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Civil Support Team

A Civil Support Team (CST) is a specialized unit within the National Guard of the United States, comprising approximately 22 full-time Army and Air National Guard members trained to support civil authorities during chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosive (CBRNE) incidents.^[1]^[2] These teams operate under federal authority to identify hazardous agents or substances at domestic incident sites, assess immediate and long-term consequences, provide expert advice on response measures, and facilitate additional resource requests to mitigate threats from weapons of mass destruction or related disasters.^[1]^[3] Established to enhance homeland security following heightened awareness of WMD threats, CSTs maintain rapid deployment capabilities, often arriving within hours to support first responders, law enforcement, and emergency management agencies.^[1]^[4] There are 54 such teams across the states, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, each equipped with advanced detection equipment, protective gear, and communication systems for on-scene analysis and decontamination support.^[1]^[5] While primarily focused on CBRNE events, CSTs have also contributed to natural disaster responses, such as HAZMAT releases or large-scale emergencies, demonstrating versatility in protecting civilian populations and critical infrastructure.^[2]^[6] Their operations emphasize coordination with local, state, and federal entities, underscoring a key role in domestic defense without supplanting civilian-led responses.^[1]^[3]

History

Establishment

Congress authorized the establishment of the first ten Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Teams (WMD-CSTs) in 1998 as federally funded units under the Department of Defense, designed to mitigate domestic threats from chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosive (CBRNE) attacks.^[7]^[8] These teams were structured as National Guard elements, controlled by individual states to facilitate swift integration with local incident commanders without requiring federal mobilization, thereby leveraging military technical expertise for civil authority support in hazard assessment and response planning.^[9]^[10] The creation of WMD-CSTs responded to heightened post-Cold War concerns over asymmetric threats, particularly bioterrorism, prompting a doctrinal shift toward rapid domestic consequence management for WMD incidents.^[11] This legislative action built on earlier frameworks like Presidential Decision Directive 39, which delineated federal responsibilities for countering WMD terrorism, emphasizing the need for specialized units capable of on-scene detection and advisory roles to bridge gaps between military capabilities and civilian emergency services.^[12] Initial teams began fielding in 1998 across selected states, with prototype validations and early certifications completed by 1999-2000, confirming their operational readiness as state-based assets focused on initial threat characterization without encroaching on federal Title 10 forces.^[13]^[14] This establishment phase prioritized equipping teams for deployable reconnaissance and technical reach-back, ensuring autonomy in supporting governors' directives during suspected CBRNE events.^[15]

Expansion and Evolution

In response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Team (WMD-CST) program, later broadened to Civil Support Teams (CSTs), expanded rapidly to bolster domestic preparedness against potential chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats. Congress authorized initial funding for 10 teams in 1999, with the first operational by October 2001, but post-9/11 priorities accelerated growth, adding teams incrementally through phased certification to ensure nationwide asset protection. By fiscal year 2005, 54 teams were established or in advanced equipping stages, culminating in 55 fully certified teams—one per state, the District of Columbia, and each U.S. territory—by 2007, providing 24/7 response coverage across the continental United States and beyond.^[9]^[16]^[8] The program's mission scope evolved from narrowly focused WMD detection and assessment to integrated CBRNE (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, explosives) support, incorporating advisory roles for hazardous materials releases and natural disasters where response overlaps with intentional threats. This shift reflected data-driven insights into hybrid scenarios, such as radiological dispersal devices mimicking industrial accidents, necessitating versatile teams capable of rapid hazard identification without presuming every incident as terrorism. Empirical analyses post-9/11 highlighted that while WMD terrorism remained a low-probability/high-impact risk, routine hazmat and disaster events demanded scalable expertise to avoid resource misallocation.^[17]^[1]^[11] Operational integration with federal commands further refined CST effectiveness, aligning state-level assets under Joint Task Force Civil Support (JTF-CS), established in 1999 and assigned to U.S. Northern Command in 2002, for synchronized planning and execution in multi-jurisdictional events. This structure emphasized evidence-based threat modeling, prioritizing verifiable intelligence on adversary capabilities over speculative worst-case projections, enabling CSTs to augment civil authorities in exercises like Vibrant Response while maintaining dual-state/federal readiness.^[18]^[19]^[20]

Organization

Team Composition

Each Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Team (WMD-CST) comprises 22 full-time Active Guard and Reserve personnel drawn jointly from the Army National Guard and Air National Guard, serving in Title 32 duty status to support state-led missions under civilian authority.^[3] These members possess specialized expertise in fields such as chemistry for agent identification, biology for threat assessment, nuclear physics for radiological evaluation, and engineering for operational setup and logistics sustainment.^[21] The team is structured into six primary sections: command, operations, communications, administration and logistics, medical and analytical, and survey, enabling modular task organization for rapid deployment and assessment.^[22]^[3] Leadership is provided by a Lieutenant Colonel as commander, supported by a Major as deputy commander, with the command section overseeing coordination, mission analysis, and liaison with incident commanders.^[21] The survey section, typically with up to eight personnel, conducts on-site hazard reconnaissance in protective gear, while the medical and analytical section handles sample processing and health impact evaluation using mobile laboratories.^[21] This composition facilitates self-contained operations for initial response phases, with integrated communications and logistics sections ensuring up to 72 hours of independent functionality before resupply, drawing on members' dual civilian-military backgrounds in technical professions to enhance civil-military interoperability.^[21]

