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Sallet

The sallet (also known as celata in Italian or schaller in German) is a type of steel war helmet that emerged in Europe during the late 14th century as an evolution of the earlier bascinet, featuring a rounded or pointed skull, an extended tail to protect the neck, and typically an open face or a pivoting visor that leaves the lower face exposed.^[1]^[2] It became one of the most widespread helmets of the late Middle Ages, used by soldiers across social classes—from knights to archers and infantry—across Western, Northern, and Central Europe, including variants produced in major armor centers like Milan, Italy.^[3]^[2] Developed primarily between 1420 and 1440, the sallet addressed the limitations of prior helmets by providing enhanced protection to the head, nape, and upper neck while allowing greater visibility and mobility for combat.^[2] German-style sallets often included a movable visor with eye slits and were frequently paired with a mail collar or separate bevor plate for additional throat defense, whereas Italian variants were more rounded in profile with fully open faces, sometimes evolving into the related barbute form by the mid-15th century.^[1]^[2] Crafted from low-carbon steel through hammering into a one-piece construction, these helmets weighed around 2 to 3 kilograms and measured approximately 24–30 cm in height, with decorative elements like gilt borders, armorer's marks (e.g., cross keys or Gothic letters), and occasional crests or plume holders appearing on high-quality examples from workshops such as those of the Negroli family in Milan.^[3]^[1] The sallet's popularity stemmed from its versatility in both mounted and foot combat, influencing armor design until the early 16th century when it was gradually supplanted by the armet and close helmet, though surviving artifacts from sites like Rhodes and collections in major museums highlight its role in key conflicts of the Hundred Years' War and Italian Wars eras.^[3]^[2]

Historical Development

Origins

The sallet, known in Italian as celata, was a combat helmet developed for war, consisting of a rounded skull cap, an extended rear tail to shield the neck, and integral or attached cheek guards that provided facial protection without fully enclosing the face, setting it apart from preceding full-face designs like the great helm or early bascinets.^[1] This open-faced structure allowed for greater visibility and ventilation, making it suitable for the dynamic demands of late medieval warfare.^[3] The earliest documented reference to the sallet appears in the 1407 inventory of arms and armor belonging to the Gonzaga family of Mantua, Italy, where it is listed as a celata. It evolved directly from the bascinet helmet of the late 14th century, simplifying the earlier design by eliminating the sliding visor and mail aventail while preserving a curved rear plate for enhanced rearward protection.^[3] This transition reflected a broader shift toward more streamlined headgear that balanced defense with mobility. Developed primarily in Italy between approximately 1420 and 1440, the sallet drew stylistic influences from ancient Corinthian helmets, particularly in its protective form-fitting shape and facial coverage.^[3] This inspiration contributed to the emergence of the barbute variant, an Italian subtype featuring a distinctive T-shaped face opening that evoked classical antiquity while prioritizing combat functionality.^[4] The sallet's rise coincided with the later phases of the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) and the onset of conflicts in Italy leading into the Italian Wars (1494–1559), periods that emphasized lighter armor for increasingly mobile cavalry and infantry forces.^[1]

