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Chandler

Chandler may refer to:
  • A person who makes or sells candles (see [[Chandler (occupation)]] or Occupations section)
  • Various places, including: ** Chandler, Arizona, a city in Maricopa County, United States (see Places > United States) ** Other locations in Australia, Canada, and elsewhere (see Places subsections)
  • People with the surname or given name Chandler, such as writers, politicians, and athletes (see People)
  • Fictional characters named Chandler, notably in television and literature (see Fictional characters)
  • Military uses, including naval vessels and bases (see Military uses)
  • Educational institutions named Chandler (see Education)
  • Other uses in science, technology, geography, and environment (see Other uses)
For the city in Arizona, as of the 2020 United States census, Chandler had a population of 275,987.

Occupations

Traditional chandler

A traditional chandler was a professional engaged in the production and trade of candles, typically crafted from tallow (rendered animal fat) or beeswax, during medieval Europe. This occupation emerged as a specialized craft to meet the demand for artificial lighting in an era without widespread alternatives, with chandlers often operating workshops where wicks were dipped repeatedly in molten tallow or wax to form candles of varying sizes and qualities. In addition to candles, traditional chandlers frequently produced and sold related household items such as soap, derived from similar fatty materials, and occasionally basic groceries like oils or preservatives, serving as essential suppliers to local communities. In daily life before industrialization, chandlers played a vital role by providing illumination for homes, workshops, and public spaces, where candles offered the primary means of extending productive hours beyond daylight. Their products were indispensable for households, enabling reading, cooking, and nighttime activities, while institutions like churches and monasteries relied on larger quantities for rituals, services, and maintenance, often commissioning high-quality beeswax candles for purity and scent. Soap from chandlers supported personal hygiene and laundry in an age of limited sanitation, underscoring the profession's contribution to basic welfare and economic stability across medieval society. The term "chandler" derives from the Latin candela (candle), passing through Old French chandelier (candlestick or candlemaker), and entering Middle English as chaundeler around the 14th century in England, reflecting its roots in candle-related trades. The profession's first documented records appear in 14th-century English sources, coinciding with growing urban trade networks that formalized such crafts. Key historical examples include the guilds of chandlers in London, which organized the trade from the early 14th century onward to enforce standards and protect members. The Worshipful Company of Tallow Chandlers, formed around 1300, received a royal charter in 1462 from Edward IV granting authority to regulate tallow candle production, inspect quality, and confiscate substandard goods to maintain market integrity. Similarly, the Worshipful Company of Wax Chandlers, with origins traced to the 1330s, established ordinances in the late 14th and early 15th centuries to oversee beeswax processing and trade, including rules on purity for ecclesiastical use. These guilds, active by the 1420s in coordinating apprenticeships and resolving disputes, exemplified the structured regulation that sustained the profession through medieval Europe. The traditional chandler's declined sharply in the with the advent of around , which provided brighter, cheaper illumination at about one-quarter the of candles, drastically reducing for everyday candle . This shift intensified Edison's in , rendering candles obsolete for and confining chandlers to niche markets such as ecclesiastical candles for religious ceremonies, where and traditional persisted. By the late , the had largely transformed, with surviving practitioners focusing on specialized products rather than supply.

Ship chandler

A ship chandler is a specialized retailer that supplies provisions, equipment, and other essentials to seafaring vessels, including food, rope, tools, hardware, and medical supplies. These providers cater to the unique needs of ships docked at ports, ensuring crews have access to perishable goods like fresh produce and bonded stores such as alcohol and tobacco, as well as non-perishables like cleaning materials and safety gear. Originating as an extension of general chandlery, ship chandlers focus exclusively on maritime logistics, distinguishing them from their precursor role in household supply trades. The developed prominently in the amid expanding , with chandlers establishing operations in key ports like and to merchant fleets and naval expeditions. In , post-Great traders issued for ship supplies, reflecting the growing for , , and tools amid England's rising shipping . 's colonial similarly relied on chandlers for importing to outfit vessels for routes, fueling in timber, , and . These early ship chandlers played a vital in whaling fleets, provisioning specialized items like tryworks for rendering blubber and harpoons, while also supporting merchant vessels with hardware and medical kits essential for long voyages across networks. In the modern era, ship chandlers operate under stringent international maritime regulations set by bodies like the International Maritime Organization (IMO), ensuring compliance with safety standards, hazardous materials handling, and pollution prevention protocols such as those in the ISM Code. Major firms, including Harbor Ship Supply established in 1932, exemplify this evolution by providing global logistics for provisions and spares to diverse fleets. The industry has adapted to 20th-century containerization by shifting focus to just-in-time delivery of technical components and automation parts, enabling faster port turnarounds for container vessels while maintaining supply chain efficiency. Economically, ship chandlers are indispensable to global shipping, which handles over 80% of world trade, by minimizing vessel downtime and supporting the sector's contribution to international commerce through reliable provisioning.

