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Boris

Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (born 19 June 1964) is a , former , and who served as of the and Leader of the from 24 July 2019 to 6 September 2022. Previously, he held the positions of from 2008 to 2016 and from 2016 to 2018, while representing constituencies as a from 2001 to 2008 and again from 2015 to 2023. Johnson rose to prominence as a leading advocate for the United Kingdom's , playing a pivotal role in the that secured a vote to leave, and subsequently negotiating the UK's as . His victory delivered a significant parliamentary for the Conservatives, enabling the completion of through the , which passed with broad support despite opposition from remain-aligned media outlets often exhibiting institutional biases. During the , his government oversaw one of the world's fastest vaccine rollout programs, administering initial doses to a substantial portion of the population within months, though this was accompanied by policy shifts and high excess mortality rates early in the crisis. Johnson's leadership was defined by a charismatic, populist style that resonated with voters disillusioned by establishment politics, but it also attracted controversies, including the 2019 Supreme Court ruling against his prorogation of Parliament, ethics probes into lobbying and property refurbishments, and the "Partygate" inquiries into lockdown breaches at Downing Street, which contributed to his eventual resignation amid party revolt. These events, amplified by mainstream reporting prone to selective framing, underscored tensions between his pragmatic governance and adherence to institutional norms, yet his tenure advanced long-standing goals like leveling up regional economies and enhancing national sovereignty post-Brexit.

Name

Etymology and meaning

The name Boris originates from the Bulgar people, a Turkic group that established the in the , with its earliest recorded use tied to Boris I (died 907 CE), the ruler who facilitated Bulgaria's . Scholars derive it from the Bulgar Turkic form Bogoris, potentially signifying "short," "wolf," or "snow leopard," reflecting Turkic linguistic elements common in proto-Bulgarian . In Slavic contexts, particularly among and later , Boris is frequently interpreted as deriving from the Proto-Slavic root borъ, meaning "to fight" or "struggle," akin to a shortened form of compound names like Borislav ("fight for glory"). This etymology aligns with Indo-European patterns where bor- relates to combat or overcoming, as seen in related terms across and . The name's adoption into Slavic Christian naming practices post-9th century likely amplified this martial connotation, though its non-Indo-European Bulgar roots suggest an initial borrowing rather than native Slavic invention. Linguistic debate persists due to limited primary sources from Bulgar inscriptions, with some analyses favoring the Turkic diminutive or faunal meanings over purely ones, as the latter may represent folk etymologies influenced by phonetic similarity to words for . No consensus exists on a singular definitive meaning, but its enduring use in Bulgarian, , and Serbian cultures underscores associations with strength and historical prestige.

Historical usage and cultural significance

The name Boris, of Bulgar Turkic origin, first gained prominence among the ruling elite of the First Bulgarian Empire in the 9th century. It was borne by Knyaz Boris I (reigned 852–889), who orchestrated the Christianization of his realm through baptism in 864, adopting the name Michael while retaining Boris as his secular designation; this event marked a pivotal shift from paganism to Orthodox Christianity, establishing the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and promoting Slavic literacy via the Glagolitic script. Boris I's legacy as a converter and lawgiver elevated the name's prestige, associating it with royal authority and religious piety in Bulgar-Slavic society. Following Bulgaria's Christian adoption, disseminated into nomenclature, particularly in contexts, symbolizing fidelity to faith amid political upheaval. In Kievan Rus', the name appeared among princely heirs of Vladimir I, with (baptized Roman) and his brother () murdered in 1015 by their brother Sviatopolk during a succession struggle; their non-resistant martyrdom led to around 1071 as the first saints of Rus', revered as "passion-bearers" for exemplifying Christian forbearance over vengeance. This veneration reinforced 's connotations of noble sacrifice and divine favor in Eastern tradition, influencing its recurrence in royal lineages, such as (reigned 1918–1943), though the name's core historical resonance stems from medieval saintly archetypes rather than later political figures. Culturally, Boris embodies resilience and spiritual leadership in Eastern Orthodox , often linked to etymological roots in Bulgar terms like "bars" (), evoking predatory strength or brevity, though interpretations vary without consensus on precise semantics. Its usage declined post-medieval period in some regions due to associations with turbulent eras like the via (reigned 1598–1605), yet persisted in and as a marker of ethnic and continuity, distinct from Western European naming conventions.