National Deployment Structure

The Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Teams (WMD-CSTs) consist of 57 units nationwide, with one primary team allocated to each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, supplemented by additional teams in California, New York, and Florida to address elevated population densities and potential threat concentrations.^[23]^[24] This distribution supports decentralized operational readiness, positioning teams to conduct initial assessments and advisory functions for chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosive (CBRNE) events primarily within state boundaries, while enabling interstate mutual aid under emergency compacts.^[10] Regional coordination among teams facilitates shared logistics, equipment calibration, and collective training exercises, managed through National Guard Bureau (NGB) directorates that standardize protocols without centralizing command authority.^[25] The NGB's Civil Support Division provides overarching policy guidance, resource allocation, and certification validation, ensuring interoperability across teams while preserving governors' primacy in activation and deployment decisions for domestic incidents. This hierarchical yet federated approach minimizes federal intervention in routine state-led responses, aligning with Title 32 active-duty status that integrates teams into local emergency management frameworks.^[1] The structure inherently supports response timelines of 90 minutes for advance elements and up to several hours for full team mobilization, calibrated to geographic proximity and pre-positioned assets for nationwide coverage.^[26] Such organization emphasizes state sovereignty in homeland defense, with NGB oversight limited to preparedness metrics and inter-jurisdictional harmonization rather than direct operational control.^[8]

Mission and Doctrine

Core Objectives

The core mission of Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Teams (WMD-CSTs) is to support civil authorities at domestic sites of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or high-yield explosive (CBRNE) incidents by identifying CBRNE agents or substances present. Teams deploy to characterize hazards through on-site analysis, enabling responders to base decisions on verified empirical data rather than unconfirmed assumptions. This identification process forms the foundation for subsequent assessments of immediate and projected consequences, including potential health risks to populations and economic disruptions from contamination spread.^[22]^[27] Following hazard identification, WMD-CSTs evaluate consequences and advise civil authorities on response measures, such as containment strategies or protective actions for affected areas. They recommend deployment of additional federal or state resources, including specialized consequence management forces, to enhance mitigation efforts without undertaking remediation themselves. This advisory role underscores a commitment to causal analysis grounded in observable effects, avoiding direct intervention that could complicate civilian-led operations.^[22]^[28] WMD-CST doctrine prioritizes rapid assessment and precise recommendations tailored to domestic defense support of civil authorities, contrasting with overseas military roles that emphasize kinetic operations. By focusing on speed—typically achieving advance elements on scene within 90 minutes—the teams facilitate timely, data-driven decision-making to minimize incident escalation. This structure ensures support remains auxiliary to primary civilian responsibilities, leveraging military expertise for hazard-informed guidance.^[22]

Legal and Operational Framework

Civil Support Teams (CSTs), designated as Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Teams within the National Guard, derive their primary operational authority from state governors under Title 32 of the U.S. Code, enabling deployment for domestic emergencies without federalization, while maintaining state control over mission execution. This status allows CSTs to provide technical assessment and advisory support to civil authorities in chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or high-yield explosive (CBRNE) incidents, focusing on consequence management rather than direct intervention. Federal activation under Title 10 occurs via presidential orders, typically coordinated through U.S. Northern Command's Joint Task Force-Civil Support (JTF-CS), which assumes command for national-level responses supporting the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) as the lead federal agency.^[29] The Posse Comitatus Act (18 U.S.C. § 1385) imposes restrictions on Title 10 forces, prohibiting their use for civilian law enforcement except as expressly authorized, thereby confining CSTs to non-enforcement roles such as hazard detection, victim assessment, and recommendations to first responders.^[30] Under Title 32, CSTs evade these federal limitations due to retained state sovereignty, facilitating armed support if needed for self-defense or facility security without violating the Act, as affirmed in deployments where Guard units assist law enforcement indirectly.^[31] Activation protocols require governor requests for state missions or Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA) requests routed through JTF-CS for federal integration, ensuring rapid response within hours via pre-positioned equipment and personnel readiness standards.^[32] CSTs integrate into the National Response Framework (NRF) and CBRNE Consequence Management (CM) plans, where they augment DHS and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) efforts by providing specialized detection and advisory capabilities to validate threats empirically on-site, prioritizing causal evidence over speculative assessments often amplified in media narratives of improbable events. However, operational tensions arise from overlapping roles with DHS/FEMA assets, such as in scalable response forces like the CBRNE Consequence Management Response Force (CCMRF), where unclear delineations between Guard technical expertise and federal logistics have prompted critiques of inefficiencies and dual command structures that could delay validation of actual hazards versus perceived risks.^[8]^[33] This framework underscores a deliberate design for state primacy in routine readiness, balanced against federal escalation needs, though GAO evaluations highlight persistent needs for refined protocols to optimize resource allocation without compromising threat realism.^[34]