Places

Australia

In Australia, several geographical features bear the name Chandler, primarily rivers, roads, and minor wetlands, often honoring early settlers, stockmen, or local officials involved in land development and infrastructure. The Chandler River is a perennial stream approximately 111 km long in the Northern Tablelands region of New South Wales, rising at an elevation of about 1,260 m on the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range near Armidale and flowing generally southeast to join the Macleay River at an elevation of 210 m near Ebor. It traverses rugged gorge country within Oxley Wild Rivers National Park, where it forms part of scenic walking tracks like the Chandler View Circuit, offering views of deep valleys and waterfalls such as Chandler Falls. The river supports regional agriculture through irrigation and stock watering along its alluvial flats, contributing to grazing and cropping in the surrounding rural landscape, though its steep terrain limits extensive farming. The catchment experiences periodic flooding due to heavy rainfall in the tablelands, with historical events affecting downstream areas in the Macleay Valley, though specific records highlight broader regional impacts rather than isolated incidents on the Chandler itself. Named in the 1830s by explorer Captain Henry Dumaresq after one of his stockmen, the river exemplifies early colonial naming practices tied to pastoral activities. The Chandler Highway is a brief arterial road, measuring about 1.4 km, in Melbourne's inner eastern suburbs of Victoria, linking the suburbs of Alphington and Kew while crossing the Yarra River and connecting to the Eastern Freeway. Originally part of the Outer Circle Railway line, its wrought-iron lattice-truss bridge was completed in 1891 and repurposed as a road in 1930 after the railway's closure, with the highway designation formalized around that time to facilitate suburban connectivity. It handles significant local traffic, carrying around 44,000 vehicles daily, and has undergone major upgrades, including widening to six lanes, a new parallel bridge, and restoration of the heritage structure, completed in phases through 2024 to alleviate congestion. Named for Alfred Edward Chandler, a prominent Kew businessman and Victoria's Minister for Public Works from 1928 to 1929 who advocated for the road's development, it reflects 20th-century urban expansion patterns in Melbourne. Among lesser-known features, Chandler appears as a locality and railway siding in far northwestern South Australia near the Northern Territory border, associated with arid pastoral lands along the Adelaide-Darwin rail corridor, though it lacks prominent natural landmarks. Historical naming of Australian Chandlers often traces to 19th-century figures in surveying and settlement, contrasting with more urban-oriented namings in the United States where Chandler commonly denotes towns rather than linear features like rivers or roads.

Canada

Chandler is a town located in the region of , , situated on the of . It had a of 7,490 according to the 2021 of conducted by . The was established in 1912 when Philadelphia-based manufacturer Chandler constructed the region's first pulp and at the mouth of the Grand Pabos River, drawing workers and fostering settlement. This development coincided with the expansion of railway infrastructure in the Gaspé Peninsula during the 1910s, which connected remote areas to broader markets and facilitated industrial growth. The name Chandler derives from the mill's founder, Chandler, reflecting ties to early 20th-century industrial pioneers rather than British colonial figures. Historically centered on the pulp and paper industry, Chandler's economy underwent a significant transition following the mill's operations peaking in the mid-20th century and eventual closure in 2001, shifting from forestry toward tourism, commercial fishing, and aquaculture in the 1980s and beyond as part of broader regional diversification in Gaspésie. Today, the town promotes ecotourism, including coastal trails, whale watching, and cultural sites, while local fisheries and emerging aquaculture ventures contribute to employment and GDP in the primary sector. Demographically, Chandler features a French-speaking majority, with 98.3% of residents reporting French as their mother tongue in the 2021 census, alongside a notable Acadian heritage—65 individuals identified as having Acadian origins in the 2016 census, underscoring the town's cultural links to Maritime French-speaking communities. In Saskatchewan, Chandler is an unincorporated rural locality and former ghost town in the southeast part of the province, situated within the Rural Municipality of Cymri No. 36 near the former Canadian Northern Railway line from Lampman to Radville. Established as a small settlement in the early 20th century to support grain farming and rail transport, it now consists of scattered farms with a population under 100, focused on agriculture in the prairie landscape. The area's naming likely honors local pioneers or railway officials, though specific etymological records are sparse, and it exemplifies the decline of many small prairie hamlets post-railway era.

