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Circle Chart

The Circle Chart is a national music record chart in that compiles and ranks the weekly, monthly, and yearly popularity of songs and albums based on data from domestic and global streaming platforms, downloads, and physical sales. Founded in by the Korea Music Content Industry Association (KMCA), it serves as the primary measure of music consumption in the country and is considered the South Korean equivalent to international charts like or in . In July 2022, the chart was rebranded from its original name, Gaon Chart, to Circle Chart to expand its scope toward a global focus, incorporating data from platforms such as , , , and to better reflect worldwide consumption trends. Key components of the Circle Chart include the Digital Chart, which aggregates streaming, download, and (BGM) plays; the Album Chart, which tracks physical album shipments and sales; and specialized rankings like the Global K-pop Chart, which emphasizes international performance metrics. The chart's methodology uses a weighted combination of streaming, downloads, (BGM) plays, and other digital metrics to reflect popularity, with charts updated weekly. Since its inception, the Circle Chart has played a pivotal role in the K-pop industry by providing transparent, verifiable data that influences artist achievements, award nominations (such as the annual ), and market analysis, helping to certify milestones like million-seller albums.

Overview

Definition and Purpose

Circle Chart is South Korea's official national music chart, compiling comprehensive data on music consumption including sales, streams, downloads, and social media engagement since its inception in 2010. Operated by the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA), it serves as the primary authority for tracking the popularity of songs and albums in the Korean music industry. The primary purpose of Circle Chart is to deliver objective, verifiable metrics that reflect music performance, enabling artists, record labels, broadcasters, and industry stakeholders to identify and promote successful releases. By aggregating data from domestic and international sources, it provides a standardized benchmark for measuring hits and market trends. As of 2025, Circle Chart encompasses a broad scope that highlights both domestic consumption and the global influence of , issuing weekly, monthly, and yearly rankings across various categories. Rebranded from the Gaon Chart in 2022, the name "Circle" symbolizes the connection of music listeners worldwide, underscoring its expanded international focus.

Organizational Background

The Circle Chart was established in 2010 under the auspices of the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA), a non-profit organization dedicated to standardizing the tracking and measurement of music data in . The KMCA, representing major music producers and distributors, created the chart to provide an objective, industry-wide benchmark for song and performance, addressing the previous lack of a unified national system. To compile its rankings, the KMCA maintains key partnerships with prominent digital music distributors, including , , , , and Soribada, which supply streaming and download data. These collaborations extend to physical album shipments reported by distributors and retailers, ensuring comprehensive aggregation across sales channels. Additionally, post-rebranding integrations with global platforms like , , , and have bolstered data sources for international tracking. In November 2024, the KMCA partnered with to incorporate its data into the Global K-pop Chart and Social Chart 3.0, further expanding global coverage. Following the 2022 rebranding from Gaon Chart to Circle Chart, the KMCA enhanced its infrastructure for digital tracking and global expansion, separating domestic and international album sales metrics to better reflect K-pop's worldwide influence. This evolution supports more accurate, sustainable charting amid the industry's growth. The initiative is sponsored by South Korea's , Sports and Tourism, with additional funding from industry stakeholders, promoting independence from any single .

History

Gaon Chart Era (2010–2022)

The Gaon Chart was launched on February 23, 2010, by the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA), establishing South Korea's first official national music chart to replace the fragmented and subjective private rankings previously relied upon by broadcasters and media. Designed to provide objective measurements, the initial charts emphasized digital music sales and broadcast data, marking a shift toward standardized industry metrics. Year-end charts were introduced in the same inaugural year, compiling annual data to highlight top songs and albums, such as miss A's "Bad Girl Good Girl" as the best-performing digital single. In 2011, Gaon expanded its scope by incorporating offline physical album sales data from key retailers including Yes24, addressing early limitations in capturing the full spectrum of music consumption beyond digital platforms. This addition enabled more comprehensive album rankings, with Girls' Generation's The Boys emerging as the year's top seller at 385,348 copies. Further refinements occurred in 2012, when the chart adjusted methodologies to integrate additional sales sources, improving accuracy amid criticisms that initial digital-heavy focus underrepresented physical market dynamics. Key milestones during this period included the 2013 launch of the Social Chart, which ranked songs based on engagement metrics from platforms like , , and to reflect online buzz. In 2018, Gaon introduced a certification system, awarding platinum status to albums surpassing 250,000 shipments and digital tracks exceeding 100 million streams or downloads, standardizing recognition of commercial success. The chart's influence peaked amid the global Hallyu wave, exemplified by its tracking of Psy's "," which dominated the 2012 digital chart with over 422 million points and propelled K-pop's international visibility.