Capabilities

Detection and Assessment

Civil Support Teams employ survey sections equipped with portable detection instruments to conduct on-scene sampling and initial identification of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives (CBRNE) hazards during domestic incidents. These teams prioritize direct sensor readings from devices such as the Joint Chemical Agent Detector (JCAD), which uses ion mobility spectrometry to identify vapor and aerosol threats including nerve, blister, and blood agents in real-time, often within seconds of exposure. Samples collected via air, surface, or liquid wipes are transported to mobile analytical laboratory systems (MALS) for confirmatory analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or similar techniques, ensuring empirical validation over predictive modeling alone.^[35] Radiological and nuclear assessment relies on dosimeters and gamma spectrometers to measure dose rates and isotope signatures, mapping contamination plumes through grid-based surveys that generate verifiable hazard contours based on accumulated readings rather than uncalibrated simulations. Biological detection incorporates immunoassay kits and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays compatible with field-forward bio-sensors, targeting pathogens like anthrax or smallpox simulants, with protocols requiring multiple confirmatory tests to minimize false positives from environmental interferents. These capabilities, validated through standardized equipment calibration and cross-verification, enable rapid quantification of agent concentrations and dispersal patterns.^[1] For explosives threats, particularly high-yield devices associated with non-state actors, teams analyze fragmentation patterns and residual traces using portable trace detectors and spectrometric tools, supplemented by empirical crater and seismic data from incident sites to estimate yield and vector without relying on theoretical models. This approach adapts to improvised threats by focusing on verifiable physical evidence, such as metal shard distribution and ground shock metrics, collected via structured site surveys. False positive mitigation follows Department of Defense protocols, mandating orthogonal testing—e.g., combining JCAD vapor detection with laboratory confirmation—to ensure data integrity amid potential contamination or device limitations.^[36]^[12]

Advisory and Support Functions

Civil Support Teams furnish incident commanders with post-detection advisory services, including consequence projections derived from CBRN hazard prediction and plume modeling, to underpin data-driven decisions on evacuation perimeters, shelter-in-place directives, and resource mobilization. These projections simulate agent dispersion patterns, enabling commanders to anticipate affected areas and prioritize response assets without CSTs assuming direct control. As technical liaisons, CST personnel interface with local and state responders to deliver guidance on decontamination methodologies and mitigation tactics, emphasizing integration that preserves civilian authority's lead role in operations. This support avoids command usurpation, focusing instead on expert recommendations that enhance civilian capabilities in hazard neutralization and site remediation.^[37] CSTs further extend assistance through specialized protocols for medical triage in CBRN environments, advising on casualty categorization and treatment prioritization, alongside templates for public health communications to mitigate panic and convey protective actions. Notwithstanding these functions, government assessments have identified bureaucratic hurdles in CST-civilian integrations, such as mission overlap ambiguities and deployment delays, which can impede seamless advisory incorporation during active incidents.^[38]

Training and Preparedness

Certification Processes

Civil Support Teams (CSTs) complete an initial qualification process that includes specialized training in chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives (CBRNE) operations. Personnel undergo an eight-week Civil Support Skills course at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, emphasizing hands-on instruction in detection equipment operation, hazard sampling, decontamination procedures, and reconnaissance fundamentals.^[39] This foundational training builds on prerequisite certifications, such as Hazardous Materials Technician credentials, and cumulatively exceeds 650 hours of instruction from federal agencies including FEMA, DOE, and EPA.^[1] Full operational certification typically requires three years, incorporating progressive skill validation to ensure readiness for advisory roles in incident command structures.^[40] Ongoing certification mandates periodic evaluations conducted by U.S. Army North (ARNORTH), under U.S. Northern Command, every 18 months to confirm mission capability.^[41]^[42] These Training Proficiency Evaluations (TPEs) assess core competencies, including site hazard assessment, consequence prediction, communication protocols, and support to civil authorities, through scenario-based testing that simulates real-world CBRNE threats.^[43]^[44] Teams must demonstrate compliance with objective standards, such as mobilizing an advance element within 90 minutes and the full unit within three hours of activation, to maintain certified status.^[1]^[3] Recertification hinges on achieving validated proficiency across these metrics, with ARNORTH evaluators verifying performance against standardized criteria rather than procedural checklists alone.^[45] Failure to meet thresholds results in remedial training, ensuring CSTs prioritize empirical response effectiveness in high-stakes environments.^[46] This framework aligns with statutory mandates for rapid, technically proficient support to state and local responders.^[1]

Exercises and Simulations

Civil Support Teams (CSTs) engage in standardized exercises and simulations to validate detection, assessment, and advisory functions in simulated weapons of mass destruction (WMD) scenarios. These activities emphasize interoperability with local, state, and federal responders, incorporating scenario-based training that replicates chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) threats. Participation ensures teams maintain proficiency in rapid deployment and hazard evaluation under controlled conditions.^[47] At the national level, CSTs contribute to exercises like Vibrant Response, an annual U.S. Northern Command-directed event focused on homeland defense against simulated CBRN incidents. In Vibrant Response 24, conducted in April 2024 at Fort Carson, Colorado, approximately 1,200 personnel from Joint Task Force Civil Support and supporting units, including National Guard elements, tested response protocols for a hypothetical WMD event. The exercise involved command post operations and liaison roles to enhance coordination across military and civilian agencies.^[48]^[49] State-level drills often simulate hazmat and WMD incidents to test ground-level response efficacy. For instance, the Michigan National Guard's 51st CST conducted joint hazmat training with the Grand Rapids Fire Department in August 2020, focusing on detection and mitigation in urban environments. Similarly, the Montana National Guard's 83rd CST performed scenario-based hazmat response training in Great Falls in April 2025, emphasizing real-time hazard surveying. These exercises prioritize integration with first responders, such as SWAT teams, as demonstrated by the Iowa 71st CST's large-scale WMD training at Camp Dodge in September 2024.^[50]^[51]^[52] Full-scale simulations replicate urban WMD attacks to assess operational tempo and decision-making. The Hawaii National Guard executed a multi-county full-scale WMD exercise in June 2024, where teams identified hazards, evaluated impacts, and advised on mitigation across diverse terrains. In December 2024, Massachusetts National Guard units refined CBRN operations in urban settings through targeted simulations, validating equipment and procedures amid simulated population-dense threats. Such drills draw on historical precedents, like the 2001 anthrax attacks, to refine bio-agent detection protocols, though they remain scripted to prioritize safety and repeatability over unpredictable real-world variables.^[47]^[53]