United States

Chandler, Arizona, is a major suburb of Phoenix in Maricopa County, with a population of 275,987 as recorded in the 2020 United States Census. Founded in 1912 by Dr. Alexander John Chandler, the city's first veterinary surgeon in the Arizona Territory, it was established on land he acquired in 1891 south of Mesa and developed into a planned community focused on agriculture before its incorporation in 1920. The local economy has since shifted toward technology and manufacturing, highlighted by Intel's Ocotillo Campus, which opened in 1980 and employs over 11,000 people as the city's largest employer, contributing billions annually to Arizona's economy. Chandler also serves as a hub for Major League Baseball's Cactus League spring training, hosting games and events in the broader Phoenix area since the 1980s, including the historic Compadre Stadium used by the Milwaukee Brewers from 1986 to 1997. As of , 2025, Chandler's is 291,826. Recent sustainable initiatives include the 2024-2025 Turf to Xeriscape , which converts 25 acres of turf in retention basins to drought-resistant to conserve , and expanded installations on city facilities as part of a strategic prioritizing and . Chandler, Oklahoma, serves as the county seat of Lincoln County and had a population of 2,858 in the 2020 Census. Established on September 28, 1891, during the Land Run of 1891 that opened Sac and Fox lands for settlement, the town was named after George Chandler, Assistant Secretary of the Interior under President Benjamin Harrison. Positioned along historic U.S. Route 66, it features landmarks like the Chandler Armory, a Works Progress Administration project built in 1935-1937 from native sandstone to house the Oklahoma National Guard, now serving as the Route 66 Interpretive Center. Other notable U.S. locales named Chandler include the town of Chandler, Indiana, in Warrick County near Evansville, with a population of 3,669 in the 2020 Census and a history rooted in coal mining since the opening of the Chandler Mine in 1875 on the edge of the Illinois Basin, where up to seven mines once operated. In Texas, Chandler in Henderson County, with 3,275 residents per the 2020 Census, lies at the northern end of Lake Palestine, supporting recreation such as boating, fishing, and camping at public accesses and marinas. Additionally, Chandler townships exist in several Midwestern states, including Charlevoix County, Michigan (population 284 in 2020), Huron County, Michigan (population 454 in 2020), Chandler, a city in Murray County, Minnesota (population 279 in 2020), and Adams County, North Dakota (population 13 in 2020). Many U.S. places named Chandler derive from local founders or figures, such as Dr. Alexander John Chandler in Arizona or the prominent Chandler family of Evansville in Indiana, though some honor Civil War veterans like C.V. Chandler, a local businessman who erected a soldiers' memorial in nearby Illinois in 1899.

Other countries

Chandler's Ford is a large residential town and civil parish in the borough of Eastleigh, Hampshire, England. It lies along the old Roman road between Winchester and Southampton, with a population of 31,976 as of the 2021 census. The area developed significantly in the 19th century following the opening of its railway station in 1847 by the London and South Western Railway on the Eastleigh to Romsey line, which spurred industrial growth including brick-making at local clay pits such as Bell's and Wren's brickfields. This infrastructure transformed the formerly rural settlement into a commuter hub, with further expansion in the 20th century through post-World War II housing estates to accommodate workers from nearby Southampton and Winchester. The name Chandler's Ford originates from a ford crossing Monks Brook, a tributary of the River Itchen, recorded as "Charnells foord" in a 1588 map of Hursley. The "Chandler's" prefix derives from the 14th-century Chaundler family, likely involved in candle-making (an occupational name from Old French "chandelier"), who held land in the vicinity. This etymology reflects broader English naming patterns influenced by medieval trades and landowners, with expatriate settlers carrying similar surnames to former colonies. In contrast to the extensive cluster of modern suburban places named Chandler in the United States, European instances like Chandler's Ford emphasize historical rural and industrial roots.