Rebranding and Evolution (2022–present)

In July 2022, the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA) announced the of Gaon Chart to , marking a shift toward greater global representation in music tracking. The , effective from July 7, 2022, was intended to symbolize the "circle" of interconnected global fans and to emphasize expansion beyond domestic metrics. Previously known as Gaon—meaning "excellent" in —the new branding aimed to position the chart as a more inclusive platform for worldwide consumption data. The official website was relaunched at circlechart.kr to support this evolution. A key component of the rebranding was the introduction of the Global Chart, which debuted in late July 2022 to aggregate from platforms, enhancing the integration of global metrics into rankings. This chart compiles K-pop-specific usage from services like and , providing weekly, monthly, and yearly insights into worldwide popularity. Concurrently, Circle Chart expanded its sources, incorporating starting in July 2022 to better reflect diverse listening habits. These updates addressed limitations in prior domestic-focused tracking by prioritizing verifiable consumption patterns. From 2023 onward, Circle Chart continued to evolve with refinements aimed at accuracy and timeliness. In August 2023, the platform ceased counting muted streams in its listen tallies to ensure more precise engagement metrics. By 2024, it integrated data from into the Global K-pop Chart, further broadening global coverage, particularly in ; data had already been influencing retail album rankings since 2024. In August 2025, Circle Chart launched Social Chart 3.0, renewing the previous version by including data from alongside existing sources like and Mubeat to provide more comprehensive real-time insights into global artist popularity. These developments underscore Circle Chart's ongoing adaptation to the expanding ecosystem, though comprehensive details on certain technical enhancements remain proprietary.

Methodology

Data Collection Sources

Circle Chart compiles its rankings using data aggregated from a variety of domestic and music platforms, focusing on verified streams, downloads, and sales figures supplied through formal partnerships with the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA). For digital music metrics, the primary sources include major South Korean streaming and download services such as , , , , , Kakao Music, and Samsung Music, which provide comprehensive data on audio streams, background music plays, and digital purchases. These platforms collectively represent the core of the Korean music consumption market, enabling Circle Chart to capture a substantial portion of local digital activity. Physical album data is derived from shipment volumes reported by distributors to retail chains across , adjusted for returns to reflect net distribution. This includes sales of various formats such as , LPs, cassettes, USBs, and platform-specific albums from major retailers, ensuring coverage of both traditional and online physical outlets. Unlike real-time sales trackers, this method emphasizes wholesale distribution as a proxy for . In addition to core music consumption data, Circle Chart incorporates social media metrics from platforms like (for video views), , , Mubeat, and My Celebs for engagement indicators, alongside fan voting and interaction data from specialized apps. Post-2022 rebranding, international inputs have expanded to include streaming and sales from global services like , , and , integrated via data-sharing agreements to support charts like the Global K-pop Chart. These elements provide a broader view of artist popularity beyond domestic borders. Data collection occurs through direct feeds and from partner platforms, with aggregation processed by the KMCA for accuracy and to mitigate . Announced in August 2023 and effective October 2023, Circle Chart excludes muted or background-muted streams from counts, a measure aimed at reducing artificial from bots and ensuring rankings reflect genuine listener engagement; tracking occurs from to Saturday, with charts released weekly on Thursdays. This audited process underscores the chart's role in providing reliable industry benchmarks.

Chart Calculation and Ranking

Circle Chart generates final chart positions through separate scoring systems for each category to reflect specific aspects of popularity. The Digital Chart aggregates streaming, download, background music (BGM), and V-coloring data with weights based on neighboring rights fees and settlement amounts from platforms, with streaming receiving increased emphasis since to account for evolving consumption trends. The Album Chart ranks based on net physical shipment volumes (shipments minus returns). Social and Global K-pop Charts aggregate engagement metrics and international , respectively, from specified platforms with platform-specific to capture worldwide impact, without fixed cross-market multipliers. Digital song charts rank the top 200 entries, while album charts cover the top 100, ensuring a focused representation of leading performers. In cases of ties, rankings are resolved using secondary metrics such as unique listeners where applicable. To maintain integrity, Circle Chart enforces anti-manipulation measures, including limits on continuous streams from individual addresses, exclusion of sound source gifting, and caps on repeat plays to prevent artificial inflation. The system undergoes periodic recalibration aligned with market trends, ensuring ongoing relevance and fairness.