People

Rulers and historical figures

Boris I (died 907), ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire from 852 to 889, is recognized for initiating the Christianization of Bulgaria through his baptism in 864 or 865, adopting the name Michael after Byzantine Emperor Michael III, which facilitated diplomatic alliances and cultural integration with Byzantium while establishing an independent Bulgarian church. His reign expanded Bulgarian territory through campaigns against neighboring regions and promoted Slavic literacy by inviting disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius, contributing to the development of the Cyrillic alphabet under his successor. Venerated as a saint in the Orthodox Church for these efforts, Boris abdicated in 889 to become a monk, briefly returning in 893 to depose his son Vladimir Rasate for attempting to restore paganism, ensuring Christianity's dominance. Boris Godunov (c. 1551–1605) served as regent of from 1585 during the minority of Feodor I and was elected in 1598 after Feodor's death, marking the end of the Rurik dynasty. Rising from modest Tatar origins through service to Ivan the Terrible's , Godunov consolidated power by managing foreign relations, including a 1595 truce with , and domestic reforms like codifying laws and founding monasteries, though his rule faced in 1601–1603 that killed up to one-third of the . Accusations of involvement in the 1591 death of Dmitry fueled pretender claims, precipitating the ; Godunov died amid rebellion in 1605, with his family soon executed. Boris III (1894–1943), king of Bulgaria from 1918 until his death, ascended after his father Ferdinand I's abdication following Bulgaria's defeat in World War I, navigating the interwar period amid territorial losses from the Treaty of Neuilly (1919). Under a 1934 coup, he aligned with , joining the in 1941 and regaining , but resisted full deportation of , halting transports to Treblinka in 1943 after 11,000 from annexed territories were sent, amid domestic opposition from the and figures like . His sudden death on August 28, 1943, from apparent after meeting Hitler sparked poisoning rumors, though autopsy confirmed natural causes; he was succeeded by his son Simeon II under regency.

Politicians and statesmen

Boris Yeltsin (1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) served as the first President of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999, following his role in the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Elected on 12 June 1991 with over 57% of the vote in the first round, he assumed full presidential powers after Mikhail Gorbachev's resignation on 25 December 1991. Yeltsin's administration implemented radical market reforms, including price liberalization and privatization, which transitioned Russia from a command economy but led to hyperinflation peaking at 2,500% in 1992 and widespread economic hardship. His tenure included controversial actions such as ordering the shelling of the Russian parliament on 4 October 1993 to resolve a power struggle with opponents, an event praised by the U.S. government at the time for stabilizing his rule. Yeltsin resigned on 31 December 1999, naming Vladimir Putin as acting president. Boris Nemtsov (9 October 1959 – 27 February 2015) was a who held positions including of from 1991 to 1997 and First from to 1997 under Yeltsin. Known for advocating democratic reforms and market liberalization, Nemtsov later became a prominent opposition figure criticizing the Putin administration's authoritarian tendencies and corruption. He was assassinated by gunfire near the , an act widely attributed to political motives though officially linked to Islamist extremism by authorities. Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (born 19 June 1964) is a Conservative who served as from 24 July 2019 to 6 September 2022, leading the out of the via implementation on 31 January 2020. Prior roles included from 2008 to 2016, where he oversaw infrastructure projects like the legacy developments, and from July 2016 to July 2018. Johnson's premiership featured the response, including lockdowns and a rollout that administered over 100 million doses by mid-2022, alongside scandals leading to his resignation amid party revolt over ethics violations.

