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Bevor

A bevor is a specialized piece of plate armor designed to protect the wearer's chin, lower face, and throat, typically consisting of one or more articulated steel plates that fit closely to the contours of the face and neck. It served as a crucial defensive element in late medieval and early Renaissance European armor, bridging the protective gap between the helmet and the upper torso while allowing for head movement. Constructed from ferrous metal such as steel, bevors were often embossed with medial ridges for strength and fitted with lining rivets, turning pins, and spring catches to secure them to helmets like the sallet or armet.^[1]^[2]^[3] Emerging in the early 15th century, primarily in Italy, Germany, and Spain, the bevor evolved alongside advancements in helmet design to address vulnerabilities in the lower face during close combat. Early examples, dating to around 1420–1480, were integrated with open-faced helmets such as the sallet, where the bevor hooked or fastened to the breastplate for comprehensive coverage. By the late 15th and early 16th centuries, bevors became more refined, often comprising multiple lames—such as a main chin plate, an upper detachable plate, and a lower gorget lame—for enhanced articulation and comfort, as seen in artifacts from the Knights of Saint John’s Armoury on Rhodes.^[4]^[3]^[2] Notable surviving bevors, preserved in major collections, highlight regional variations in craftsmanship: Italian pieces from ca. 1480 feature leather linings and precise shaping for mobility, while Spanish examples from the same period emphasize pointed lower plates for thrusting defense. These components were essential for knights and men-at-arms, providing vital protection against edged weapons and contributing to the overall efficacy of full harnesses in battles and tournaments.^[5]^[3]^[6]

Etymology and Terminology

Etymology

The term "bevor" originates from the Old French word baviere, referring to a child's bib, derived from baver, meaning "to slobber" or "to dribble." This linguistic root reflects the practical impact of the armor piece, which encases the lower face and chin, potentially restricting mouth movement and leading to saliva accumulation or dribbling, especially during prolonged battle conditions.^[7]^[8] The word first entered English armor terminology in the late 15th century, coinciding with the rise of plate armor designs that incorporated such protective elements for the neck and lower face.^[7] In German armor contexts, the equivalent term is Bart (meaning "beard"), reflecting the piece's coverage of the chin area.) The bevor is sometimes connected to broader modern terms like gorget, which encompasses similar neck protections but without the specific lower-face emphasis.^[8] The gorget, initially a flexible defense for the neck crafted from fabric or chainmail and predating widespread plate armor in the 13th–14th centuries, contrasts with the bevor's rigid plate construction that extends protection to the lower face as well as the throat.^[9] While both serve to safeguard the vulnerable neck area, the gorget emphasized mobility through its softer materials, often worn under or over mail hauberks, whereas the bevor's inflexible design integrated more seamlessly with evolving plate helmets for comprehensive facial coverage.^[10] The buffe emerged as a development of the bevor in 16th-century armor, featuring hinged, articulated plates—known as the falling buffe—that allowed greater head movement while protecting the lower face and throat, commonly paired with burgonets or close helmets.^[11] This evolution addressed limitations in earlier fixed-plate designs by incorporating multiple lames for adjustability. Alternative spellings such as "beaver" appear in historical texts for the bevor, though the term risks confusion with non-armor uses like animal pelts; the "sallet bevor" specifically refers to a chin and neck plate tailored for integration with the sallet helmet, enhancing protection without impeding vision.^[10] These terminological variations stem from Old French influences related to protective undergarments like bibs.