Regional Variations

The sallet underwent distinct regional adaptations across Europe during the mid- to late 15th century, reflecting local preferences in combat roles and armor integration. In Germany, from circa 1450 to 1495, the sallet typically featured a rounder skull with a pronounced medial ridge and a longer rear tail extending to the mid-back for enhanced neck protection, often paired with a separate bevor to cover the chin and lower face. These helmets, produced in centers like Nuremberg, Basel, and Innsbruck, evolved toward the close helmet form through the addition of pivoting visors that enclosed the face more fully. Examples include steel sallets with leather linings, designed for men-at-arms in heavy infantry roles.^[5] In Italy, sallets from circa 1460 onward emphasized mobility for light troops such as archers, with an open-faced design, shorter tail, and shallower sides that allowed greater visibility and ventilation. Milanese workshops produced many, sometimes incorporating decorative elements like gilt edges or velvet linings, while later variants added fixed or pivoting face plates as precursors to the armet close helmet. A late 15th-century Milanese example features a low keel-like comb and short pointed tail, weighing 6 lb. 9 oz. (approximately 3 kg), suitable for ranged combatants.^[1]^[3] English and Burgundian sallets of the mid-15th century adopted an intermediate style, with a globular skull, moderate tail length, and either integrated or separate bevors for balanced protection. These were prevalent during the Wars of the Roses, as seen in the rare Coventry Sallet (circa 1460-1490), an English/Flemish piece with a fitted skull and fluted elements, now housed in the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum. Franco-Burgundian variants from the late 15th century, often Italian-made, included pointed bowls with separate brow and tail plates, blending elegance and utility for mounted knights.^[6]^[7] French sallets closely resembled the English-Burgundian form but prioritized simplicity with shorter tails and minimal embellishments, adapted for pikemen and crossbowmen in foot formations. Late 15th-century examples, constructed in steel with separate components, emphasized lightweight construction for maneuverability in dense battles.^[5] Key differences arose in troop adaptations: lighter, open-faced versions prevailed for ranged units like archers across regions, while heavier configurations with bevors and visors suited men-at-arms in close combat. All variations trace back to the early Italian prototype, diverging after 1450 to suit local tactical needs.^[3]

Decline and Demise

By the early 16th century, the sallet had largely fallen out of favor for battlefield use, superseded around 1500 by close helmets featuring full visors for enclosed protection in heavy cavalry roles and by lighter, open-faced burgonets suited to infantry and dismounted troops.^[8] This shift reflected evolving military tactics, particularly the rise of pike-and-shot formations where dense infantry blocks of pikemen required helmets that balanced mobility, ventilation, and defense against both melee and emerging firearms like arquebuses, rendering the sallet's rear tail and partial face coverage less ideal for prolonged engagements.^[9] The increased prevalence of plate alternatives and the economic pressures of equipping large standing armies with versatile gear further accelerated its obsolescence in field combat.^[10] Despite its military decline, the sallet persisted in ceremonial and sporting contexts, retained for jousting and tournaments into the mid-16th century as part of ornate parade armor ensembles that prioritized aesthetics and tradition over practicality.^[11] German variants, prized for their robust construction, lingered longest in these non-combat roles among regional elites. Notable surviving examples from the 1520s, including visored sallets attributed to Innsbruck armorers like Hans Maystetter, signal the waning of production in key Habsburg centers.^[12] The transition to newer designs is evident in hybrid artifacts that fused sallet-like tails for neck protection with burgonet-style crests and peaks, bridging the gap to 16th-century standards before the sallet form vanished entirely from armories like those at Greenwich.^[13]

Design and Construction

Materials and Components

The sallet was primarily constructed from high-quality tempered steel, often featuring a low-carbon composition for durability and workability, with examples showing approximately 0.2–0.6% carbon content.^[3]^[14] Production centers such as Milan in Italy and Augsburg in Germany specialized in these helmets, producing steel variants prized for their balance of strength and lightness, while cheaper models occasionally employed simpler iron.^[3]^[15] The steel was typically 1.5–2 mm thick to provide effective protection against blows without excessive weight.^[16] Key components included a rounded skull cap forming the main protective dome, often embossed with a low keel-like ridge for structural reinforcement, and a rear lappet or tail extending to cover the nape of the neck.^[14] Flared cheek plates integrated into the lower edges of the skull offered side-face protection, sometimes designed to pivot for enhanced mobility, while an optional pivoting visor could attach via side pivots to shield the eyes with a single horizontal sight slit.^[17] Attachment points, such as riveted holes along the lower rim, allowed for securing a separate bevor—a plate chin guard—or a mail coif for throat defense, as the sallet lacked a built-in aventail.^[2] Sallet helmets averaged 2–3 kg in weight, enabling a one-size-fits-most design adjusted via internal padding and leather straps for secure fit during extended wear.^[3]^[14] The interior featured riveted linen or textile liners for cushioning, often with leather chin straps for retention.^[3] High-status examples incorporated decorative elements like riveted brass bosses for plume holders or gilding on borders, though such embellishments were rare on standard field pieces.^[3] These components evolved from earlier bascinet designs, adapting a more streamlined form for improved visibility and neck protection in late medieval combat.^[14]