Entertainers and artists

(1887–1969), born William Henry Pratt in , , was an actor best known for his role as the Monster in ' Frankenstein (1931), which established him as a horror icon. Over a career spanning nearly 50 years, he starred in more than 200 films and numerous stage productions, often portraying menacing yet sympathetic characters in genres like horror and fantasy, including (1932) and (1935). Karloff also narrated children's programs and voiced the in the 1966 animated special . Boris Kodjoe, born Boris Frederic Cecil Tay-Natey Ofuatey-Kodjoe in 1973 in , , to a Ghanaian father and mother, is a -American actor and former model who gained prominence with roles in films like (2000) as Quincy McCall and television series such as (2000–2004) and Grey's Anatomy spin-off . His work often features athletic or romantic leads, extending to productions like Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010) and The Resident (2018–2023). Among visual artists, (1878–1927), born in , , was a painter and stage designer celebrated for his vibrant depictions of Russian provincial life, folk customs, and voluptuous female figures, as seen in works like The Merchant's Wife (1915) and (1916). Despite from starting in 1912, which confined him to a , he produced psychologically insightful portraits and contributed to theater sets for operas by Rimsky-Korsakov. Boris Vallejo (born 1941 in , ) is a painter specializing in fantasy, , and erotic illustrations, renowned for book covers featuring muscular warriors and mythical creatures, including editions of and series since immigrating to the in 1964. After studying at Peru's National School of Fine Arts, his commercial success includes album art and calendars, with exhibitions highlighting his hyper-realistic style influenced by classical anatomy. In music, Boris Grebenshikov (born 1953 in Leningrad, now ), founder of the rock band Aquarium, is a whose folk-rock compositions blending Russian and , such as the album Electrical Fishing (1982), made him a countercultural figure in Soviet-era underground scenes before achieving mainstream recognition post-1980s.

Athletes and scientists

, a tennis player, reached the world No. 1 ranking on January 28, 1991, and held it for a total of 12 weeks. He won six singles titles and amassed 49 ATP titles over his career, with a win-loss record of 713-214 in singles. In chess, served as the tenth World Chess Champion from 1969 to 1972 after defeating in a match that year. He lost the title to in 1972 in a highly publicized Cold War-era confrontation. Spassky, who died on February 27, 2025, at age 88, also secured two USSR Championships (1961, 1973) and earned 13 medals across seven Chess Olympiads for the Soviet team from 1962 to 1978. Among scientists, , a Russian-American physicist, co-authored the 1935 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paper with and , which argued that ' description of physical reality was incomplete due to issues with entangled particles and locality. The paper, published in , highlighted apparent paradoxes in quantum predictions that Einstein viewed as signaling hidden variables. Boris Rosing, a electrical , developed the first practical electronic system in by adapting cathode-ray for image scanning and display, demonstrating moving images via mechanical scanning on the transmitter side combined with electronic reception. His work laid foundational principles for modern kinescopes, predating widespread mechanical TV experiments.

Other notable individuals

Boris Akunin, the pen name of Grigory Chkhartishvili (born May 20, 1956, in Zestafoni, Georgian SSR), is a philologist, essayist, and author of historical detective fiction, most notably the series set in Tsarist Russia. His debut novel Azazel' (1998), published under the Akunin pseudonym, launched a prolific career with works translated into over 30 languages and sales exceeding 30 million copies worldwide. Akunin, who also translates , has faced Russian government scrutiny, including a 2025 in-absentia sentence of 14 years for alleged terrorism justification amid his criticism of the Ukraine invasion. Boris Groys (born March 19, 1947), a German-Russian philosopher and media theorist, holds positions as Global Distinguished Professor of Russian and Slavic Studies at and Professor of Philosophy at the . His influential works, such as The Total Art of Stalinism (1988), analyze Soviet , the , and postmodern art's intersections with and ideology, drawing on his experience from the USSR in 1981. Boris Sidis (1867–1923), a Russian-born American psychologist, physician, and philosopher of , pioneered studies in and suggestion at and his New York Psychopathological Institute. He authored over 20 books, including Philistine and Genius (1911), advocating rational to combat hysteria and crowd psychology, and applied his methods to treat neuroses, influencing early 20th-century psychotherapy despite criticism for overemphasizing heredity. Boris Polevoy (born Boris Kampov, 1908–1981), a Soviet journalist and novelist, gained prominence with A Story About a Real Man (1946), a biographical account of pilot Alexey Maresyev's WWII survival and prosthetic-legged return to flight, which sold millions and inspired an opera. As editor of Youth magazine and a war correspondent, Polevoy documented Eastern Front experiences, earning Stalin Prize recognition for works blending realism and socialist heroism.

