2021 military coup exacerbated economic strains, with protests, supply disruptions, and conflict spillover affecting Pathein's trade and umbrella workshops, amid broader national instability.^[57]

Geography and Demographics

Economy, Culture, and Landmarks

Historical Treaties and Other References

Treaty of Bassein (1534)

The Treaty of Bassein was an agreement signed on 23 December 1534 between Sultan Bahadur Shah of the Gujarat Sultanate and the Portuguese Empire, aboard the galleon São Mateus off the coast near Bassein (modern Vasai, India).^[58]^[8] The sultan, facing threats from the expanding Mughal Empire under Humayun and seeking naval support against potential invasions, negotiated with Portuguese Viceroy Nuno da Cunha, who leveraged military pressure to extract concessions.^[58]^[59] Under the treaty's terms, Bahadur Shah ceded the fortified city of Bassein (Baçaim), along with its dependencies including Salsette Island, the seven islands of Bombay (Bombaim, encompassing Parel, Wadala, Mazagaon, Worli, and others), and surrounding territories, islands, and maritime rights to the Portuguese.^[8]^[58] In exchange, the Portuguese pledged military alliance, including protection against Humayun's forces, though this commitment was strategically self-serving for Portugal's expansion in the Indian Ocean trade routes.^[58] The cession formalized Portuguese control over key coastal enclaves, enabling them to fortify Bassein as a major base for operations against Gujarati and Ottoman shipping.^[8] The treaty's immediate aftermath saw Portuguese forces occupy Bassein without resistance, but Bahadur Shah's suspicions of Portuguese intentions led him to renege shortly after, prompting a brief conflict; he died in 1537 during a siege of Bassein by his own successor's forces allied with the Portuguese.^[58] Over time, it facilitated further Portuguese acquisitions, such as Diu in 1535 and Daman in 1559, consolidating their dominance in western India's maritime commerce until the 17th century.^[58]^[59] The agreement exemplified early European realpolitik in Asia, where alliances with declining local powers yielded territorial gains amid inter-Indian rivalries.^[58]

Treaty of Bassein (1802)

The Treaty of Bassein, signed on 31 December 1802, was a subsidiary alliance between the British East India Company and Baji Rao II, the Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy, concluded at Bassein (now Vasai, near Bombay).^[60]^[61] The agreement provided British military support to restore Baji Rao II to power following his ouster by rival Maratha leader Yashwantrao Holkar after the Battle of Poona on 25 October 1802, during which the Peshwa's forces suffered a decisive defeat, prompting his flight to British-protected territory.^[62]^[63] Under the treaty's provisions, Baji Rao II ceded territories yielding an annual revenue of 26 lakh rupees to defray the costs of a British subsidiary force comprising 6,000 infantry and artillery, stationed within Maratha domains.^[62] The Peshwa pledged to exclude all Europeans other than the British from military or civil service, to conduct no negotiations or declarations of war with other states without prior British approval, and to consult British residents on key appointments and internal decisions, effectively granting the Company veto power over Maratha foreign policy and military affairs.^[62] In exchange, the British committed to aiding the Peshwa's restoration without interfering in his internal governance beyond the subsidiary framework, marking a formal extension of British influence into the Maratha heartland.^[62] The treaty provoked immediate opposition from independent Maratha chieftains, including Holkar and Daulat Rao Scindia, who viewed it as a capitulation that undermined confederacy sovereignty and invited British meddling, leading directly to the Second Anglo-Maratha War from 1803 to 1805.^[63]^[64] British victories in this conflict, including the captures of Delhi, Agra, and Gawilghur, compelled further concessions from the Marathas, such as the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon with Scindia and the Treaty of Deogaon with Bhonsle, accelerating the Confederacy's fragmentation.^[63] Over the longer term, the Treaty of Bassein exemplified the subsidiary system—wherein Indian rulers financed British troops for "protection"—that eroded native autonomy and paved the way for the East India Company's dominance in western India, culminating in the Maratha Empire's dissolution by 1818.^[65]^[60]