Historical Development

Origins

The bevor emerged around 1400 in medieval European armor as a direct response to the vulnerabilities exposed by thrusting and piercing weapons, which targeted the neck gap beneath bascinet helmets equipped with flexible chainmail aventails. These helmets, popular in the late 14th century, left the throat and lower face susceptible during close-quarters combat, prompting armorers to develop rigid plate alternatives for superior deflection of dagger thrusts and sword points.^[12] Earliest surviving examples of the bevor date to the early 15th century, primarily from Italian and German workshops, where it integrated with evolving helmet designs like the sallet to enclose the neck more securely. Milanese armorers in northern Italy produced notable specimens circa 1420–1450, often as part of complete plate ensembles that emphasized streamlined protection for mercenary infantry and cavalry. German variants from the same era, such as those documented in collections from the late 15th century, show similar construction but with regional adaptations for broader European conflicts.^[13]^[14]^[15] This innovation coincided with the transition from chainmail aventails to plate neck defenses, accelerated by metallurgical advancements during the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), including carburizing techniques and early blast furnace use in northern Italy by 1400, which enabled lighter, harder steel plates without sacrificing mobility. These improvements allowed for widespread adoption among knights and men-at-arms, marking a pivotal shift toward full-body plate armor.^[15]

Evolution

The bevor, initially developed in response to the vulnerabilities exposed in medieval close-quarters combat, underwent significant refinements during the late 15th century as armorers sought to enhance head protection while maintaining wearer mobility.^[16] In the 1460s to 1480s, the bevor became commonly integrated with the sallet helmet, a popular form characterized by its rounded skull and extended tail, providing comprehensive coverage for the chin and throat when worn together as a modular system.^[17] German examples from around 1480 demonstrate this pairing, where the separate steel bevor attached via straps or pivots to the sallet, allowing for adjustable protection without restricting head movement.^[17] By the 1490s, the bevor evolved to pair more seamlessly with emerging close helms, which enclosed the entire face and incorporated the chin guard directly into the helmet structure for improved unity. A notable example is the combination sallet and bevor crafted for Emperor Maximilian I around 1485–1495 by Lorenz Helmschmid of Augsburg, featuring a falling buffe—a hinged chin defense that pivoted in coordination with the visor, enhancing mobility and foreshadowing the fully integrated close helmets of the early 16th century.^[18] The bevor's prominence waned in the 17th century alongside the broader decline of full plate armor, driven by the rise of firearms that rendered heavy steel protections less practical for battlefield use. By the early 1600s, bevors and similar components transitioned primarily into ceremonial and parade armor, retained by nobility and cavalry for symbolic rather than combative purposes.^[19]

Design and Construction

Structure

The bevor is fundamentally a curved plate of armor designed to envelop the lower face and neck, providing a contoured fit that shields the chin, jawline, and throat while allowing for mobility and unobstructed vision. Typically constructed as a single main plate or composed of multiple articulated lames, it features a medial ridge running vertically down the center to enhance structural integrity and distribute impact forces, with the plate's edges often turned outward for added protection and comfort against the skin. This anatomical shaping ensures the bevor molds to the wearer's facial contours, rising to just below the eyes or integrating with a helmet's lower edge without encroaching on the field of view.^[14]^[20] Mechanically, the bevor's assembly emphasizes secure yet flexible attachment to the overall armor ensemble. It is commonly fastened to the breastplate via leather straps or buckles positioned at the sides or rear, allowing for adjustable tension to accommodate different body sizes and ensure a snug fit over the torso's upper section. For helmet integration, hinged joints or riveted articulations connect the upper plate or lame to the helmet's base, enabling the head to pivot while maintaining continuous coverage; these pivots often incorporate spring catches or pins to lock the bevor in a raised or lowered position as needed. In standalone configurations, pairs of holes along the edges facilitate bolting or lacing to undergarments or additional plates, with internal lining rivets securing fabric or leather padding to prevent chafing.^[14]^[21]^[22] Dimensions of historical bevors vary by region and era but generally reflect a compact form suited to the human anatomy, typically ranging from 15 to 30 cm in height from the chin cusp to the upper edge and 20 to 30 cm in width across the neck at its broadest point. The plate thickness typically ranges from 1-2 mm, balancing weight—often around 1 kg for the piece—with defensive resilience, as thicker sections may appear at stress points like the ridge. These proportions allow the bevor to function independently as a neck guard while seamlessly bridging gaps in full plate harnesses developed from the late 14th century onward.^[14]^[22]