Arts and entertainment

Fictional characters

is a recurring antagonist in the animated television series The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, portrayed as a bumbling spy from the fictional nation of who, alongside , schemes to capture the protagonists and , often under orders from Fearless Leader. The character, created by , debuted in episodes starting in 1959 and satirized tropes through incompetent villainy. Boris Grishenko appears as a computer in the 1995 James Bond film , employed by the criminal syndicate to execute cyber attacks, including the near-theft of funds from the via the fictional "" satellite weapon. Portrayed by , the character defects after capture and aids , highlighting themes of post-Soviet and in the storyline. Boris the Animal is an alien criminal in the 2012 film , depicted as a violent Boglodite who escapes from lunar prison in 1969 to assassinate and alter Earth's history by enabling an invasion. Voiced and motion-captured by , the character embodies ruthless aggression, ultimately defeated through time-travel intervention by Agents J and K. In Leo Tolstoy's novel (1869), Boris Drubetskoy is a minor character, a socially ambitious Russian army officer from an impoverished noble family who advances his career through strategic alliances, including flattery toward influential figures like General . His portrayal underscores Tolstoy's critique of aristocratic opportunism amid the , with Boris securing promotions via rather than merit.

Music

Boris is a Japanese band formed in in 1992 by drummer Atsuo, guitarist/vocalist Wata, and guitarist/bassist Takeshi. The group is recognized for its genre-blending style, incorporating , , , , and across more than two decades of releases. Their name derives from the song "Boris" on the Melvins' 1991 album Bullhead, reflecting influences from and heavy rock pioneers. The band's discography includes over 20 studio albums, with early works like Absolutego (1997) emphasizing drone and feedback-heavy experimentation, evolving toward shorter, riff-driven compositions in releases such as Pink (2005) and New Album (2011). Collaborations, including with noise artist Merzbow on the 2020 track "Boris," highlight their affinity for extreme volume and textural density. Boris maintains an active touring schedule, with announcements for North American, Canadian, and Latin American dates in 2025 alongside European shows. Notable songs titled "Boris" include the Melvins' original from Bullhead, a sludge track that exemplifies the band's raw, downtuned aggression and served as inspiration for multiple acts.

Film and television

Boris is an Italian satirical comedy television series created by Luca Manzi and Carlo Mazzotta, which originally aired from 2007 to 2010 across three seasons, with a fourth season revival premiering in 2022. The show follows the dysfunctional production team behind a fictional low-budget Italian TV drama called Gli occhi del cuore, highlighting absurdities, incompetence, and power struggles in the television industry. It received critical acclaim for its sharp critique of media dynamics, earning an 8.6/10 rating on IMDb from over 4,800 user reviews. In animated television, serves as a recurring antagonist in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an American series that ran from 1959 to 1964, where he partners with in schemes against and Bullwinkle Moose under orders from Fearless Leader. The character embodies Cold War-era spy parody, often foiled in comedic plots involving gadgets and disguises. A 1992 live-action TV movie, Boris and Natasha, adapted these characters, with Dave Thomas portraying Boris as bumbling spies seeking a stolen briefcase. Notable film characters include Boris Grishenko, a flamboyant Russian hacker in the 1995 James Bond film , played by , who assists the villain in a cyber-terror plot targeting London's financial systems before meeting his demise via explosive pen. In (2012), Boris the Animal, portrayed by , is a vengeful Boglodite alien who time-travels to 1969 to assassinate , depicted as a brutal, spike-armed criminal evading intergalactic . Additionally, in the 1995 animated film , Boris is a wise-cracking Russian-accented voiced by , acting as a supportive mentor to the titular wolf-dog during a perilous serum delivery mission in .

