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CKEditor

CKEditor is an open-source rich text editor designed for creating and editing content directly within web pages and applications. Originally launched as FCKeditor in 2003 by developer Frederico Caldeira Knabben as a hobby project, it was professionally developed by CKSource, founded in 2006, and renamed CKEditor in 2009 with the release of version 3, marking the beginning of development by a dedicated team. The editor has progressed through multiple iterations, with CKEditor 4 providing a stable, feature-rich foundation for legacy integrations, including support for over 70 languages and extensive customization options for enterprise use, though it reached end-of-life in June 2023. In contrast, CKEditor 5, the current flagship version rewritten from scratch in TypeScript, introduces a modern modular architecture based on MVC principles, a custom data model, and virtual DOM for enhanced performance and extensibility. This version boasts over 300 built-in features, such as real-time collaboration, track changes, revision history, and integrations with frameworks like React, Angular, and Vue.js, while supporting deployment via CDN or on-premises setups. Developed by a global team of over 50 engineers at CKSource (part of Tiugo Technologies), CKEditor serves more than 100,000 customers, including companies like , and has achieved over 50 million downloads with comprehensive documentation and 100% code coverage. It emphasizes security through content security policies (CSP) and filtering, alongside premium features like spell-checking, PDF export, and support available in paid plans. Founded in , CKEditor has continued to innovate, celebrating its 20th anniversary in 2023, remaining a for systems like , where it is the default editor.

Overview

Definition and Purpose

CKEditor is an open-source, JavaScript-based (What You See Is What You Get) designed for integration into web applications. It provides a visual editing interface that allows users to format content as it will appear in the final output, generating clean, standards-compliant code without requiring direct markup manipulation. The primary purpose of CKEditor is to empower non-technical users to create and edit rich formatted content, such as articles, emails, and posts in systems (), through an intuitive that mirrors the end result. This enables seamless content production in web environments, outputting that supports modern web standards like and . Key use cases include embedding CKEditor into CMS platforms like , where it serves as the default rich text editor for site content creation, and via dedicated plugins for enhanced post editing. It is also widely adopted in email clients for composing formatted messages, forums for user-generated discussions, and custom web applications requiring rich text input fields. Over time, CKEditor has evolved from a basic replacement for textareas into a comprehensive, modular that accommodates advanced features and integrations while maintaining compatibility with contemporary web technologies.

Development and Licensing

CKEditor is developed by CKSource, a company founded in 2006 by Frederico Caldeira Knabben, who originally created the editor as a personal open-source project in 2003. Headquartered in Warsaw, Poland, and operating under the parent company Tiugo Technologies, CKSource, as part of Tiugo Technologies which employs over 260 professionals globally, maintains a distributed team of engineers and contributors across diverse cultures. The project benefits from contributions by an active open-source community, which participates through code submissions, issue reporting, and integrations into platforms like Drupal. CKEditor operates under a dual-licensing model to accommodate both open-source and commercial needs. For CKEditor 5, the open-source license is the GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2 or later, while CKEditor 4 is available under GPL 2+, (LGPL) 2.1+, or (MPL) 1.1, allowing free use, modification, and distribution in compatible projects. This structure enables widespread adoption in community-driven initiatives while protecting CKSource's . For proprietary applications and advanced capabilities, CKSource offers commercial licenses that remove requirements and provide access to premium features. These include subscription-based services, add-ons such as CKBox for media management and (priced at $99/month for 100GB or $199/month for 200GB), and enterprise-level support. tiers range from a free plan limited to 1,000 editor loads per month with community support, to the plan at $160/month (or $144 annually) supporting 5,000 loads and two support requests, the plan at $450/month (or $405 annually) for 20,000 loads and four requests, and custom plans for high-volume deployments with unlimited support and tailored hosting options. To further support open-source ecosystems, CKSource provides special commercial license waivers at no cost for projects using OSS licenses incompatible with the GPL, ensuring broader accessibility without compromising project licensing.