Materials

The primary material for bevors was tempered steel, an iron-carbon alloy with a carbon content ranging from 0.02% to 0.8%, which provided the necessary balance of toughness and hardness, achieving hardness levels ranging from approximately 20 to 50 HRC (Rockwell C scale) through heat treatments like slack quenching and tempering to enhance impact resistance.^[23] This steel was produced via traditional bloomery processes using charcoal, resulting in a heterogeneous structure with slag inclusions that contributed to its resilience under stress.^[23] Bevors were manufactured through hand-forging techniques, where armorers heated steel blanks and shaped them using hammers on anvils to form the plates, often folding and layering the metal to achieve desired thickness and strength.^[23] Hinges and joints were secured with riveting, allowing for articulation, while final polishing and filing refined the surfaces, helping to minimize weight—typically ranging from 1 to 2 kg for a complete bevor—while maintaining structural integrity.^[23] These methods ensured a close fit to the wearer's contours, with material choices like tempered steel supporting the bevor's multi-plate design for mobility. Material variations evolved across eras, reflecting advances in metallurgy. In early forms before 1450, bevors often employed thicker mild steel with lower and more inconsistent hardness (around 20-40 HRC) due to limited refining techniques, prioritizing bulk over precision.^[23] By the post-1500 period, improved steel production enabled lighter, more uniformly tempered alloys with hardness up to 50 HRC, allowing for thinner plates that supported prolonged wear while adapting to the bevor's structural demands for ergonomic fit.^[23]

Function and Usage

Protective Role

The bevor functioned as an essential defensive element in late medieval plate armor, specifically safeguarding the throat, neck, and lower jaw from targeted strikes in combat. Emerging prominently in the 15th century, when full plate ensembles became standard for knights and men-at-arms, it filled a critical gap between the helmet and torso, shielding areas prone to attack during the hand-to-hand fighting that characterized battles like those of the Hundred Years' War.^[24]^[25] Its design emphasized deflection of edged weapons, effectively countering thrusts aimed at the throat and slashes across the neck or jaw—common tactics in close-quarters melee where opponents sought to sever arteries or cause rapid incapacitation. The articulated lames and curved plates directed blade impacts away from vital structures, minimizing penetration and thereby averting decapitation or fatal blood loss. Often combined with underlying mail for added resilience, the bevor enhanced overall survivability in infantry and cavalry engagements of the era.^[25]^[24] However, the bevor's protective efficacy was not absolute, particularly against blunt-force trauma from heavy maces, which could deform the metal and transmit concussive energy to cause internal injuries like fractures or organ damage, especially without reinforcing extensions from the pauldrons to distribute the load. The bevor typically paired with helmets to ensure comprehensive coverage of the head and neck.^[26]^[25]

Integration with Other Armor

The bevor was integrated into full plate armor ensembles primarily through attachment to the sallet or armet helmet, utilizing sliding rivets at the temples or side pivots to allow pivoting motion and limited head movement while preserving alignment with the neck guard.^[27] Alternatively, leather laces or straps passed through dedicated holes or loops on the helmet's lower edge could secure the bevor, providing adjustability for different wearer anatomies.^[28] These mechanisms ensured the bevor remained in place during combat without unduly restricting visibility or respiration. In torso protection, the bevor's lower edge featured an overlapping flange that interfaced with the upper breastplate, creating a sealed joint to deflect thrusting weapons and prevent gaps in coverage; this design was characteristic of complete Gothic harnesses developed in southern Germany and Milanese styles originating in northern Italy, prevalent from roughly 1450 to 1550.^[29] Such compatibility extended the protective continuum from head to chest, with the lower lames of the associated gorget overlapping the breastplate, from which the fauld or tassets extended downward in these harnesses.^[30] For wearer comfort, the interior of the bevor included lining rivets to affix customizable fabric or leather padding, which could be tailored in thickness and shape to accommodate individual neck contours and mitigate chafing over prolonged engagements.^[31] This integration not only facilitated modular assembly of armor sets but also contributed to overall defense against strikes targeting the vulnerable neck area.^[32]