Other Uses

Bassein is the historical Portuguese name for Vasai, a coastal city in Palghar district, Maharashtra, India, situated about 50 kilometers north of Mumbai.^[29] The region served as a key Portuguese stronghold from 1534, following the Treaty of Bassein with the Gujarat Sultanate, which ceded control of the area including its fort.^[8] Bassein Fort, originally constructed in the early 16th century under Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, was extensively rebuilt and expanded by the Portuguese into a fortified city with churches, residences, and defensive walls spanning over 100 acres.^[66] The fort fell to Maratha forces in 1739 after a prolonged siege, marking the end of Portuguese dominance there, and later passed to British control until India's independence in 1947.^[8] Today, the ruins attract visitors for their architectural remnants, including Baroque-style cisterns and gateways, though much has deteriorated due to neglect and coastal erosion.^[29]

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... females thus the Average Sex Ratio of Vasai-Virar City is 886. The ... The male literacy rate is 91.53% and the female literacy rate is 85.22% in Vasai-Virar City ...
[35]
About Vasai, Vasai Virar, Vasai in Navi Mumbai, Vasai Demography
Vasai comprises 77.16 percent followers of Hindu religion, 9.03 percent followers of Islam religion, 1.90 percent followers of Jain religion, 8.28 percent ...
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Vasai Industries Association: Industrial Networking in Vasai
Since 1989, Vasai Industries Association (VIA) is the leading industrial association in Vasai, supporting engineering, plastic, pharma, logistics and many ...
[37]
Vasai-Virar - Wikipedia
Vasai-Virar city has significant growth potential due to close proximity to city-proper Mumbai.
[38]
[PDF] Vasai Virar City Development Plan under scheme of UID in Satellite ...
There is good scope for industrialization of VVSR with availability of land and proximity of market for the products.It offers excellent opportunities for ...
[39]
Mumbai Side Trip: Cultural and Heritage Tour of Vasai - TripSavvy
Sep 12, 2019 · Peaceful palm-lined streets, unspoiled beach, and pervasive Portuguese heritage make the town of Vasai, on the northern outskirts of Mumbai, surprisingly ...
[40]
Sao Joao 2025: Vasai's East Indians mark St. John the Baptist feast ...
Jun 29, 2025 · Vasai's East Indians talk about wells and sons-in-law taking centre stage as community celebrates feast of Saint John the Baptist.
[41]
Honouring the Harvest: The Significance of Aagera in East Indian ...
Aagera is a harvest festival for the kharif crop held at the end of the monsoon season. Successful harvests are crucial for food security and the local economy ...
[42]
https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/31683/1/625896.pdf
[43]
[PDF] The Mists of Ramanna: The Legend That Was Lower Burma
Bassein. Urban. Old Burmese. 1264. Narathihapade. Bassein River. Natural. Middle Mon ... Pathein in Burmese) is spelled in the Old. Burmese original as Pusim.
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[PDF] Bassein District - The Anglo-Burmese Library Members' Area
Circa 1250 A.D. a princess named Oommadandee ascended the throne but a few years later. Bassein was conquered by the Burmans. In 1272 the Chinese invaded Burma ...
[45]
Second Burma War | National Army Museum
The British then pursued the retiring Burmese army northwards. They took Bassein (now Pathein) on 19 May and Pegu (now Bago) on 3 June, after heavy fighting ...
[46]
[PDF] history of pathein district (1886-1948)
After the British had occupied the Lower Myanmar, Pathein District fell under the British occupation since 1852. When the Ayeyawady Division was started.
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The Development of the Burmese Rice Industry in the Late ... - jstor
European firms soon followed this lead and established themselves at the four main ports of Rangoon, Akyab, Bassein and Moulmein. These big rice-milling and ...Missing: Myanmar era
[48]
History of Myanmar - The British in Burma, 1885–1948 | Britannica
The colonial period was one of relative civil order, but it also was one of great social disintegration. · Under the monarchy, the monkhood and the state had ...
[49]
Japanese occupation of Burma | Online Burma/Myanmar Library
The Japanese occupation of Burma refers to the period between 1942 and 1945 during World War II, when Burma was a part of the Empire of Japan.<|separator|>