People

Writers and entertainers

Raymond Chandler (1888–1959) was an American-British novelist and screenwriter renowned for his contributions to crime fiction and the hard-boiled detective genre. Born in Chicago and raised partly in England, he created the iconic private detective Philip Marlowe, whose cynical worldview and moral complexity defined the archetype in works like The Big Sleep (1939), a seminal novel that blended intricate plotting with poetic prose. Chandler's influence extended to film noir through his Academy Award-nominated screenplay for Double Indemnity (1944), co-written with Billy Wilder, which captured the genre's themes of betrayal and fatalism. His stylistic innovations, including vivid metaphors and social critique, elevated pulp fiction to literary status, impacting authors from Ross Macdonald to James Ellroy. Jeff Chandler (1918–1961) was an American actor celebrated for his versatile performances in film and voice work during the mid-20th century. Born Ira Grossel in Brooklyn, he rose to prominence with his portrayal of Cochise in Broken Arrow (1950), earning an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor and establishing him as a leading man in Westerns. Chandler starred in numerous 1950s films, including The Plainsman (1966 posthumous release) and Pillow Talk (1959), showcasing his rugged charisma and dramatic range alongside stars like Doris Day and James Stewart. He also provided the distinctive voice for the animated character Mr. Magoo in a series of UPA shorts from 1949 onward, contributing to the character's enduring popularity in American animation. Mary Chandler (1687–) was an English poet of the early , notable for her satirical and descriptive amid the Augustan literary . Working as a milliner in , she published The of (1733), a mock-heroic poem that humorously chronicled the city's , , and urban follies, earning praise for its wit and observational acuity. Her work, including other poems on friendship and morality, highlighted the perspectives of women in a male-dominated literary world, influencing later topographical poetry. Kyle Chandler (born 1965) is an American actor acclaimed for his roles in television and film, particularly in dramatic portrayals of everyday heroism. Born in Buffalo, New York, he gained widespread recognition for playing high school football coach Eric Taylor on the NBC series Friday Night Lights (2006–2011), earning two Primetime Emmy nominations and a 2011 win for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series. Chandler's film career includes standout performances in Super 8 (2011) as a sympathetic sheriff and Argo (2012), contributing to the latter's Best Picture Oscar, while his work in indie dramas like The Wolf of Wall Street (2013) underscores his range in ensemble casts.

Politicians and military figures

Albert Benjamin "Happy" Chandler (1898–1991) was a prominent American politician who served as the 44th and 45th Governor of Kentucky, as well as a U.S. Senator from the state. Born on July 14, 1898, in Corydon, Kentucky, Chandler began his political career in the state legislature before ascending to lieutenant governor and then governor in 1935, where he focused on infrastructure and education reforms. He later served in the U.S. Senate from 1939 to 1945, advocating for military preparedness during World War II as chair of a Military Affairs subcommittee. Chandler's tenure as the second Commissioner of Major League Baseball from 1945 to 1951 marked a pivotal era, during which he approved the contract of Jackie Robinson with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, effectively integrating the sport and challenging racial segregation despite opposition from some team owners. This decision, rooted in Chandler's belief in equal opportunity, accelerated the desegregation of baseball and influenced broader civil rights advancements. In the military sphere, Rear Admiral Theodore Edson Chandler (1894–1945) was a distinguished U.S. Navy officer during World War II, commanding cruiser divisions in the Pacific Fleet. Born on December 26, 1894, in Annapolis, Maryland, to a naval family—his father was Rear Admiral Lloyd H. Chandler and his grandfather served as Secretary of the Navy under President McKinley—Chandler graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1915 and rose through the ranks with expertise in fleet operations. During the war, he led Task Group 77.3 in the Lingayen Gulf landings in January 1945, a critical amphibious assault in the Philippines campaign, but was killed in action when his flagship, the USS Louisville, was hit by shore batteries. In recognition of his service, the U.S. Navy named the destroyer USS Theodore E. Chandler (DD-717) after him in 1945. Raymond F. Chandler III (born 1959) served as the 14th Sergeant Major of the U.S. Army from 2011 to 2015, the highest-ranking enlisted soldier in the force, where he emphasized soldier welfare, professional development, and resilience programs amid post-9/11 operations. A native of Whittier, California, Chandler enlisted in 1981 and deployed to Iraq, drawing from personal experiences with combat stress to advocate for mental health support and quality-of-life improvements for troops. Following his retirement in 2015 after 33 years of service, Chandler has continued veteran advocacy through advisory roles, speaking engagements on military readiness, and leadership in defense industry initiatives, including business development at Lockheed Martin as of recent years.

Athletes and other notables

Michael Chandler (born April 25, 1986) is an American mixed martial artist competing in the UFC lightweight division, renowned for his aggressive, knockout-heavy fighting style that has produced 11 knockout victories in his 23-10 professional record. A former three-time Bellator Lightweight Champion from 2011 to 2019, Chandler transitioned to the UFC in 2020, where he has earned a reputation as a top contender through high-profile bouts, including a knockout win over Dan Hooker in 2021 and a decision victory over Tony Ferguson in 2022. Tyson Chandler (born October 2, 1982) is a retired American professional basketball center who played 19 NBA seasons, earning the 2011-12 Defensive Player of the Year award with the New York Knicks after leading the league in offensive rebound percentage and ranking second in total rebounds. A key contributor to the Dallas Mavericks' 2011 NBA Championship, Chandler anchored their defense with elite shot-blocking and rebounding, later adding a gold medal as part of the U.S. Olympic team at the 2012 London Games. Robert "Bob" Chandler (1949–1995) was an wide receiver who played 12 seasons in the , primarily with the Buffalo Bills from 1971 to 1979 before joining the Oakland Raiders, where he recorded 75 receptions for 1,244 yards and 14 touchdowns over 29 games from 1980 to 1982. A alumnus drafted in the fourth round of 1971, Chandler's highlighted his reliability as a possession receiver during the AFL-NFL merger era. Chandler Smith (born October 5, 2002) is an emerging stock car racing driver in NASCAR's Xfinity Series, securing two victories in 2024, including the ToyotaCare 250 at in March, where he led a sweep by finishing 4.495 seconds ahead. In 2025, he added two more Xfinity Series wins, most recently at in May, with six career poles and 36 top-10 finishes as of November 2025. In the field of science, Seth Carlo Chandler (1846–1913) was an American astronomer and geodesist best known for discovering the Chandler wobble, a 14-month polar motion of Earth's axis, through meticulous analysis of latitude variations from 1873 to 1890 using data from the U.S. Naval Observatory. Working independently as an actuary, Chandler's 1891 publication refined earlier theories by Simon Newcomb, establishing the phenomenon's irregular period and amplitude up to 0.7 arcseconds, influencing modern geophysics.