Manufacturing Techniques

The production of sallets in 15th-century Europe was centered in specialized armories across major regions, with Milan serving as the preeminent Italian hub for high-quality plate armor, including helmets, due to its advanced workshops and export-oriented industry. In Germany, Nuremberg and Augsburg emerged as key production centers, where armorers crafted sallets adapted to local preferences for more angular designs. Guild regulations by armorers' organizations in these cities standardized quality and craftsmanship.^[18]^[1]^[19]^[20] Sallets were forged from low-carbon sheet steel, typically 1.5–2 mm thick, using hand-hammering techniques to shape the metal over wooden forms or stakes. Armorers employed raising—progressively hammering the edges inward to build the bowl—and dishing to create the curved skull and extended tail, often working the steel hot to avoid brittleness. Annealing, a process of controlled heating and slow cooling, was essential after each stage to relieve internal stresses and prevent cracking during forming. These methods allowed for the helmet's characteristic one-piece construction, with occasional welding for reinforcements.^[21] Assembly involved securing movable elements like cheek plates and bevor attachments via iron rivets, hammered flush for a seamless fit, while hinges on higher-end models enabled adjustability. Finishing entailed polishing the surface on a wheel with abrasives such as sand or leather belts to achieve a bright, reflective sheen that enhanced both aesthetics and corrosion resistance. Techniques applied to tempered steel ensured durability without excessive weight.^[22] Customization catered to elite clients through bespoke fitting based on precise cranial measurements, allowing armorers to tailor the interior padding and contours for comfort during prolonged wear. For lower ranks, such as infantry, mass production utilized standardized wooden templates to replicate basic sallet forms efficiently. Export models from Milan, often featuring refined proportions, were shipped to regions like Burgundy to meet demand for Italian-style protection among noble forces.^[6]^[23] Quality differed by market, with Milanese sallets prized for their superior metallurgy; recent archaeometallurgical analysis of 15th-century Italian-style armor confirms the use of selective heat treatments, such as quenching, to achieve hardness levels up to 390 on the Vickers scale, providing effective resistance to impacts while maintaining flexibility.^[24]

Usage and Context

In Warfare

The sallet served as a primary helmet for light cavalry, men-at-arms, and infantry across Europe during the late phases of the Hundred Years' War, which concluded in 1453, and into the Italian Wars beginning in 1494.^[3]^[6] Worn by soldiers of varying ranks, from elite knights to common archers and foot soldiers, it became one of the most ubiquitous forms of head protection in late medieval armies due to its balance of coverage and practicality.^[3] In battle, the sallet's design offered key tactical advantages, including enhanced visibility through its often open or visored face and improved ventilation via breath holes or raised visors, making it suitable for prolonged engagements involving sword-and-shield or polearm combat.^[25] The open-faced variants particularly benefited archers and crossbowmen, allowing them to aim and shoot without removing the helmet, a critical edge in skirmishes where rapid firing was essential.^[3] Its extended tail provided additional safeguarding against downward strikes to the neck and shoulders.^[6] Despite these benefits, the sallet had notable limitations in close-quarters fighting, particularly when worn without a full bevor, leaving the throat vulnerable to dagger thrusts or sword points aimed at gaps in the armor.^[6] Similarly, at Towton in 1461, during the Wars of the Roses, sallets were used in the brutal hand-to-hand combat involving edged weapons.^[26] Adaptations varied by troop type: for mounted knights and men-at-arms, the sallet was often paired with full plate harnesses to form a cohesive ensemble emphasizing mobility on horseback, while lighter infantry versions complemented brigandine jackets or padded jacks for foot soldiers, prioritizing weight reduction without sacrificing core defense.^[6]^[27] These combinations reflected the helmet's versatility across economic and tactical needs in 15th-century warfare. Archaeological evidence underscores the sallet's battlefield endurance, with more advanced 15th-century specimens revealing wear patterns consistent with prolonged combat exposure. Excavations in Burgundian territories, such as during the 1474–1475 siege of Neuss, have uncovered sallets associated with military actions in regional conflicts.^[6]^[28]