History

FCKeditor Origins

FCKeditor was created in 2003 by Frederico Caldeira Knabben as an open-source rich text editor for web applications, at a time when such tools were scarce and was not yet widely adopted. Initially developed as a hobby project, it addressed the need for browser-based editing without requiring desktop software installations. The editor's core functionality included basic editing capabilities, such as text formatting, insertion, and management, facilitated through a customizable that allowed users to activate common features like , and options. It also provided cross-browser compatibility, supporting major browsers of the era including , , and , ensuring consistent rendering across different environments. Through active community contributions on platforms like , FCKeditor rapidly gained popularity in the open-source ecosystem, evolving from its initial release to version 2.x by 2008. Version 2.6, released in 2008, introduced enhancements to the , enabling developers to extend functionality via modular additions registered through configuration files, such as custom commands and toolbar items. support was significantly improved, with language files available for over 40 languages, allowing the to adapt to diverse global users. These developments solidified FCKeditor's role as a foundational tool for web content management systems, including integrations with platforms like . Despite its success, FCKeditor's aging codebase presented challenges by the late 2000s, including performance bottlenecks from loading multiple instances per page and difficulties in adapting to emerging web standards like HTML5. The legacy architecture, built on early practices, hindered further modernization and efficiency improvements. This ultimately prompted a complete rewrite, leading to the rebranding and release of CKEditor 3 in 2009.

CKEditor 3

CKEditor 3 marked a significant in the evolution of the rich , released on August 21, 2009, as the first stable version following a comprehensive rewrite of the FCKeditor codebase. This ground-up redevelopment, spanning nearly two years, aimed to resolve the accumulated legacy issues in FCKeditor, such as outdated code structures and maintenance challenges, while establishing a fresh foundation under the new CKEditor branding. The rewrite delivered a streamlined that aligned with contemporary development practices, enabling easier integration and manipulation, alongside notable performance gains through optimized rendering and reduced overhead. Accessibility was substantially improved with full compliance to guidelines, ensuring compatibility with screen readers and other assistive technologies for better usability among users with disabilities. The plugin ecosystem expanded significantly, facilitating modular additions like integrated spell-checking powered by WebSpellChecker.net for real-time validation and resizing tools that allowed dynamic adjustment of without external software. Adoption surged following the release, driven by seamless integrations into prominent content management systems such as and , which broadened its reach among web developers and content creators. This momentum underscored CKEditor 3's role in modernizing editing tools for web applications. However, the architecture of CKEditor 3 remained largely monolithic, bundling core and extension components tightly and thereby constraining advanced for intricate, large-scale deployments. Subsequent iterations, such as CKEditor 5, addressed this through greater .

CKEditor 4

CKEditor 4 was launched in 2012 with version 4.0, representing a major evolution from CKEditor 3 by prioritizing enhanced stability and performance optimizations to support more demanding web applications. This release introduced ACEmode integration for the source editing area, which utilized the ACE editor to deliver more robust undo and redo capabilities, allowing users to track and revert changes with greater precision in HTML source mode. Additionally, it marked the initial implementation of mobile touch support, enabling basic functionality on touch-enabled devices like iOS Safari and Android Chrome, though full optimization came in subsequent updates. Over its lifecycle, CKEditor 4 received numerous updates that expanded its capabilities while maintaining , culminating in version 4.22.1 released in June 2023 as the final open-source edition. The editor grew to include over 200 plugins, covering advanced formatting options, table manipulation, media embedding, and specialized tools like paste from Word or code snippets, which allowed developers to tailor the interface for specific workflows without compromising core reliability. These plugins were distributed across official packages—such as the standard preset with 48 plugins and the full preset with 72—while additional add-ons extended functionality further for complex content creation needs. The platform saw widespread adoption in enterprise environments due to its proven reliability and ease of integration into content management systems. Notable implementations included official plugins for Joomla starting with version 4.0.1 in 2013, enabling seamless WYSIWYG editing within the CMS, and integrations for Moodle, where it served as a primary text editor for course content and forums. Custom enterprise tools also leveraged CKEditor 4 for internal document editing, benefiting from its stable API and extensive documentation that supported large-scale deployments. Official support for CKEditor 4 ended on June 30, 2023, after which no further patches, bug fixes, or features were provided in the open-source version, encouraging users to migrate to CKEditor 5 for ongoing development. A (LTS) edition became available exclusively through an extended support model, offering updates until December 2028 for qualifying customers.