Fictional characters

Television and film

One of the most iconic fictional characters named Chandler in television is Chandler Muriel Bing from the NBC sitcom Friends (1994–2004), portrayed by Matthew Perry. Bing is depicted as a sarcastic advertising executive with a fear of commitment, serving as a central figure in the ensemble cast alongside friends in New York City; his humor often revolves around witty one-liners and catchphrases like "Could I be more...?" that highlight his self-deprecating wit. Bing's character arc evolves from a single, commitment-phobic roommate to a devoted husband and father, marrying Monica Geller and adopting twins; this development underscores themes of personal growth amid the show's exploration of friendship and adulthood. Perry's portrayal earned him an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in 2002, contributing to the character's enduring appeal. The role's cultural impact is profound, with Bing influencing pop culture through memes, quotes, and references that popularized sarcastic humor in sitcoms; post-2020, the character's legacy was revisited in the 2021 Friends reunion special on HBO Max, where Perry reflected on the role's transformative effect on his career. In soap operas, from ABC's (1970–2011) stands out as a long-running , introduced in 1983 and played primarily by . Portrayed as a , wealthy businessman and of the powerful Chandler in , , he is known for devious schemes, multiple marriages, and rivalries that much of the show's , including attempts to manipulate custody battles and corporate takeovers. On film, the titular in the 1971 neo- Chandler, played by , is a , aging who returns to work after a stint as a security guard to protect a witness from gangsters. The film, directed by Paul Magwood, draws on classic noir tropes, with the unnamed first-name Chandler embodying a cynical, world-weary anti-hero navigating corruption and betrayal in Los Angeles.

Literature and other media

In Jim Steranko's 1976 illustrated Chandler: Red Tide, the Chandler is depicted as a rugged in , formerly a and arms dealer, who takes on a case involving murder, smuggling, and a rekindled romance while employing his skills in gunplay and intuition. This work blends prose with sequential artwork in a format reminiscent of pulp magazines, paying homage to classic hard-boiled detective fiction through its noir atmosphere and terse narrative style. Streak Chandler debuted in Top-Notch Comics #4 (April 1940), published by MLJ Magazines (later known as Archie Comics), as a science fiction adventurer who travels to Mars with Professor Finlay and his daughter Vola, encountering alien threats such as gangsters and the Gas-Men in subsequent issues (#5–8). Created by writer Harry Shorten and artist William Wills, the character embodies early Golden Age pulp adventure tropes, featuring interstellar exploration, exotic locales, and heroic confrontations with extraterrestrial villains in six-page stories classified under science fiction and superhero genres. In Marvel Comics, Marlo Chandler first appears in The Incredible Hulk #347 (May 1988), introduced as an adrenaline-seeking woman who becomes romantically involved with Joe Fixit (the gray Hulk) while working at a Las Vegas casino, later evolving into a supporting figure who marries Rick Jones and briefly transforms into the winged Harpy due to experiments by the Intelligencia. Written by Peter David with art by Todd McFarlane and others, her arc spans multiple Hulk-related titles, highlighting themes of personal risk, loyalty amid superhuman chaos, and redemption through cosmic interventions. These portrayals of fictional Chandlers in comics and graphic novels often explore conventions of the detective and adventure genres, with protagonists navigating moral ambiguities, high-stakes investigations, and otherworldly perils, contributing to the name's association with resourceful figures in pulp and superhero narratives.