Variations

Early Forms

The early forms of the bevor appeared around 1420–1430, primarily in Italy, Germany, and Spain, as rudimentary neck and chin guards integral to evolving plate armor systems, particularly complementing open-faced helmets like the sallet or bascinet.^[4] These initial designs featured single-plate construction without hinges or articulations, relying instead on leather straps or lacing points for secure attachment to the breastplate or helmet, ensuring basic protection while preserving wearer mobility.^[33] Their minimalist shape typically included a flat or slightly curved lower edge to conform to the throat, with no shoulder extensions, and they weighed under 1 kg to avoid encumbering foot soldiers or archers.^[34] In Flemish-influenced production centers, examples from the 1430s, such as Hispano-Flemish variants, were often left unpainted steel for cost efficiency in equipping urban militias and exported forces.^[35] These early pieces prioritized functional simplicity over decoration, distinguishing them terminologically from later, more elaborate gorgets.^[36]

Later Developments

In the Renaissance period, particularly from the early 16th century onward, the bevor evolved from a standalone or simply attached chin and throat guard into a more integrated component of helmet systems, such as the armet and burgonet, to enhance mobility while maintaining protection against thrusts and blows to the lower face and neck.^[37] By the second quarter of the 16th century, armet designs commonly featured a bevor as part of a multi-plate visor assembly, often consisting of two articulated plates where the upper plate could adjust independently for better ventilation and field of view.^[37] This hinged construction allowed the bevor to pivot over the head, replacing earlier fixed mentonnières and adapting to the increasing emphasis on foot combat and tournament styles that demanded greater flexibility.^[37] During the Maximilian era (circa 1500–1540), the bevor further developed into the gorget and bavier configurations, where it formed a seamless extension of the breastplate and helmet, often laminated for adjustability and paired with falling buffes in burgonets for layered defense.^[37] Garnitures—modular armor sets—emerged around 1500, incorporating interchangeable bevors and related neck plates to suit various activities, from battlefield use to specialized jousting, as exemplified in German Stechhelm helmets of the period.^[38] These advancements reflected broader trends in armorers' craftsmanship, prioritizing ergonomic design amid the rise of firearms, which necessitated lighter yet targeted protections like the bevor in half-armor ensembles for infantry.^[37] By the late 16th century, as full plate armor waned in favor of demi-armor and enriched parade suits (1540–1620), the bevor persisted in transitional forms, such as the pivoted upper and lower plates in three-quarter field armors, often chiselled with decorative motifs like asterisks for both function and aesthetics.^[39] An example is an English suit dated approximately 1595–1600, where the bevor's visor integrated vision slits and pivots for secure yet movable coverage, illustrating its role in the final phases of plate armor before the dominance of buff coats and muskets rendered it obsolete.^[39] This evolution underscored the bevor's adaptability, transitioning from essential battlefield gear to ceremonial elements in an era of declining heavy armor use.^[37]