Operational Deployments

Domestic Incident Responses

Civil Support Teams (CSTs) have been deployed domestically to assess and support responses to hazardous material incidents, natural disasters with potential chemical or radiological risks, and suspected chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or high-yield explosive (CBRNE) threats, though verified WMD events remain rare.^[54] Most activations involve conventional hazmat spills rather than confirmed mass destruction agents, with CSTs providing on-site detection, sampling, and advisory services to incident commanders.^[54] For instance, in responses to suspected biological threats, teams have conducted rapid assessments, but bio-detectors often yield false positives due to environmental interferents or non-agent particles, necessitating confirmatory lab analysis.^[55] In February 2023, West Virginia's 35th CST responded to the Norfolk Southern train derailment in East Palestine, Ohio, arriving within an hour to evaluate air and soil samples amid concerns over vinyl chloride releases from five derailed hazmat cars.^[56] The team assisted local, state, and federal responders by deploying detection equipment to identify volatile organic compounds and advise on evacuation perimeters and containment, contributing to the initial hazard characterization before federal agencies assumed full lead.^[57] Similar hazmat deployments, such as multi-vehicle crashes or industrial accidents, have highlighted CSTs' role in quick-reaction sampling, though critics have noted occasional delays in transitioning data to specialized federal labs like the Environmental Protection Agency, potentially slowing remediation.^[58] Following Hurricane Katrina's landfall on August 29, 2005, multiple states deployed CSTs to Louisiana for radiological and chemical monitoring amid flooded nuclear facilities and damaged infrastructure, adapting their WMD-focused capabilities to disaster recovery.^[59] Teams conducted surveys for potential contaminants in debris and water, supporting incident commanders with real-time assessments that informed safe re-entry zones and resource allocation.^[59] While these efforts enabled rapid hazard negation in select areas, broader evaluations post-Katrina identified integration challenges with civilian agencies, including unclear handoff protocols that occasionally prolonged CST involvement beyond initial advisory phases.^[8] In a confirmed biological incident, Nevada's CST responded to a 2008 ricin exposure case in Las Vegas, arriving on scene within one hour to sample and analyze the toxin, aiding law enforcement in containment and victim triage.^[60] Such rare true-positive bio-threat activations underscore CSTs' value in advisory functions, yet empirical data from broader deployments indicate that fewer than 5% of responses confirm deliberate WMD use, with most resolving as industrial accidents or natural contaminants after field exclusion.^[54]^[55] These operations demonstrate operational adaptability but also reveal limitations in scaling for widespread disasters without seamless interagency coordination.

High-Profile Events and Support

Civil Support Teams (CSTs) augment security at major public gatherings such as Super Bowls and national political conventions by deploying specialized CBRNE detection assets on standby, enabling rapid assessment of potential threats without disrupting routine event operations. These teams integrate with local incident commanders to provide advisory support, including hazard identification and consequence management planning, focusing on deterrence through visible readiness and early warning capabilities. For instance, during Super Bowl LIII in 2019, CSTs from multiple states, led by Georgia's 4th CST, conducted reconnaissance and surveillance to mitigate CBRNE risks amid large crowds.^[61] Similarly, seven National Guard CSTs supported the 2020 Republican National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina, remaining poised for immediate response to any suspected WMD threats.^[62] CST deployments for these events typically involve 22-member teams equipped with mobile labs, detection instruments, and communication systems, allowing them to survey venues preemptively and coordinate with event security. At Super Bowl LVII in 2023, the District of Columbia's 33rd WMD-CST contributed to layered defenses alongside federal and local partners, emphasizing non-intrusive monitoring of high-risk areas. National Guard CSTs have routinely supported such high-profile venues since their establishment, including political conventions where they align with Title 32 authorities to assist civil authorities without supplanting primary responders.^[63]^[64] Interagency collaborations during these operations involve coordination with entities like the FBI, Secret Service, and local law enforcement, but occasional tensions arise over jurisdictional boundaries and mission overlap, as highlighted in assessments calling for clearer delineation of CST roles to avoid duplication with civilian HAZMAT units. The National Guard Bureau has addressed such challenges by refining protocols to ensure CSTs operate in advisory capacities, supporting rather than leading responses unless requested. These efforts underscore a proactive posture aimed at threat mitigation through integrated, multi-layered security frameworks.^[8]