Military uses

Naval vessels

The U.S. Navy has commissioned two destroyers named USS Chandler, honoring members of the Chandler family who served in prominent naval and political roles. The first, USS Chandler (Destroyer No. 206), was named for William Eaton Chandler, who served as Secretary of the Navy from 1882 to 1885 and later as a U.S. Senator from New Hampshire. The second, USS Chandler (DDG-996), was named for Rear Admiral Theodore Edson Chandler (1894–1945), William's grandson, who earned the Navy Cross for his World War II leadership in the Pacific and was killed in action during the Lingayen Gulf landings. USS Chandler (DD-206) was a Clemson-class destroyer laid down on 19 July 1918 by the William Cramp and Sons Shipbuilding Company in Philadelphia, launched on 18 July 1919, and commissioned on 5 September 1919. She conducted operations in the Atlantic and Mediterranean before decommissioning on 1 June 1922. Recommissioned on 31 March 1930, she participated in fleet exercises along the U.S. West Coast, Hawaii, the Panama Canal Zone, and the Caribbean, including the 1934 Presidential Fleet Review in New York. Reclassified as a high-speed minesweeper (DMS-9) on 19 November 1940, she underwent conversion and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 12 February 1941, where she survived the Japanese attack on 7 December. During World War II, she escorted convoys across the Pacific, conducted minesweeping operations in the Aleutians (including Attu in May 1943 and Kiska in August 1943), and supported amphibious landings at Majuro, Eniwetok, Saipan, Tinian, Leyte Gulf, Lingayen Gulf, and Iwo Jima. On 22 June 1944, she assisted USS Newcomb in sinking the Japanese submarine I-185, and on 6–7 January 1945, she rescued 229 survivors from the torpedoed USS Hovey. Reclassified as an auxiliary (AG-108) on 5 June 1945, she towed targets for gunnery practice until decommissioning on 21 November 1945; she was sold for scrap on 18 November 1946 after 26 years of service. The ship displaced 1,215 tons, measured 314 feet 4 inches in length with a 31-foot 9-inch beam, achieved speeds of 35 knots, and was armed with four 4-inch guns and twelve 21-inch torpedo tubes. USS Chandler (DDG-996) was the fourth and final Kidd-class guided-missile destroyer, laid down on 22 December 1978 by Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula, Mississippi, launched on 28 June 1980, and commissioned on 13 March 1982. Designed originally for export to Iran with enhanced air conditioning for hot-weather operations and advanced antisubmarine warfare capabilities, the class featured the New Threat Upgrade (NTU) radar system for improved antiaircraft defense, akin to early Aegis capabilities but using SPS-48E and SPS-49 radars rather than phased-array SPY-1. She conducted multiple deployments to the Western Pacific and Middle East, including Persian Gulf surveillance during the Iran-Iraq Tanker War (1986 and 1987–1988), escorting oil tankers under Operation Earnest Will, and supporting Operations Desert Shield, Desert Storm, and Southern Watch. Later assignments included counter-narcotics operations in the Eastern Pacific and Caribbean. Decommissioned on 23 September 1999 after 17 years of service, she was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register and placed in reserve. The vessel displaced 9,200 tons full load, measured 563 feet in length with a 55-foot beam, reached speeds over 30 knots, and was equipped with two 5-inch/54-caliber guns, two Mk 26 twin launchers for Standard missiles (upgradable for Tomahawk cruise missiles), Harpoon antiship missiles, Mk 32 torpedo tubes, Phalanx CIWS, and facilities for one SH-3 or two SH-2 helicopters. In 2003, the U.S. sold DDG-996 to Taiwan under a five-year lease-purchase agreement, with delivery following refurbishment; she was transferred on 30 May 2003, initially named ROCS Wu Teh (DDG-1805), and commissioned into the Republic of China Navy (ROCN) as ROCS Ma Kong (DDG-1805) on 15 November 2006 after upgrades including integration of Hsiung Feng II/III antiship missiles and extended-range Phalanx systems. As part of the ROCN's Kee Lung-class (ex-Kidd), Ma Kong has participated in regional exercises and patrols to counter threats from the People's Liberation Army Navy. Post-2020 modernizations include ongoing upgrades to the AN/SLQ-32 electronic warfare system (completed around 2023) and a 2024 initiative to enhance combat management systems, air defense launchers, and replace SM-1 missiles with SM-2s across the class, improving multithreat engagement capabilities. As of 2025, ROCS Ma Kong remains in active service with the ROCN.