In Tournaments and Ceremonial Use

The sallet underwent specific adaptations for jousting, including reinforcements such as added grilles or protective bars to withstand lance impacts during mounted combats. These variants were particularly prominent in pas d'armes events, elaborate chivalric encounters where knights defended a symbolic passage, popular from around 1440 to 1480 across Europe. For instance, foot combats at the barrier in the 1470 Pas des Fontaines featured participants wearing sallets, highlighting their role in structured tournament settings that emphasized ritual over unrestricted warfare.^[29]^[30] In ceremonial contexts, sallets were enhanced with luxurious gilding, intricate engravings, and decorative elements to signify noble prestige, often housed in elite armories such as those of the Gonzaga family in Mantua. These versions typically incorporated heraldic plumes for visual splendor and velvet-lined interiors for comfort during prolonged displays, distinguishing them from utilitarian battlefield pieces. Italian regional variations, with their emphasis on elaborate decoration, were especially favored for such parade armors among the nobility. Surviving examples, like a late 15th-century Spanish sallet adorned with gold, silver, and cloisonné enamel, illustrate this opulent treatment.^[31]^[32] Sallet helmets appeared prominently in key Burgundian tournaments, including the 1454 Feast of the Pheasant in Lille, where armored knights participated in jousts and vows of chivalric endeavor as part of grand spectacles organized by Philip the Good. By the 1470s, however, sallets began transitioning toward armet-style designs for foot combats, reflecting evolving tournament formats that prioritized mobility in close-quarters engagements.^[33] Beyond the field, the sallet embodied chivalric status, serving as a coveted item in diplomatic exchanges between courts and worn in non-combat processions to project power and lineage. This social role elevated it as a marker of elite identity, with ornate examples exchanged to forge alliances or honor peers. Due to their ceremonial nature, many sallets remain intact in museum collections today, preserved from the wear and tear of actual conflict unlike fragmented battlefield recoveries.^[34]^[3]