Other uses

Places and geography

St. Boris Peak is an ice-covered summit rising to 1,700 meters in Friesland Ridge, part of the Tangra Mountains on in the , . The peak, located approximately 2 kilometers northeast of Mount Friesland, was named in honor of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria and features prominently in the region's glaciated terrain. Boris is a minor on the Moon's , situated to the northeast of the larger Delisle crater and measuring about 2 kilometers in diameter. Its position near the southwest end of a sinuous rille highlights typical lunar basaltic plain features formed by ancient volcanic activity and meteorite bombardment. Lake Boris refers to a reservoir section within the Shadow Cliffs Regional Recreation Area in , popular for bass fishing and hiking trails spanning Alameda County. The site, part of a former quarry lake, supports , , and populations, with access regulated by Regional Park District permits.

Brands, companies, and software

, Inc. is a developer of , , titling, and plug-in software for professional workflows. Founded in 1995 by Boris Yamnitsky, a former Media 100 engineer, the company is headquartered in Miami, Florida, and produces tools integrated with host applications such as , Premiere Pro, and Avid . Its flagship products include the suite, offering over 250 effects for transitions, blurs, and styling; , renowned for optical effects like lens flares and glows used in film and broadcast; and Mocha Pro, an Academy Award-winning planar tracking tool for and object removal. Boris FX tools have supported VFX in major productions, emphasizing GPU-accelerated performance and AI-enhanced features as of 2025. BORIS Software Ltd. provides a cloud-based platform designed to digitize operational processes for and . Established in 2006 with formal incorporation in 2012, the , United Kingdom-headquartered company targets sectors including , HVAC, , and facilities maintenance. The BORIS system enables real-time job planning, , documentation, GPS workforce monitoring, and financial reporting through customizable mobile apps—initially launched for in 2014 and expanded to in 2021. It supports paperless workflows to enhance efficiency and auditability, with integrations for invoicing and health-and-safety forms. As of 2025, BORIS serves and international clients, maintaining a focus on scalable, industry-specific modules.

Science, technology, and miscellaneous

The Boris algorithm is a numerical integration method for simulating the motion of charged particles in electromagnetic fields, particularly within particle-in-cell (PIC) plasma simulations. It employs a velocity-Verlet-like leapfrog scheme that advances particle positions and velocities while preserving phase-space volume, ensuring long-term energy conservation and stability superior to simpler explicit methods. Developed in the context of plasma physics research, the algorithm mitigates artificial damping or acceleration errors common in explicit Euler integrations, making it the de facto standard for such computations since its adoption in the 1970s. BORIS (Behavioral Observation Research Interactive Software) is an open-source event-logging tool designed for behaviors in video, audio, or live observations, primarily used in and behavioral science. Released in versions compatible with Windows, macOS, and , it supports customizable coding schemes, time-budget analyses, and inter-observer reliability tests, facilitating of animal or human behaviors without requiring programming expertise. The software, maintained by researchers at the , has been cited in peer-reviewed studies for its utility in tracking sequential events and generating exportable data for statistical software like . In computational , Boris Computational is a multi-physics package for modeling three-dimensional , via drift-diffusion, and electromagnetic fields. It integrates micromagnetics solvers with finite-element methods, enabling simulations of spintronic devices such as magnetic tunnel junctions, with high-performance parallelization for complex geometries. The tool, developed for academic and research applications, supports scripting in and has been applied to problems in antiferromagnetic and spin Hall effects.

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