Evaluations and Challenges

Effectiveness Assessments

Assessments of Civil Support Teams (CSTs) have generally affirmed high operational readiness among certified units, with GAO evaluations in 2006 noting that 36 of 55 teams were fully prepared for weapons of mass destruction (WMD) missions based on training, equipment, and staffing benchmarks.^[65] These teams achieved 376 to 1,148 hours of individual training per member in their initial operational years, supplemented by 12 annual collective training exercises, enabling presumptive identification of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive (CBRNE) threats.^[65] External evaluations, conducted every 18 months via standardized checklists, corroborated this readiness, with 94 percent of CST commanders reporting the assessments accurately reflected capabilities.^[65] Despite strong readiness metrics, audits identified persistent gaps in response timelines critical for biological agent detection, where ideal deployment within one hour proved unattainable, with actual times averaging 11 hours in early incidents like the 2001 World Trade Center response.^[12] A 2012 DoD Inspector General audit of select teams confirmed adequate pre- and post-operational planning per field manuals but highlighted incomplete after-action reviews (AARs) for only 23 percent of 199 missions from fiscal years 2008 to 2011, limiting comprehensive performance data.^[66] These deficiencies in bio-agent speed stemmed from procedural delays, including state approval for Title 32 activations, rather than equipment shortfalls, though certified "gold" status teams targeted three-hour deployments.^[65]^[12] CSTs demonstrated success in over 90 percent of evaluated assessments by providing actionable CBRNE data that informed civil authority responses, as evidenced by positive feedback from state and local responders on identification accuracy and advisory support.^[65] Utilization analyses refute claims of systemic underemployment, attributing lower first-responder roles to realistic constraints on rapid deployment while emphasizing effective follow-on functions like hazard modeling and resource facilitation, which enhanced overall incident management.^[12] Compared to pre-1998 civil defense, which lacked dedicated federalized National Guard units for WMD support and relied on ad hoc civilian coordination, CSTs introduced specialized military expertise in detection and assessment, filling a critical capability void post-Oklahoma City bombing and Gulf War revelations.^[12] This specialized input has proven causally valuable in bridging gaps between local responders and federal assets, though sustained effectiveness hinges on addressing turnover rates of 25 to 35 percent annually.^[65]

Criticisms and Reforms

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) identified key management challenges for Civil Support Teams (CSTs) in 2006, including inconsistent staffing levels, coordination issues with state National Guard commands, equipment maintenance problems, variable training standards, unreliable readiness reporting, and inadequate facilities, which hindered overall effectiveness.^[38] These issues stemmed from the rapid post-9/11 expansion of the program, with only 36 of 55 planned teams certified by May 2006 despite a principal mission limited to weapons of mass destruction (WMD) incident support.^[38] The GAO also criticized the lack of explicit guidance on CST roles in non-WMD domestic incidents, raising concerns about potential mission expansion without corresponding adjustments in doctrine or resources.^[38] Fiscal analyses have questioned the cost-effectiveness and redundancy of maintaining 57 CSTs—one per state and territory—given overlapping capabilities with federal entities like the FBI's Hazardous Materials Response Teams and DHS components focused on chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive (CBRNE) threats.^[9] A 2013 Defense Technical Information Center study modeled reducing teams from 57 to 10 regional units, projecting annual personnel cost savings of approximately $70.2 million, but rejected the option due to heightened risks from longer response times, reduced availability, and capability gaps in a persistent CBRNE threat environment where chemical attacks were deemed most probable.^[9] Proponents of streamlining, often aligned with fiscal conservative perspectives, have argued that such redundancy diverts resources from core state militia functions, favoring leaner structures over nationwide proliferation, though military assessments prioritize geographic coverage to align with national response doctrine principles like tiered readiness and scalability.^[9] Reforms addressing these criticisms included legislative and programmatic changes post-2006, such as the National Defense Authorization Act clarifying CST non-WMD roles to prevent ad hoc expansions, and the development of a comprehensive sustainment plan under the State Evaluation and Assistance Team (SEAT) program to standardize training, oversight, and integration into state commands.^[38] Establishment costs for the initial 55 teams totaled about $424 million, with ongoing sustainment emphasizing threat-realistic evaluations over politically driven expansions or contractions.^[8] While some advocates for greater federal integration have pushed for deeper CST alignment with DHS frameworks to enhance interoperability, preferences for state autonomy have prevailed, preserving the dual-state/federal status to avoid diluting WMD-specific expertise amid debates on broader disaster response creep.^[38] No widespread team size reductions occurred in low-threat areas, as analyses deemed the full complement essential for redundancy against uneven domestic threats.^[9]

Recent Developments

Innovations and Technological Updates

Civil Support Teams have incorporated AI-enhanced sensors to bolster detection precision against evolving CBRN threats. In December 2024, the Louisiana National Guard's 62nd WMD-CST upgraded its systems with AI algorithms integrated into advanced sensor arrays, enabling faster processing and more reliable identification of chemical and biological agents in field conditions.^[67] These enhancements build on broader DoD efforts to apply machine learning for anomaly detection in sensor data, reducing false positives and supporting operator decision-making without replacing human expertise.^[68] Drone swarms and unmanned aerial systems represent a key modernization for standoff detection, extending assessment ranges beyond personnel exposure limits. Since at least 2017, CSTs have tested small UAS integration for aerial CBRN sampling and reconnaissance, allowing teams to map contamination plumes from safer distances and relay live feeds to command centers.^[69] By the early 2020s, this evolved into coordinated drone operations compatible with ground sensors, improving coverage in urban or dispersed incident sites while minimizing response times.^[70] Collaboration with the Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense (JPEO-CBRND) has driven network integration for real-time data fusion. The Mobile Field Kit (MFK), transitioned for joint use by September 2025, aggregates inputs from disparate sensors into a unified dashboard, countering historical data silos by enabling seamless sharing across National Guard, active forces, and civil responders.^[71] Similarly, the CBRN Support to Command and Control (CSC2) system, demonstrated in 2023, transmits field sensor data to operational pictures, enhancing situational awareness.^[72] JPEO-CBRND's fielding of Mobile Chem-Bio Detection Labs to all 54 CSTs by February 2023 further supports this by providing portable, integrated analysis nodes linked to these networks.^[73] Vehicle-mounted systems like the Radiological Detection System (VMRDS), adopted by units such as the District of Columbia's 33rd WMD-CST in 2023, exemplify standoff improvements by enabling continuous radiological monitoring during transit and perimeter surveys, with detection ranges exceeding traditional handheld units.^[74] DoD evaluations of such upgrades prioritize layered defense architectures, where enhanced early warning correlates with reduced escalation risks, as evidenced in program justifications emphasizing prevention over reaction costs.^[75] While comprehensive ROI metrics for CST-specific prevented incidents remain classified or aggregated in broader CBRN budgets, field tests indicate tangible gains in operational efficiency and hazard mitigation.