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The Forgotten General of Burma's Army - The Irrawaddy
Feb 16, 2020 · Known as the “four-foot colonel” for his small stature, Dun was born to an ethnic Karen family in Bassein or Pathein, the capital of Irrawaddy ...
[51]
[PDF] LOCAL GOVERNANCE MAPPING
After independence, Ayeyarwady came under direct control of the new government in Yangon, but these basic local administrative structures remained in place ...
[52]
[PDF] THE AYEYARWADY RIVER AND THE ECONOMY OF MYANMAR
The Ayeyarwady is the engine of Myanmar's economy, providing fish, rice, transport, electricity, and sand. Its basin is economically significant, and its ...
[53]
[PDF] An Attempt to Study on the Market Condition of Pathein Umbrella ...
The two Pathein umbrella industries were awarded a gold medal by the British colonial government and passed with success through the colonial period, and the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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[PDF] Chapter 7 Myanmar - ERIA
After independence, the government implemented agricultural mechanization schemes involving the distribution of farm machinery to farmers, production of farm ...
[55]
[PDF] Urban Development Plan for Regional Cities - Mandalay, Pathein ...
The urban development plan of Pathein was made by close cooperation of Ayeyarwady Region ... Since this study's target area for Pathein includes the seven ...
[56]
Myanmar | History, Population, Coup, & Facts | Britannica
By that time the Mon apparently had become supreme in southern Myanmar. They may have occupied the whole of the region and controlled the port of Pathein ( ...
[57]
[PDF] Myanmar Civil Society's Response to Cyclone Nargis
It identifies how civil society has changed since Cyclone Nargis and outlines how donors and other external organisations can further strengthen and support ...
[58]
Myanmar's Troubled History: Coups, Military Rule, and Ethnic Conflict
Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty.Missing: Pathein | Show results with:Pathein
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The Treaty of Bassein and how Portuguese took control of Gujarat
Dec 15, 2024 · It all started at the end of the 13th century when the army of Alauddin Khilji conquered Gujarat and North Konkan from its Rajput rulers in 1297 ...
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Nuno da Cunha & Treaty of Bassein - GKToday
May 29, 2011 · Later in 1534, he was able to compel Bahadur Shah to sign the treaty of Bassein. On the basis of treaty of Bassein, Bahadur shah gave ...<|separator|>
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[Solved] Between whom and when was the Treaty of Bassein signed?
It was a pact signed on 31st December 1802. It was signed between East India Company and Baji Rao II. Baji Rao II was the Maratha Peshwa of Pune, and the treaty ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
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Treaty of Bassein 1802: Who Signed for Marathas? - Prepp
Key Details of the Treaty of Bassein (1802) The Treaty of Bassein was signed on December 31, 1802, between the British East India Company and the Maratha ...
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Treaty of Bassein (1802) - All you need to know - Sanskar Lochan
Sep 24, 2019 · The English agreed to help the Peshwa militarily. · The Peshwa agreed to surrender a part of his territory in return for the help provided by the ...
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Treaty of Bassein Explained for Competitive Exams - Easy Mind Maps
Feb 25, 2025 · This treaty marked the beginning of British control over the Marathas and led to the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805). Background of the ...
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The Treaty of Bassein(1802) was between whom? - Prepp
Based on historical facts, the Treaty of Bassein ( 1802 ) (1802) (1802) was signed between the British and Peshwa Bajirao II.<|separator|>
[66]
Significance of Treaty of Bassein British Indian History - ias network
Jan 10, 2016 · The Treaty of Bassein was essentially a Subsidiary Alliance signed between the Britishers and Peshwa, BajiRao II.
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Vasai Fort - | India Cine Hub
Aug 8, 2025 · Vasai fort, also known as Bassein Fort is located at Vasai, about 55 km from Mumbai. Bahadur Shah, Sultan of Gujarat, built the fort.