CKEditor 5

CKEditor 5 was launched in 2018 as a complete rewrite of the editor, built from scratch using modern standards including ES6 and beyond, to create a highly modular centered on a plugin-based architecture. This design employs an MVC pattern with a custom and , enabling developers to assemble tailored editing solutions through composable plugins rather than a monolithic structure. The framework's development follows a structured , with major releases occurring approximately every six months to introduce enhancements while maintaining within minor versions. For instance, by 2025, the project reached version 46.1.0 and progressed to v47.2.0 in , incorporating ongoing refinements via official builds that simplify customization of editor variants such as (with a fixed ), inline (for direct in-place editing), and (with contextual floating toolbars). These builders allow users to generate optimized bundles by selecting plugins, ensuring efficient integration without unnecessary overhead. Key innovations in CKEditor 5 include native support for elements and attributes, which facilitates seamless handling of semantic markup and multimedia without legacy workarounds. It also enhances for large documents through features like content outlines and , allowing efficient and rendering of extensive without performance degradation. The ecosystem supports both official packages from the CKEditor team and community contributions, fostering extensibility for specialized needs such as advanced formatting or integrations. As of 2025, CKEditor 5 remains the primary actively developed version, with continuous updates focused on performance optimizations, security, and alignment with emerging web standards including improved framework compatibility. These evolutions ensure it serves as the core of the , including brief integrations with premium tools for enhanced workflows.

Long-term Support and Ecosystem Evolution

CKEditor 4's (LTS) edition, introduced after its general end-of-life in June 2023, extends security updates and critical bug fixes until December 2028, catering to users who require stability without immediate migration to newer versions. This support, available under a commercial , includes releases such as version 4.25.1, ensuring continued protection against vulnerabilities for legacy implementations. The CKEditor ecosystem has expanded to include key components like CKEditor Cloud Services, which provide cloud-based hosting for editing and real-time collaboration features, and CKFinder, an integrated supporting , drag-and-drop uploads, and adapters for cloud storages such as and . Premium add-ons further enhance functionality, including Export to PDF and Word for seamless document conversion, and Import from Word for direct content ingestion, all designed to integrate with CKEditor instances. By its 20th anniversary in March 2023, CKEditor had evolved from a standalone editor originating as FCKeditor into a comprehensive suite encompassing cloud services, premium plugins, and collaborative tools, supported by community contributions through repositories and official premium tiers for advanced features like real-time editing. In 2025, the ecosystem saw significant expansions with the release of CKEditor 5 version 47.2.0 in November, introducing CKEditor for real-time writing assistance, including chat, review tools, and integrations with models from , Azure OpenAI, and Amazon Bedrock to boost content creation productivity. Concurrently, CKEditor 5 launched its own LTS edition in October 2025, offering up to three years of stable updates to complement the ongoing CKEditor 4 LTS, facilitating a phased transition while emphasizing -driven innovations.

Features

Core Editing Capabilities

CKEditor provides a robust set of fundamental tools for text manipulation and formatting, enabling users to create and edit content in a environment with immediate visual feedback. Basic styling options include bold, italic, underline, , superscript, subscript, and inline code formatting, which allow precise control over text appearance without requiring manual coding. Headings can be applied at configurable levels (H1 to H6) to structure documents hierarchically, while bulleted, numbered, and to-do lists support various markers, indentation, nesting, and task toggling for organized . Text alignment features—such as left, right, center, and justified—along with block indentation and outdentation, facilitate layout adjustments with live previews that reflect changes in real-time. For more complex document elements, CKEditor offers advanced formatting capabilities centered on and structural integration. Tables support creation, editing, and resizing, including cell styling, merging, splitting, nesting, and row/column insertion or deletion, ensuring flexible data presentation. can be inserted via , , or , with automatic detection of pasted links and support for tooltips and target attributes; anchors enable internal navigation within the document. Images are handled through , insertion, or drag-and-drop, featuring resizing, linking, captions, alt text, and responsive embedding to adapt to different viewports. Special characters insertion draws from a comprehensive palette, including symbols, emojis, and language-specific glyphs, streamlining the addition of non-standard text elements. Content management tools in CKEditor streamline import, editing, and maintenance tasks for efficient workflows. Paste functionality from , Excel, or cleans up and converts proprietary formatting into clean, , preserving structure while removing unnecessary code. These features can be extended via plugins for further customization, such as enhanced paste from . The editor generates output in semantic HTML5-compliant code, prioritizing and standards adherence by using like for bold and

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