Legacy and Influence

Impact on Later Armor

The sallet helmet significantly influenced the development of 16th-century European head protection, particularly through its adaptation into more enclosed and versatile forms. In Germany, the open-faced sallet evolved into the close helmet by the addition of pivoting visors and reinforced skull caps, providing enhanced facial protection while retaining the original's rounded profile and rear neck guard for mounted and foot combatants. This transition is evident in late 15th- and early 16th-century German armors, where the sallet's ergonomic design—emphasizing balanced weight distribution around the head and neck—facilitated greater mobility without compromising defense. Similarly, the burgonet emerged as an open-faced successor, incorporating cheek guards and a short rear neck guard derived from the sallet's tail-like extension, becoming a staple for infantry such as the Landsknecht mercenaries around 1510, who favored its lightweight construction for prolonged marches and pike formations.^[35]^[36]^[37] In Italy, the sallet's form contributed to the refinement of the armet helmet, blending the open Italian celata variant's streamlined skull with articulated cheek plates and visors for close combat, a design that prioritized the sallet's superior weight balance to reduce neck strain during dynamic engagements. The sallet's brim elements influenced the morion helmet's open-faced design with flared edges, an open-faced infantry piece with a crested ridge widely adopted by pikemen for its ventilation and field of view; this evolution reflected the sallet's practical adaptations for massed formations in the Italian Wars. Spanish armorers further hybridized these traits in the 16th century, producing morion variants for conquistadors in the New World, where the helmet's peaked brim offered protection against low-angle blows in rugged terrains like those encountered during Cortés's campaigns.^[1]^[38] The sallet's legacy extended into the 20th century, notably inspiring the German Stahlhelm M1916 during World War I. Designed by Friedrich Schwerd, the Stahlhelm adopted the sallet's rounded skull and extended rear skirt for overhead and nape protection against shrapnel, drawing directly from 15th-century prototypes to optimize ballistic deflection and weight centering. This influence continued into modern military helmets, such as the U.S. MICH and LWH Kevlar designs, which incorporate similar rounded profiles for ballistic protection.^[2] Scholarly analyses of medieval helmet ergonomics highlight the sallet's role in establishing balanced load distribution—typically under 3 kg for mounted use—which informed these successors by minimizing fatigue and enhancing stability, as demonstrated in biomechanical reconstructions of late medieval harnesses. While Ottoman armors of the 16th century incorporated some European influences through trade and warfare, direct sallet hybrids were rare, with Turkish helmets favoring distinct bulbous miğfers over the sallet's form.^[39]^[40]^[37]

Modern Interpretations and Collections

The sallet remains a prominent feature in major museum collections worldwide, preserving key examples of late medieval armor. The Metropolitan Museum of Art holds an Italian sallet alla veneziana from the late 15th century, characterized by its rounded skull and adjustable visor, exemplifying Venetian craftsmanship.^[4] Similarly, the Royal Armouries in Leeds displays a late 15th-century English or Burgundian sallet with a pivoting visor and reinforced skull, highlighting its widespread use among infantry and nobility.^[3] The Wallace Collection in London features a Brescian sallet attributed to Pietro da Castello, dated around 1470, noted for its low-carbon steel construction and canvas lining remnants, representing Italian export quality.^[41] Modern reproductions of the sallet cater to historical reenactments, collectors, and educational purposes, often employing traditional forging techniques. Armorers such as Steel Mastery produce functional replicas, including visored Italian and German variants from the mid-15th century, crafted from 16-18 gauge steel to mimic original weights and mobility for SCA and HEMA events.^[42] In the 2020s, 3D-printed models have emerged for non-combat study, with STL files available for scalable prototypes that allow precise analysis of proportions without altering artifacts.^[43] Cultural representations of the sallet frequently appear in media, blending historical accuracy with dramatic license. In the television series The Tudors (2007–2010), a 1470s-style sallet is depicted during the 1544 Siege of Boulogne, an anachronism underscoring the helmet's iconic knightly silhouette despite its obsolescence by the 16th century.^[44] Video games like the Assassin's Creed series incorporate sallet-inspired designs in Renaissance settings, such as customizable headgear evoking 15th-century European mercenaries, enhancing immersive historical fantasy.^[45] In broader fantasy genres, the sallet is romanticized as a quintessential "knight helmet," its sleek visor and tail influencing generic medieval tropes in literature and role-playing games.^[46] Recent scholarship has expanded understanding of the sallet through comparative analyses and digital resources. A 2024 study explores its evolution and regional adaptations, emphasizing the helmet's role in late medieval combat dynamics.^[2] Digitization efforts, including European projects aggregating artifact data since 2022, have facilitated global access to sallet imagery and metallurgy, addressing gaps in fragmented collections.^[47] Collecting trends for sallets reflect growing interest among private enthusiasts and institutions, driven by auction markets. A North Italian sallet circa 1490 sold at Woolley & Wallis in 2024 for an undisclosed sum, underscoring demand for Milanese or Brescian pieces.^[48] Similarly, Christie's auctioned a rare English or Flemish sallet from circa 1485 in a prior sale for £10,575, exemplifying the premium on well-provenanced examples.^[49] By 2025, trends indicate sustained appreciation, with replicas and originals appealing to both historical societies and modern cosplay communities.^[50]