2024-2025 Activities

In 2025, the New York National Guard's 24th Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Team supported security operations at the US Open Tennis Championship in Flushing Meadows, New York, from late August through early September, conducting joint hazard assessments and detection operations in coordination with local authorities to identify potential chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear threats.^[76] The event concluded without reported CBRN incidents, enabling uninterrupted proceedings for over 700,000 attendees across 15 days.^[76] Similarly, multiple CST units contributed to security for the 2025 FIFA Club World Cup matches in Seattle, Washington, from June 11 to 26, including the Washington National Guard's 10th CST, which partnered with Seattle Fire and Police Departments for hazard detection and mitigation support at Lumen Field.^[77] The Montana National Guard's 83rd CST also deployed personnel to the venue, enhancing on-site CBRN surveillance amid crowds exceeding 50,000 per match, with no threats detected during the tournament.^[78] These deployments underscored CSTs' role in high-profile event protection, integrating with civilian first responders for real-time threat assessment. In 2024, the Iowa National Guard's 71st Civil Support Team hosted a multi-day Weapons of Mass Destruction training exercise at Camp Dodge Joint Maneuver Training Center on September 19-20, involving Iowa WMD SWAT teams from various agencies in CBRN scenarios, including expert-led classes on detection and decontamination to strengthen interagency coordination.^[52] The drill simulated urban hazard responses, improving joint operational proficiency among over 100 participants.^[52] The Nevada National Guard's 92nd WMD Civil Support Team completed its Training Proficiency Evaluation in late June 2025 under U.S. Army North oversight, achieving a "fully trained" rating across core missions such as hazard identification, sampling, and advisory support to civil authorities.^[79] This biennial assessment validated the unit's readiness for domestic CBRN responses, incorporating scenarios reflective of evolving threats like combined radiological and explosive incidents.^[79] CST exercises in this period increasingly incorporated elements of CBRN(e) training to address hybrid threats, such as integrated cyber-enabled disruptions to CBRN infrastructure, with the 71st CST's September 2024 drill demonstrating reduced scenario resolution times from prior evaluations by 15-20% through refined interagency protocols.^[52] These adaptations focused on empirical enhancements in detection speed and coordination, preparing teams for scenarios blending traditional WMD risks with emerging digital vulnerabilities.^[52]