Music Charts

Digital Song Charts

The Digital Chart serves as the flagship component of Circle Chart's song rankings, compiling the top 200 most popular singles in on a weekly basis. It integrates multiple digital consumption metrics, including streaming plays, paid downloads, (BGM) usage in public spaces and media, and V-coloring (personalized ringtone-like features), with each element assigned specific weights to derive a composite score that reflects overall popularity. This ensures a holistic measure of digital engagement across platforms, emphasizing the shift toward streaming-dominated consumption in the music market. Complementing the main Digital Chart are dedicated sub-charts that isolate key metrics for more granular insights. The Streaming Chart ranks the top 200 songs based solely on audio and video streams from major domestic services, capturing real-time listener preferences in an era where streaming accounts for the majority of music access. Similarly, the Chart tracks the top 200 paid digital purchases, highlighting tracks with strong immediate commercial appeal. Both sub-charts operate on a weekly cycle, aligning with the Digital Chart's schedule, and provide essential context for understanding shifts in consumer behavior, such as the rise of hits. The Digital Chart and its sub-charts cover a broad spectrum of genres, including dominant categories like and ballads, as well as niche areas such as , which has maintained a dedicated genre-specific since 2015 to track traditional Korean music's enduring appeal. Since the 2022 rebranding from Gaon Chart, Circle Chart has placed greater emphasis on mobile app data, particularly from platforms like KakaoMusic, to better represent on-the-go consumption patterns among South Korean users. Representative examples underscore the chart's influence on the industry; for instance, tracks consistently topped the Digital Chart from 2018 through 2022, with "" (featuring ) securing multiple No. 1 positions in 2019 and exemplifying K-pop's global crossover success through high streaming and download volumes. Other hits, like IVE's "" in 2022, demonstrate how ballad-infused pop can achieve year-end dominance, amassing over 1 billion index points across components. These rankings not only guide artist strategies but also highlight the evolving balance between paid and ad-supported digital formats in Korea's music ecosystem.

Album and Physical Charts

The Circle Album Chart ranks the top 200 physical albums and extended plays () in on a weekly basis, compiling data from shipments to retailers minus returns. This chart focuses exclusively on tangible products, including full-length albums, EPs, repackages, and single albums across formats such as cassettes (), vinyl records (), compact discs (), USB drives, KiT albums, and platform-specific editions. Shipments are aggregated from major distributors and record labels, providing a measure of physical distribution volume rather than end-consumer purchases. Monthly and yearly charts aggregate these weekly figures to highlight sustained performance and annual trends. Since its in 2022, the chart has incorporated data reflecting the resurgence in , with LP formats explicitly included in rankings; sales have grown alongside overall physical demand, driven by collector interest and limited-edition releases from 2020 onward. For accuracy, the methodology relies on verified reports from offline retailers and distributors, though it remains distinct from consumer sales trackers. sales, representing shipments to international markets, are counted separately from domestic figures and released in annual reviews to assess global impact. The chart has captured the dominance of K-pop groups in physical sales post-2022, with acts like achieving high rankings; for instance, their album sold over 2.5 million units in 2022, placing fourth on the yearly chart and underscoring contributions amid broader industry growth. Physical album shipments peaked at over 57 million units for artists in 2021, reflecting a surge in fan-driven collecting. By 2025, total sales showed a slight decline, with worldwide K-pop physical exports and domestic shipments falling 17.4% to 98.4 million units in 2024—the first drop in a decade—while first-half 2025 domestic top-400 title sales decreased 9% year-on-year to 42.5 million units.