References

[1]
Bevor - Italian - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Title: Bevor; Date: 15th century; Culture: Italian; Medium: Steel; Dimensions: Wt. 3 lb. 6 oz. (1531 g); Classification: Armor Parts-Buffes ...
[2]
Bevor - about 1500 | Collection Object | Royal Armouries
Physical description. Composed of three plates, a mainplate at the chin, a detachable lame above and one gorget lame below. The mainplate is rounded, ...
[3]
bevor | British Museum
Description: Bevor for wear with a capacete, of steel, formed of three plates, the lower plate drawn down to a deep point, the middle plate shaped to the ...
[4]
Bevor - Spanish - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Title: Bevor. Date: ca. 1480. Culture: Spanish. Medium: Steel. Dimensions: H. 7 1/2 in. (19.1 cm); W. 7 1/4 in. (18.4 cm). Classification: Armor Parts- ...
[5]
Bevor - Italian - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Title: Bevor. Date: ca. 1480. Culture: Italian. Medium: Steel, leather. Dimensions: H. 6 in. (15.2 cm); W. 9 1/4 in. (23.5 cm). Classification: Armor Parts- ...
[6]
Bevor - about 1490 | Collection Object - Royal Armouries
Physical description. Composed of four lames overlapping upwards. The main plate is large, heavily embossed for the chin, with a slight medial keel.
[7]
Beaver - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Beaver originates from Old English beofor, from Proto-Germanic *bebruz, meaning a large amphibious rodent; also denotes a helmet guard (15c.)Missing: bevor baver
[8]
Beaver - Oxford Reference
The lower part of the face guard of a helmet in a suit of armour. Recorded from the late 15th century, the word comes from Old French bavier 'bib', from baver ...
[9]
The Gorget -- myArmoury.com
Dec 2, 2011 · Mail standards and mantles were used even in the 16th century, and the earliest clearly depicted separate articulated gorget I found dates to ...
[10]
Glossary of Medieval Arms, Weaponry and Armour
Bevor, buff, bevier: A cupped defense for the chin attached to a gorget. ... stone, fueled with charcoal, and fanned with a bellows to a temperature from ...
[11]
Bevor Armour - Future Museum
... helmet, and later with a burgonet, in a form known as a falling buffe. The Bevor pictured is a fairly common example with a simplistic design, only a slight ...Missing: armor | Show results with:armor
[12]
Advances in Medieval Knight Armor Could Not Match Weapon ...
May 14, 2019 · The part protecting the neck was known as a bevor and this replaced the aventail that was used together with the bascinet. Certain helmets ...
[13]
Bevor - Italian - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Title: Bevor. Date: ca. 1480. Culture: Italian. Medium: Steel. Dimensions: H. 8 1/4 in. (21 cm); W. 8 in. (20.3 cm). Classification: Armor Parts-Buffes.
[14]
Bevor - 1475-1495 | Collection Object - Royal Armouries
Physical description: Consists of a main plate shaped to the chin, the main portion spreading out over the neck and having a bluntly cusped lower edge near ...
[15]
Early 15th Century Hundred Years' War Arms and Armour I
Jul 30, 2017 · Advances in iron and steel production in the late fourteenth century made the development of full suits of plate armour worthwhile because they ...
[16]
15th Century Portuguese Armour I – Sallet and Bevor - Anno 1471
Sep 14, 2018 · It has the short tail and the round silhouette of Milanese sallets, which it combines with a pointy skull and a visor profile slimmer than that ...
[17]
Sallet and Bevor - German - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
$$12.95 deliveryTitle: Sallet and Bevor; Date: 1480; Culture: German; Medium: Steel, copper alloy, leather; Dimensions: Sallet (a); H. 10 1/4 in. (26 cm); W. 11 1/4 in.<|control11|><|separator|>
[18]
Sallet of Emperor Maximilian I (1459–1519) - German, Augsburg
This sallet was a new type probably invented by Lorenz Helmschmid for Emperor Maximilian I (1459–1519) around the time he became head of the Holy Roman Empire ...
[19]
The Decoration of European Armor - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Oct 1, 2003 · During the seventeenth century, the use of armor gradually declined. Except for heavy cavalry use, sieges, and ceremonial and theatrical use, ...Missing: bevor transition
[20]
The Fitzwilliam Museum - Bevor: M.13B-1941
Maker(s). Unknown. Entities. Bevor. Categories. Armour. Description. Bevor, of munition quality, for field use. Formed of three medially-ridged plates of ...
[21]
Bevor - about 1500 | Collection Object | Royal Armouries
Physical description. Composed of four plates, the lowest of which is a modern restoration. Originally of five lames. The upper plate is rounded and shaped ...