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Established in October 1999, JTF-CS is assigned to U.S. Northern Command and conducts CBRN response operations planning and preparedness to maximize mission ...
[19]
https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/quadrennial/QDR2006.pdf
[20]
https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/concepts/joc_hld.pdf
[21]
https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm3-11-22(03).pdf
[22]
https://www.nationalguard.mil/Portals/31/Resources/Fact%20Sheets/Weapons%20of%20Mass%20Destruction%20Civil%20Support%20Team%20Fact%20Sheet%20(Dec.%202017).pdf
[23]
https://www.domesticpreparedness.com/articles/civil-support-teams-101-removing-misconceptions
[24]
[PDF] National Guard (NG) CBRN Response Enterprise (CRE) Overview
WMD-CST Organizational Structure. WMD-CST KEY CHARACTERISTICS: •. Each team certified by the SECDEF. •. 57 Teams (1 per State & territory/CA, NY, FL 2 ea). •.
[25]
Civil Support Division - J-3 - The National Guard
Civil Support Division is responsible for assisting the Director, J3/DO Joint Directorate in the direction and control of all NG Domestic Operations.
[26]
[PDF] Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Team Management
May 9, 2011 · This regulation instruction prescribes policies, procedures, and responsibilities governing the employment of National Guard Weapons of Mass ...
[27]
Civil Support Team Mission, Organization, and Equipment
CST sections include command, operations, medical, communications, survey, and A&L. See Appendixes H through M for more information on CST section operations.
[28]
23rd Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Team (CBRNE)
The 23rd WMD-CST is a homeland defense team that rapidly deploys to support civil authorities in CBRNE incidents, identifying agents and advising on response.Missing: staffing | Show results with:staffing
[29]
Joint Task Force Civil Support Fact Sheet
- Established in October 1999, JTF-CS is assigned to U.S. Northern Command and conducts CBRN response operations planning and preparedness to maximize mission ...
[30]
The Posse Comitatus Act Explained | Brennan Center for Justice
Oct 14, 2021 · The Posse Comitatus Act bars federal troops from participating in civilian law enforcement except when expressly authorized by law.
[31]
National Guard authorized to carry weapons in support of law ...
Aug 23, 2025 · Unlike active-duty troops on Title 10 status, National Guard members are not restricted by the Posse Comitatus Act, Title 18 U.S.C. § 1385 ...
[32]
[PDF] DSCA Handbook - GovInfo
The Civil Support Team (CST) advises civilian responders on appropriate actions through on-site testing and expert consultation, and assists and facilitates ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[33]
CBRNE Consequence Management Response Force - Army.mil
Sep 1, 2009 · It's a robust federal entry force that is scalable and task-organized to mitigate further loss of life and relieve suffering in response to a CBRNE disaster.
[34]
Homeland Defense and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Additional ...
To increase assurance that CERFPs can effectively conduct CBRNE consequence management in support of civil authorities, the Secretary of Defense should direct ...<|separator|>
[35]
[PDF] WMD-CST
Mission: Utilizes specialized equipment to conduct a survey around the contaminated area in order to determine the presence and extent of contamination.Missing: sections | Show results with:sections
[36]
fielded M4A1 JCAD chemical agent detector, the JCAD SLA allows ...
May 27, 2025 · The JCAD SLA allows for solid and liquid sampling of non-traditional agents, pharmaceutical based agents, and explosives.
[37]
[PDF] Civil Support Operations - DTIC
Aug 20, 2010 · Also known as civil support. Department of Defense Directive (DODD) 5111.13. Civil authorities are defined as those elected and appointed ...<|separator|>
[38]
National Guard Bureau Needs to Clarify Civil Support Teams ...
Homeland Defense: National Guard Bureau Needs to Clarify Civil Support Teams' Mission and Address Management Challenges ... Health Care Advisory Committees.Missing: functions | Show results with:functions
[39]
Civil-support training prepares guardsmen to become 'tip of the ...
Jun 28, 2023 · Team members must complete an eight-week civil support skills course at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, according to National Guard Bureau ...Missing: pipeline | Show results with:pipeline
[40]
'The Presidents Civil Support Team' conducts exercise at America's ...
Jun 9, 2025 · The 33rd Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Team (WMD-CST) conducted a full-scale chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive exercise at ...
[41]
Civil support team completes interagency certificates - DVIDS
Dec 10, 2024 · Evaluations are completed once every 18 months to ensure that all CSTs operate at the same standard, according to Scott Boatman, an evaluation ...
[42]
120503-F-YX459-028 - Northern Command
U.S. Army North, a subordinate of U.S. Northern Command, is responsible for evaluating CSTs every 18 months. During CBRN incidents, the CST can support local ...<|separator|>
[43]
8th Civil Support Team Conducts Annual Evaluation Exercise
“The 8th WMD-CST capabilities are to assist, assess, advise and identify hazards in unknown environments for an incident commander,” said Sgt. 1st Class Eric ...Missing: certification USNORTHCOM
[44]
34th CST trained, ready after formal evaluation
Apr 17, 2025 · The Virginia National Guard's Fort Barfoot-based 34th Civil Support Team was evaluated as trained and mission capable after a Training Proficiency Evaluation.
[45]
Nevada Guard's Civil Support Team, critical asset for domestic ...
Jul 1, 2025 · The 92nd also receives various CBRN inspection requests to support law enforcement, including a recent call to the Desert Research Institute for ...
[46]
Ready to Respond, CST undergoes realistic evaluation
... Civil Support Team walk towards an incident site, during an evaluation ... Once we identify the hazard and maybe some of the processes that are going ...
[47]
Weapons of Mass Destruction Exercise Tests Interoperability
The Hawaii National Guard's full-scale weapons of mass destruction exercise spanned four counties in June. National Guardsmen identified hazards, assessed ...Missing: simulations urban
[48]
Video - Vibrant Response 24: Phase 1 Overview - DVIDS
Apr 28, 2024 · Approximately 1,200 personnel from U.S. Northern Command's Joint Task Force Civil Support, U.S. Army North, Department of Defense, ...
[49]
Joint Task Force Civil Support Conducts Annual Homeland Defense ...
Jun 4, 2024 · Vibrant Response 24 will test Joint Task Force-Civil Support ability to respond to a simulated CBRN incident. JTF-CS comprised of Sailors, ...Missing: Team | Show results with:Team
[50]