References

[1]
Sallet - Italian, Milan - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
The term sallet (from the Italian celata) is applied to a wide variety of fifteenth-century helmets that have open faces or, if visored, leave the lower face ...
[2]
The Story of the Sallet - Wulflund
May 9, 2024 · The common origin lies in an early form of helmet called the basinet in the first quarter of the 14th century. During further development of „ ...
[3]
Sallet - late 15th century | Collection Object - Royal Armouries
One of the most popular types of helmet of the late Middle Ages, worn by all classes of soldier from knights to the humble archer, was the sallet.
[4]
Sallet alla Veneziana - Italian - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
The helmet belongs to a type known as a sallet (from the Italian celata), an open-faced helmet formed of a single plate shaped to the skull.
[5]
European Helmets, 1450–1650: Treasures from the Reserve ...
War Hat, Steel, European · European. possibly 15th century ; Great Sallet, Steel, Italian · Italian. late 14th–mid-15th century ; Sallet, Steel, Italian, Milan.Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
[6]
Sallet in the Franco-Burgundian Style - possibly Italian
This sallet is one of the few surviving examples in the Franco-Burgundian fashion. Although constructed in the contemporary Italian manner, with separate brow ...Missing: variations German
[7]
Medieval - The Herbert Art Gallery & Museum
Coventry Sallet. This medieval helmet dates from the 1400s. This misericord was a seat used by friars at Whitefriars Friary during services in the church.
[8]
Results for "sallet" - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
### Sallet Helmets (Late 15th to Early 16th Century)
[9]
Firearms vs Armour in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance.
Oct 13, 2021 · The biggest factor in the effectiveness of firearms vs. armour, in the medieval and Renaissance period, was quality vs. quality.
[10]
The Decline and Fall of Steel Body Armor
The journey through the history of steel body armor. The impact of changing warfare dynamics, technology, and strategy on the evolution and eventual decline ...
[11]
Sallet "in the Venetian Style" - Italian - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Sallets covered with textile and mounted with decorative metal appliqués were worn for parades and tournaments throughout Italy in the fifteenth century.
[12]
Visored Sallet - Philadelphia Museum of Art
Visored Sallet. Date: c. 1510. Artist: Attributed to the armorer Hans Maystetter (active Innsbruck and Graz, recorded 1508 to 1533). Medium: Steel; brass.Missing: 1520s | Show results with:1520s
[13]
Use of helms. -- myArmoury.com
Feb 5, 2007 · The sallet seems to have had a wider popularity, both in time and place. The word celata first appears in the Gonzaga inventory of 1407. The ...Missing: scholarly | Show results with:scholarly
[14]
Sallet - about 1450-1460 | Collection Object - Royal Armouries
Physical description: Formed of one piece, with a single sight and deep brim and short tail. The skull is low and rounded, with a sharp bump at the rear, ...
[15]
Sallet of Emperor Maximilian I (1459–1519) - German, Augsburg
This sallet was a new type probably invented by Lorenz Helmschmid for Emperor Maximilian I (1459–1519) around the time he became head of the Holy Roman Empire ...Missing: production | Show results with:production
[16]
The Schaller: Late medieval helmet with revolutionary functionality
Oct 12, 2024 · The sallet eventually replaced the Schaller in military use during the mid-15th century in Italy, western and northern Europe, as well as ...
[17]
Sallet - about 1480-1490 | Collection Object - Royal Armouries