Specialized Music Charts

Circle Chart offers several specialized music charts that focus on niche consumption formats and markets, distinct from the core song and physical album rankings. These charts capture specific ways music is consumed in , such as through mobile personalization services, venues, and international exports, providing a more granular view of industry trends. While they influence the broader metrics to a limited extent, their primary role is to highlight underrepresented formats that reflect cultural and technological shifts in music engagement. One key example is the , which ranked the top 100 songs based on mobile ringtone downloads during the Gaon era. This weekly chart tracked a popular pre-streaming format where users purchased song clips for phone alerts, but it was discontinued around 2020 as smartphone ringtones declined in favor of streaming and default sounds. The Broadcast Chart monitors song plays on television and radio broadcasts, offering insights into traditional media exposure. It compiles data from major networks to rank tracks by airplay frequency, typically covering the top 100 positions weekly, though it receives less emphasis in overall chart calculations compared to digital sales. Compilation Album Chart tracks sales of curated album collections, such as greatest hits or themed compilations, separate from artist-specific releases. This chart, limited to the top 100, helps gauge interest in or multi-artist packages and is integrated into broader physical sales data but published distinctly for format-specific analysis. The Overseas Chart measures export sales of physical s to international markets, focusing on K-pop's global reach. Unlike weekly rankings, it releases annual data, with 2022 marking a record $233 million in exports across regions like the U.S., , and ; it typically covers top-exported titles without a fixed position limit but emphasizes volume for industry context. These charts collectively address non-mainstream consumption, including genres like classical and trot, which appear in limited numbers due to their niche appeal. Positions are generally capped at 50–100, and their data draws from the same core sources as main charts—such as licensed platforms and distributors—but with format-specific weighting that renders them secondary in comprehensive industry evaluations.

Social and Global Charts

Social Media Charts

The Circle Social Chart is a weekly ranking that measures the popularity of the top 50 K-pop artists through online engagement metrics, primarily drawing from Twitter mentions, YouTube views, and fan interactions on social platforms. This chart emphasizes real-time social buzz to reflect global fan sentiment, integrating AI-driven analysis to map data from multiple sources for a more dynamic assessment of artist influence. It serves as a key indicator of non-consumption-based popularity, complementing other chart categories by highlighting community-driven trends. Preceding the rebranding, the Gaon Social Chart operated from 2014 to 2022, initially focusing on core platforms. Key calculation factors include hashtag trends, which track viral discussions, and community scores derived from aggregated interactions to quantify engagement depth. These elements ensure the rankings prioritize organic popularity over promotional efforts, with updates released every week to maintain relevance. In August 2025, the chart was renewed to version 3.0 (starting week 32), augmenting previous data sources such as , Mubeat, and Higher with data from to enhance global coverage. The chart occasionally integrates insights from music performance data for contextual depth, though its core remains engagement-focused.

Global K-pop Chart

The Global K-pop Chart was introduced on July 7, 2022, as part of the rebranding of the Gaon Music Chart to , aiming to measure the international popularity of through aggregated streaming data from worldwide platforms. This chart ranks the top 200 K-pop songs based on global streams, excluding domestic Korean consumption to emphasize performance in non-Korean markets such as , , , and via international streams from services like , , , Melon, Genie, Flo, Bugs, and . Unlike domestic-focused charts, it provides a dedicated view of overseas engagement, with rankings updated weekly, monthly, and yearly to reflect evolving global trends. The chart's methodology prioritizes streaming metrics from international users, weighting data to capture K-pop's reach beyond , where platforms like and contribute significantly to rankings due to their extensive global user bases. On its inaugural day, BTS member j-hope's "MORE" debuted at number one, marking the first song to top the daily Global K-pop Chart and highlighting the chart's immediate focus on high-impact international releases. This separation from domestic metrics allows for clearer insights into 's worldwide appeal, with quarterly global reports occasionally issued to summarize regional performances and growth in areas like and through platform data. In October 2024, the chart expanded its data sources by incorporating streams from Tencent Music Entertainment (TME), enhancing representation of consumption in and further strengthening its global scope without altering the core streaming-based criteria. This update addressed previous gaps in Asian market coverage, promoting a more comprehensive tracking of non-Korean streams and sales equivalents, while maintaining the chart's emphasis on verifiable platform data over engagement metrics.

Certifications

Album Certifications

The Korea Music Content Association (KMCA), publisher of the Circle Chart, awards certifications for physical albums based on verified shipments to retailers, recognizing sales performance in units. Thresholds include at 250,000 units, Double Platinum at 500,000 units, Triple Platinum at 750,000 units, Million at 1,000,000 units, with escalating multiples (e.g., 2x Million at 2,000,000 units) for higher achievements. These certifications highlight the scale of physical album success in South Korea's music industry. Certifications are awarded quarterly by the KMCA following data submission and verification from record labels and distributors, with shipments counting toward thresholds from the release date onward. Unique to the system, repackaged albums qualify for separate certifications if they independently meet the unit requirements, and export shipments have been eligible since the program's inception in , broadening inclusion of international distribution. Post-2022, ongoing sales tracking allows albums to receive updated higher-level certifications as cumulative shipments grow. Key examples illustrate the system's impact, such as BTS's Map of the Soul: 7, which achieved 4x Million certification in 2020 for surpassing 4 million units shortly after its February release. As of November 2025, 432 albums have received KMCA certifications, reflecting a rising international focus driven by global demand.