Bases and installations

Chandler Air Force Station (AFS) was a Cold War-era radar facility located near Chandler in Murray County, Minnesota, established in 1951 as part of the United States Air Force's air defense network to monitor potential aerial threats from the Soviet Union. Initially designated as Moulton Radar Station and activated in June 1952 under the 787th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, it was renamed Chandler AFS on December 1, 1953, and served as a ground-controlled interception and direction center. The station was equipped with early radars including the AN/FPS-3 search radar and AN/FPS-4 height-finder, which were upgraded over time to AN/FPS-20 and AN/FPS-6 by 1959, and later to AN/FPS-27 and AN/FPS-26 by the mid-1960s, enabling long-range surveillance across the northern plains. In March 1961, it integrated into the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system with FST-2 computer equipment, relaying data to direction centers in Grand Forks, North Dakota (1961–1963), Sioux City, Iowa (1963–1968), and Duluth, Minnesota (1968–1969). Operations at Chandler AFS continued until its deactivation on September 30, 1969, amid reductions in the radar network following advancements in missile technology and reconnaissance satellites. The site was auctioned off in 1973, with the main facility sold for $45,151 and the housing area for $172,944, leading to its conversion into farmland and commercial use. Most structures were demolished in 1993, leaving only foundations of radar towers; the former GATR site now hosts a commercial radio facility, while the housing area has been repurposed for agriculture. Although environmental assessments were conducted as part of broader Air Force base closure protocols in the 1990s, no major remediation actions specific to Chandler AFS are documented in public records, reflecting its relatively small scale and rural location. Chandler Field, located in Essington, Tinicum Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, served as a key seaplane training and induction facility during World War II, operating from 1942 to 1945 under U.S. Navy control without traditional runways, relying instead on the adjacent Delaware River for water-based operations. Established earlier in 1915 as the Philadelphia School of Aviation, it was requisitioned by the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1917 for initial pilot and mechanic training on floatplanes and flying boats, marking it as one of the first three Army Air Service facilities, before temporary closure in 1918 due to winter icing. During the war, it functioned primarily as an induction center for naval aviators and a school for seaplane operations, contributing to the Allied effort by preparing personnel for amphibious aircraft roles in patrol and reconnaissance missions. Following World War II, Chandler Field was decommissioned as a installation in and reverted to use, with the Mills resuming operations as a flying , air taxi , and hub on the leased since 1919. The , situated near the , supported until its acquisition by Tinicum in 2006 for preservation as a seaplane base, including renovations to docks and ramps.

Education

High schools

Chandler High School in Chandler, Arizona, is a public secondary school that opened prior to the 1914–15 academic year and serves approximately 3,100 students in grades 9 through 12 as of the 2025-2026 school year as part of the Chandler Unified School District #80. The institution is recognized for its academic excellence, earning designation as a 7-time A+ School of Excellence from the Arizona Educational Foundation and ranking among the top public high schools in the state for college preparation and diversity. It also excels in athletics, with the football team securing Arizona state championships in 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019. Historically, Chandler High School played a pioneering role in educational integration by admitting its first Black students in 1949—five years before the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education ruling—with the city honoring those eight trailblazers in a 2023 ceremony. In November 2025, voters approved a $271.5 million bond and override for the district, enabling expansions such as enhanced career and technical education (CTE) programs and a new two-year semiconductor pathway pilot at high schools including Chandler High. The Chandler Unified School District also includes other high schools such as Basha High School, Hamilton High School, and Perry High School, which serve the growing population of Chandler, Arizona, and contribute to the area's educational landscape. Chandler High School in Chandler, Oklahoma, is a public institution serving 350 students in grades 9 through 12 as of the 2025-2026 school year within the Chandler Public Schools district, which encompasses about 1,122 total students across four schools. The school traces its origins to the early 20th century amid the town's development following its 1891 founding, with a notable WPA-constructed building completed in 1942 that served as the high school facility. It emphasizes vocational programs through partnerships with Oklahoma's technology center network and fosters community involvement via local events and alumni associations. The school's athletic teams, known as the Lions, participate in regional competitions, contributing to strong ties with the surrounding rural community.