Lastly, there is another piece of either German or Italian origin, very similar in its style and execution, but of more compact shape, in the von Kienbusch ...
[18]
Sallet - German - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Artwork Details · Title: Sallet · Date: ca. 1500–1510 · Culture: German · Medium: Steel, copper alloy · Dimensions: H. 10 1/2 in. (26.7 cm); W. 8 5/8 in. (21.9 cm); ...Missing: 1520s | Show results with:1520s
[19]
Armourers by Matthias Pfaffenbichler (review)
Nov 27, 2022 · laid down by the armourers' guilds, which prohibited the formation oflarge Italian- style companies by restricting the number of craftsmen ...Missing: 15th | Show results with:15th
[20]
Armor Garniture, Probably of King Henry VIII of England (reigned ...
This is the earliest dated armor from the royal workshops at Greenwich, which were established in 1515 by Henry VIII (reigned 1509–47) to produce armors for ...
[21]
Some Aspects of the Metallurgy and Production of European Armor
Oct 18, 2016 · An overview of some of the research into the metallurgical study of armour and weapons. Including material quality and composition.Missing: annealing riveting
[22]
Techniques of Decoration on Arms and Armor
Oct 1, 2003 · Helmet (Sallet), Steel, iron, gold, silver, cloisonné enamel,. Helmet (Sallet). Spanish, possibly Granada. late 15th–early 16th century. Helmet ...
[23]
Regional Styles in Armour - LonnieColson.com
Expertly explains in the space of a few brief paragraphs the national and regional armor styles in his essay Fashion in European Armor, 1400-1500.
[24]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207421001795
[25]
The Hundred Years' War 1337-1453 - Royal Armouries
South German Sallet Helmet, about 1450-1460. profile view of a helmet with a single piece metal skull deeply flared at the neck. Italian Sallet Helmet, 1460.Missing: variations | Show results with:variations
[26]
Sallet | Unknown - Explore the Collections - V&A
Feb 13, 2004 · This helmet is known as a sallet (from the Italian celata meaning helmet or ambush). It is loosely attributed to a England owing both to elements of its style.
[27]
Evidence of a sallet being worn with a brigandine : r/Armor - Reddit
Dec 31, 2020 · The sallet was a very popular in 15th century germany. It could conceivably be used with brigandine, just bear in mind that it would be a lower ...question when was this would of been used (not by a knight but like ...Brigandine vs Cuirass/Breast plate. What would you rather ... - RedditMore results from www.reddit.comMissing: plate padded jacks
[28]
Sallet - Clemens Sels Museum Neuss
In shape it is what is known as a Burgundian sallet with a hinged visor and a very narrow eye-slit. The helmet was found during earth-moving operations ...
[29]
[PDF] Pas d'armes and Late Medieval Chivalry - Research Explorer
Jul 8, 2025 · ... 2023. During the first eighteen months of the project, which were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the group held a series of nine online ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[30]
Sallet for the Joust of War of Maximilian I - Austrian, Vienna
Culture: Austrian, Vienna ; Medium: Steel, copper alloy ; Dimensions: 12 3/16 × 10 1/4 × 13 3/8 in. (31 × 26 × 34 cm) ; Classification: Helmets ; Credit Line: ...
[31]
Helmet (Sallet) - Spanish, possibly Granada
Helmet (Sallet) ; Medium: Steel, iron, gold, silver, cloisonné enamel, leather, textile ; Dimensions: H. 7 7/8 in. (20 cm); W. 8 1/8 in. (20.6 cm); D. 10 1/2 in.
[32]
The Decoration of European Armor - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Oct 1, 2003 · In addition, helmets and breastplates were covered in textile while wooden shields ( 25.26.1 ) continued to be decorated, usually with more or ...
[33]
Pas d'armes and Late Medieval Chivalry: A Casebook - Google Books