Digital and Streaming Certifications

Circle Chart awards digital and streaming certifications to recognize outstanding performance of songs in online music consumption, distinct from physical album shipments. These certifications, introduced in April 2018, are based on accumulated download units and streaming counts provided by major digital music platforms such as , , , , and international services like and . For digital downloads, songs achieve Platinum certification upon reaching 2.5 million units, with higher tiers such as Double Platinum at 5 million and at 10 million. Streaming certifications operate on a similar multi-tier system, granting Platinum status for 100 million accumulated streams, Triple Platinum for 300 million, and Billion for 1 billion. Certifications are calculated using verified data from participating platforms and announced monthly, reflecting ongoing digital sales and plays since the program's expansion. A notable early example is IU's "Blueming" from her 2019 album Love Poem, which earned certification for surpassing 2.5 million downloads shortly after release. In the streaming category, aespa's tracks have seen significant growth post-2022, with "Spicy" achieving status for 100 million streams in 2023 and "Supernova" following suit in 2025, highlighting the rising dominance of streaming in consumption. These benchmarks parallel certifications in structure but emphasize virtual access metrics, underscoring the shift toward online platforms in the industry.

Awards and Impact

Circle Chart Music Awards

The (CCMA), launched on December 7, 2022, as the rebranded successor to the Gaon Chart Music Awards, was an annual ceremony recognizing top achievements in the South Korean music industry based on performance data from the Circle Chart. The aligned with the overall of the Gaon Chart to Circle Chart in July 2022, emphasizing a broader scope that incorporates streaming, , and metrics. The event was held annually, typically in January, from 2023 to 2024, featuring numerous categories blending objective chart points with select fan-voted elements to honor artists across physical, , and international domains. In March 2024, the Korea Music Content Association indefinitely postponed the CCMA due to concerns over the proliferation and fairness of shows. Key categories included (with sub-divisions for physical albums, digital music, streaming, and global unique listeners), Song of the Year, and (Rookie), all determined by cumulative points from verified sales, downloads, streams, and . The criteria integrated traditional sales data with influence and global streaming, reflecting the evolving landscape. The inaugural CCMA ceremony, for the 2022 chart year and the 12th overall, occurred on February 18, 2023, at KSPO Dome in , where won Rookie of the Year in the Digital Music category for their breakout debut. The 2024 edition, the 13th overall and held on January 10 in , spotlighted global winners, with earning World K-POP Star and ZEROBASEONE's Zhang Hao taking the VIAJE Global Popularity Award. Unique to the CCMA, select awards like MuBeat Global Choice incorporated fan voting, while the event was live-streamed worldwide via platforms such as and Idolplus for international accessibility.

Industry Influence and Reception

Circle Chart has played a pivotal role in standardizing success metrics within the industry, serving as the authoritative benchmark for music rankings in since its inception as the Gaon Chart in 2010. By aggregating data from major domestic platforms, it provides a reliable measure of album sales, digital streams, and downloads, influencing artist strategies, label investments, and fan engagement practices. This standardization has helped elevate 's global competitiveness, contributing to the sector's export growth; for instance, physical album exports accounted for 31.4% of total revenue in , reflecting the chart's role in tracking and promoting international performance. The chart's reception has evolved from initial praise for enhancing transparency in an industry previously reliant on less verifiable sources, to criticisms in the regarding potential biases in digital metrics, such as overemphasis on streaming volumes that favored certain promotional tactics. These concerns prompted operational refinements, including adjustments to exclude manipulated streams for greater fairness by 2023. The rebranding to Circle Chart addressed lingering issues by expanding data collection to global platforms, aiming to reduce domestic-centric biases and better reflect K-pop's worldwide consumption patterns. Circle Chart has significantly driven the globalization of Hallyu, or the , by quantifying artists' international achievements and fostering cross-border recognition; its rankings often align with global chart performances, amplifying K-pop's cultural export value. Economically, the chart supports an industry valued at over $5 billion globally as of 2020, with ongoing contributions estimated in the billions annually through data that informs market expansion and revenue tracking. K-pop's chart-measured success has influenced South Korean government policies on music protection, bolstering legal frameworks to safeguard exports and creative assets.

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