Michigan Guard CST, fire department conduct HAZMAT training
Aug 24, 2020 · – The Michigan National Guard's 51st Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Civil Support Team (CST) trained with the Grand Rapids Fire ...Missing: drills | Show results with:drills
[51]
Montana National Guard training in Great Falls for hazmat response
Apr 25, 2025 · The 83rd WMD-Civil Support Team of the Montana National Guard was training in Great Falls this week ... scenario based training. Exercise ...
[52]
Video - 71st Civil Support Team leads Weapons of Mass Destruction ...
Oct 30, 2024 · The Iowa National Guard's 71st Civil Support Team hosted a large-scale training exercise for Iowa WMD SWAT teams at Camp Dodge Joint Maneuver Training Center.
[53]
US National Guard Refines Urban Hazard Ops in Massachusetts
Dec 2, 2024 · The US National Guard has performed training simulations in Massachusetts to validate its CBRN operability in urban settings.
[54]
National Guard's civil support teams respond to crises nationwide
National Guard civil support teams work with local authorities and provide additional support during times of emergency or use of suspected weapons of mass ...
[55]
[PDF] Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Biological Detection - DTIC
ARE BIOLOGICAL DETECTORS PRONE TO FALSE ALARMS? The different technologies used in biological sensors have different false positive rates. These false positives ...
[56]
W.Va. Guard's 35th Civil Support Team Responds to Train ...
“Our personnel are currently on the ground assisting a combined local, state, and federal response to this dangerous and life-threatening incident,” stated Lt.
[57]
West Virginia Guard CST Responds to Ohio Train Derailment
five carrying the chemical vinyl chloride, a volatile suspected carcinogen. Within the hour, ...
[58]
84th Civil Support Team - Wyoming Military Department
Hazmat spills, coroner assistance for chemical ID, standby assistance. ... Multi-car highway crashes, train derailments, manufacturing plant disasters. Air ...
[59]
[PDF] Army support during the Hurricane Katrina disaster
A number of states sent their civil support teams (CSTs) to Louisiana. ... distribution management teams reported tracking information back to the ...
[60]
National Guard Civil Support Team plays key role in ricin response
Feb 29, 2008 · - A National Guard Civil Support Team (CST) was on scene within an hour Thursday evening after Las Vegas authorities sought help with a ...Missing: examples | Show results with:examples
[61]
Guard civil support teams tackled security at Super Bowl - Army.mil
Guard civil support teams tackled security at Super Bowl. By Sgt. 1st ... National Guard's 4th Civil Support Team acting as the lead team.
[62]
42nd CST stands ready at RNC in Charlotte - DVIDS
Aug 26, 2020 · There are seven National Guard Civil Support Teams from across the country in Charlotte for the event, ready to respond whenever the call arises ...
[63]
'The President's CST' for a reason: 33rd WMD-CST supports 2024 ...
Mar 14, 2024 · “Civil Support Teams are one of the most well-trained organizations within the Department of Defense (DOD) construct, to counter the threat.<|separator|>
[64]
Guard Providing Security Support for Political Conventions
Jul 16, 2024 · The Guard routinely performs security support for major public events. The Guard usually deploys Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Teams ...
[65]
None
Summary of each segment:
[66]
[PDF] Report number DODIG-2012-110
Jul 2, 2012 · In a March 9, 2004, news release, DoD reported that the WMD CST was able to deploy rapidly, assist local first responders in determining the ...Missing: recertification timelines
[67]
Louisiana National Guard - Facebook
Dec 2, 2024 · The Louisiana National Guard's 62nd Civil Support Team recently enhanced its capabilities with the ... AI algorithms and advanced sensor arrays.
[68]
AI in Military Drones: Transforming Modern Warfare (2025-2030)
Sep 24, 2025 · Explore AI-driven military drones transforming warfare with autonomous operations, ISR, precision strikes, swarm tech, and advanced UAV ...<|separator|>
[69]
Seeing Eye Drones: How the DoD can Transform CBRN ... - YouTube
Mar 1, 2017 · ... the 92nd Civil Support Team at the Nevada National Guard, explores the possibility of integrating small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) ...<|separator|>
[70]
Send in the drones | Article | The United States Army
Oct 17, 2024 · From humble surveillance to formidable battlefield assets, drones are reshaping modern warfare with advanced capabilities.Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[71]
Transitioning the National Guard's MFK into a Joint Force Capability
Sep 4, 2025 · It connects to a diverse range of sensors that collect real-time information about the environment and presents the collected information in a ...Missing: CST | Show results with:CST
[72]
CSC2 Program Supports the Joint Force through Integrated ...
Oct 25, 2023 · JPEO-CBRND successfully demonstrated a proof of concept for transmitting CBRN sensor data from the field to service-specific common operating ...Missing: CST | Show results with:CST
[73]
Mobile Chem-Bio Detection Lab Now Fielded in all 50 States ...
Feb 15, 2023 · The mobile laboratory used for detecting and identifying chemical and biological hazards has now been delivered to all National Guard Bureau's Weapons of Mass ...
[74]
'Ready to respond to the unknowns': Vehicle-Mounted Radiological ...
Nov 16, 2023 · Earlier this year, the 33rd WMD-CST acquired a Vehicle-Mounted Radiological Detection System (VMRDS). Miller believes it elevates the National ...Missing: standoff | Show results with:standoff
[75]
Modular Next Generation Chemical Detector to Provide Integrated ...
Jun 5, 2024 · Integrated layered CBRN defense is one of JPEO-CBRND's top priorities. This means ensuring that the best CBRN tools and equipment can work ...<|separator|>
[76]
24th WMD Civil Support Team Supports the 2025 U.S. Open Tennis ...
Jul 9, 2025 · 24th WMD Civil Support Team Supports the 2025 U.S. Open Tennis Championship · NEW YORK, NEW YORK, UNITED STATES · 08.31.2025 · Photo by Sgt.
[77]
Guard, EMD support Club World Cup 2025
Jul 1, 2025 · That foot print for the Club Cup included nine National Guard Civil Support Teams, members of the 10th Homeland Response Force, Seattle Fire, ...
[78]
83rd Civil Support Team - WMD | Fort Harrison MT - Facebook
The Montana National Guard's 83rd Civil Support Team (CST) deployed to Seattle this June to help ensure public safety at the 2025 FIFA Club World Cup at Lumen ...
[79]
Nevada Guard's Civil Support Team, critical asset for domestic ...
Jun 30, 2025 · The 92nd Weapons of Mass Destruction, Civil Support Team (WMD-CST) underwent its training proficiency evaluation through US Army North (USARNORTH) this week.Missing: equipment standoff