Jan 6, 2025 · Part I of the volume provides a representative selection of sixteen translated and contextualised sources on the pas d'armes that includes ...
[34]
Diplomatic gifts as a status symbol. Examples of late medieval ...
The material culture of diplomatic gifts is seen as a determinant of power and a visible sign of the recipient's status.Missing: sallet chivalric
[35]
[PDF] EUROPEAN HELMETS, 1450-1650 - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
The term sallet (from the Italian celata) is applied to a wide variety of fifteenth-century helmets that have open faces or, if visored, leave the lower face ...
[36]
The Burgonet -- myArmoury.com
The new helmet, introduced in the early 16th century, had many features of its ancient ancestors: a simple hemispherical bowl; a short bill or peak to defend ...Missing: hybrid | Show results with:hybrid
[37]
[PDF] For Peer Review Only - Artanim
of medieval written sources. An accurate ... The excellent weight distribution over the body ... weight and ergonomics of the replica are. Here we ...
[38]
[PDF] The Morion: An Introduction to its Development, Form, & Function
The helmet type known as a morion has become an iconic symbol of the Renaissance soldier. It is defined in its classic combed form by a distinct symmetry ...
[39]
Stahlhelm Model 1916: The Signature German 'Coal Scuttle'
Sep 8, 2011 · Schwerd based his prototype on the broad-tailed medieval sallet. German metalworkers crafted the Stahlhelm from martensitic silicon/nickel steel ...
[40]
Stahlhelm (Steel Helmet) M1916, M1917 oder M1918
Schwerd then undertook the task of designing and producing a suitable helmet broadly based on the 15th century sallet, which provided good protection for the ...
[41]
Sallet - Wallace Collection Online
Sallet or 'barbute', Forged from one piece of low-carbon steel, closely ... E) called this type of helmet 'celata alla veneziana' rather than 'barbuta ...
[42]
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[43]
https://cults3d.com/en/3d-model/art/sallet-helmet-v2
[44]
"The Tudors" Sixth and the Final Wife (TV Episode 2010) - Goofs
At the siege of Boulogne, a figure appears accompanying Henry, and wearing a sallet (helmet) from the 1470's. Even if out-of-fashion armor may have been ...
[45]
Category:Headgear | Assassin's Creed Wiki - Fandom
A · Admiral's Helmet · Advanced Mechanicals Helmet · Agamemnon's Helmet · All-Father Eyepatch · Amazonian's Circlet · Ancient Helmet.
[46]
Thoughts on the Sallet? : r/ArmsandArmor - Reddit
Aug 25, 2024 · This helmet was quite popular with archers and crossbowmen due to it allowing for some great vision and was basically everywhere in Germany. A ...Question on Sallet visors and stabbing the eyes. : r/ArmsandArmorWhy did the Sallet Helmet become near universally used by ... - RedditMore results from www.reddit.com
[47]
Mamluk helmet, Egypt or Syria, circa 1430, attributed to Sultan ...
Apr 14, 2019 · Mamluk helmet, Egypt or Syria, circa 1430, attributed to Sultan Barsbay.Missing: parallels | Show results with:parallels
[48]
Leaflets and Deliverables – HELMET PROJECT
Jan 23, 2023 · This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No: 870257.
[49]
Woolley & Wallis Auctioneers - Issuu
Nov 1, 2024 · Provenance: Hermann Historica, Munich. £3,0005,000. 196. A North Italian helmet (sallet), c. 1490 and later, possibly Milan or Brescia, the ...
[50]
english, or italian, or flemish made for the english market, circa 1485
Free deliveryA Rare Sallet/Close-Helmet. ENGLISH, OR ITALIAN, OR FLEMISH MADE FOR THE ENGLISH MARKET, CIRCA 1485. Price realised GBP 10,575. Estimate. GBP 10,000 – GBP ...
[51]
Top 10 Most Sold Medieval Helmets In 2024: Must-See Trends!
Top 10 Most Sold Medieval Helmets in 2024: Must-See Trends! · 1.- German Morion S. · 2.- Winged Morion Helmet ️⚔️ · 3.- Medieval Sugar Loaf Helmet ️⚔️ · 4.- ...