Universities and other institutions

Chandler-Gilbert Community College (CGCC), located in the of , is a founded in as an extension of and became independently accredited in 1992. As part of the , it serves over 19,000 students annually across four campuses and offers more than 70 and programs, with a emphasis on , health sciences, and applied fields. Notable programs include s in nursing, cybersecurity, and engineering , supporting 's workforce needs in high-demand sectors. In response to the post-2020 semiconductor industry expansion in Arizona, driven by investments from companies like Intel and TSMC, CGCC developed specialized training in semiconductor manufacturing and industrial technology. The college's Certificate of Completion in Industrial Technology for Semiconductor equips students with skills in engineering principles, automation, and fabrication processes essential for entry-level roles in chip production. Additionally, the 10-day Semiconductor Technician Quick Start program provides accelerated certification for foundational industry knowledge, aligning with regional economic growth. Building on emerging technologies, CGCC introduced artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning curricula in 2024, including an Associate in Applied Science degree covering natural language processing, computer vision, and deep learning. The program, which integrates computer science, mathematics, and statistics, prepares students for careers in AI development and data analysis. In December 2024, the college announced a Bachelor of Science in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, set to launch in fall 2025, marking one of the first such applied baccalaureate degrees in the Maricopa system. Chandler School, an independent co-educational day school in Pasadena, California, was established in 1950 and serves students from kindergarten through eighth grade with a focus on gifted education. Inspired by Montessori principles, the curriculum emphasizes individualized learning, critical thinking, and interdisciplinary studies, enrolling approximately 434 students with a low student-teacher ratio of 9:1. The school fosters a nurturing environment for advanced learners through project-based activities and enrichment in STEM, arts, and humanities. Other institutions bearing the name Chandler include historical entities like the Abiel Chandler School of Science and the Arts, founded in 1852 at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire (initially linked to Boston donors), which provided specialized training in science and arts until its closure in the early 20th century. In Australia, the Gilbert Chandler Institute of Technology, operational from the mid-20th century in Werribee, Victoria, offered diplomas in dairy technology and food science as part of the University of Melbourne's agricultural programs before merging into broader faculty structures in the 1990s. Non-traditional educational venues, such as the Chandler Center for the Arts in Chandler, Arizona, provide youth programs including musical theater camps and arts workshops to promote creative development.

Other uses

Science and technology

In scientific contexts, the name Chandler is prominently associated with the work of American astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler (1846–1913), who discovered the Chandler wobble, a small oscillation in Earth's axis of rotation relative to its surface. This polar motion, identified in 1891 through meticulous analysis of latitude variations, has an observed period of approximately 433 days and an amplitude of about 0.7 arcseconds. The Chandler wobble arises as a free nutation of the rotating Earth, with its period extended from the Eulerian value of roughly 305 days for a rigid body to the observed longer duration due to the elastic deformation of the planet's mantle and the effects of its liquid core and oceans. This phenomenon provides insights into Earth's internal structure and dynamics, as the wobble's persistence and variations reflect interactions between atmospheric, oceanic, and cryospheric mass redistributions. Recent studies using satellite gravimetry data from missions like GRACE and GRACE-FO (2002–2023) have linked amplitude reductions in the wobble after 2015 to cryospheric mass losses, particularly in Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets, highlighting its sensitivity to climate-driven changes. A 2025 study attributes the post-2015 diminution, nearly vanishing the free wobble, to mass anomalies originating around 2011, with ongoing climate effects projected through 2100. In technology, Chandler refers to an open-source personal information manager (PIM) developed by the Open Source Applications Foundation (OSAF) from 2004 to 2010. Written primarily in Python, the software integrated calendar, email, and task management features into a unified "Note-to-Self Organizer" for personal and small-group use, emphasizing flexible note-based organization with triage systems for prioritizing items. It included the Zanshin task system for handling recurring and dependent tasks, though the project was discontinued in 2010 after version 1.0.3, with its innovations influencing later PIM tools.

Geography and environment

Chandler is an impact crater on the far side of the Moon in the northern hemisphere, centered at 43.65°N latitude and 171.76°E longitude. The crater measures 88.6 kilometers in diameter and lies southeast of the walled plain D'Alembert, within the Moon's rugged highland terrain. It was officially named by the International Astronomical Union in 1970 after Seth Carlo Chandler, the American astronomer who discovered the Chandler wobble in Earth's rotation. Formed by a meteoroid impact during the Moon's early history, Chandler Crater dates to approximately 3.8–3.9 billion years ago, part of the Late Heavy Bombardment period when the lunar surface experienced intense meteorite activity. The crater's rim is eroded and overlaid by smaller impacts, with its interior floor featuring secondary craters and ejecta rays visible in high-resolution imagery. NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), operational since 2009, has captured detailed narrow-angle camera images of the site, highlighting the presence of bright ejecta consistent with highland basalts. On Earth, Chandler Lake is a prominent freshwater body in the Brooks Range of northern Alaska, located at the headwaters of the Chandler River about 26 miles (42 km) west of Anaktuvuk Pass. Extending roughly 5 miles (8 km) in length, the lake lies within Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve at an elevation of approximately 2,800 feet (850 meters), supporting recreational fishing for species such as Arctic grayling and lake trout. Its pristine Arctic environment contributes to regional studies of freshwater ecosystems amid ongoing climate monitoring. The Chandler wobble, an environmental phenomenon tied to Earth's rotational dynamics and named after the same astronomer, exhibits variations influenced by climate-driven mass redistributions, such as glacier and ice sheet melt. Post-2000 observations show that accelerated ice loss in Antarctica and Greenland has contributed to a measurable decrease in the wobble's amplitude since 2015, underscoring links between polar environmental changes and global geophysical processes.

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