[22]
Bevor - Spanish - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
The gorget plate is part of a large find of medieval armor discovered in 1840 in the ruins of the fortress of Chalcis, on the Greek island of Euboea.
[23]
How thick the armor usually was? – @its-spelled-maille on Tumblr
In raw numbers steel plate armor thickness usually falls between 20 and 12 gauge / 1 and 3mm, at least on average. However, and unlike what reproductions ...
[24]
Some Aspects of the Metallurgy and Production of European Armor
Oct 18, 2016 · The “steel” used in the age of plate armor, say 1300 to 1650, was quite different from the homogenous refined material in use today. It was a ...
[25]
The Function of Armor in Medieval and Renaissance Europe
Oct 1, 2002 · During the fifteenth century, plate armor became the dominant form of protection, and by about 1500 had all but displaced mail and fabric armor ...Missing: 1450 post-
[26]
The Collection
When full facial protection was required, the sallet was worn with a bevor, which covered the neck and lower face and which was overlapped by the sallet's lower ...
[27]
Plate Armor in Combat: Protection and Weaknesses - Battle-Merchant
Dec 18, 2024 · Particularly effective against plate armor were weapons such as maces, war hammers, and polearms with pointed ends. Maces and war hammers ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[28]
Close helmet - 1505-1515 | Collection Object | Royal Armouries
At the base of the bevor is fitted one original gorget plate, articulated by sliding rivets at either side, and one modern gorget plate. The exterior is ...
[29]
[PDF] EUROPEAN HELMETS, 1450-1650 - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
The stylized cranial and facial shapes of helmets and their brightly polished steel surfaces accord with the modern taste for abstraction; their mysterious ...
[30]
The Collection
The bevor, the breastplate, the right spaudler with integral upper cannon ... BEVOR, quite heavy, with one falling plate kept in position by a spring ...
[31]
Field armour - Composite, Gothic - about 1480 | Collection Object
Two subsidiary plates protecting the outer part of the thigh are attached to the main plates by hinges. Poleyns with large, fluted wings, a deep plate below the ...
[32]
Close helmet - about 1485 | Collection Object | Royal Armouries
At the lower corners of the bevor are two keyhole slots, one broken out into a lining rivet hole, for attachment of an additional reinforce. Around the base of ...
[33]
[PDF] European Armor Imperial Ottoman - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
37-38. 58. The roller on the sallet presumably supplemented those on the metal framework "bevor" that was bolted to the mechan-.
[34]
Gothic armour - about 1475-85 | Collection Object | Royal Armouries
The bevor has a single gorget plate and is probably modern (III.1300). The breastplate is in two parts, the plackart with a pierced finial, the lowest plate of ...
[35]
Bevor - late 15th century | Collection Object | Royal Armouries
Bevor - Bevor - late 15th century · Provenance: Purchased 1957. · Physical description: Of three plates, an articulated upper plate, a central plate shaped to the ...
[36]
[PDF] The Evolution of Armor and Weapons in Medieval Europe
12 Indeed, many of the aspects of late medieval plate armor, such as the angled visor and the bevor, can be seen to cover the weaknesses of earlier armor models ...Missing: distinction gorget
[37]
Gothic Bevor | Cleveland Museum of Art
A bevor is a piece of plate armor that is intended to protect the chin and upper throat. It normally supplemented an open helmet like the sallet.
[38]
A Burgonet and Bevor - Florida Center for Instructional Technology
The burgonet, the successor to the earlier salet, was a simple helmet also often accompanied by a bevor. The bevor is a piece of armor separate from the helmet ...
[39]
The Defensive Armour and the Weapons and Engines of War of ...
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Defensive Armour and the Weapons and Engines of War of Mediæval Times, and of the "Renaissance." This ebook is for the use of ...
[40]
Arms and Armor in Renaissance Europe
Oct 1, 2002 · Although arms and armor are most commonly associated with warfare, both were used in other contexts, including hunting, tournaments, and as parade costume.<|control11|><|separator|>
[41]
Armour - Three-quarter field armour - about 1595-1600
The replacement lifting peg at the right is accommodated in a square notch in the upper bevor ... Paggiarino, The Royal Armouries, masterpieces of medieval ...Missing: armor structure