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Clark

Eugenie (May 4, 1922 – February 25, 2015) was an American ichthyologist whose empirical field research advanced knowledge of sensory , , and toxin-based defenses in . Through direct observation via skin diving and operations, she documented sharks' problem-solving abilities, such as for food rewards, countering assumptions of instinctive predation alone. Clark established the Cape Haze Marine Laboratory (later Mote Marine Laboratory) in in 1955, directing its expansion into a center for and studies that produced data on species like the nurse shark's reproductive cycles and venomous stonefish toxins. Her expeditions in the 1960s isolated muscle-relaxant compounds from Moses sole , informing pharmacological applications, while Baja California dives revealed schooling patterns tied to environmental cues. Over her career, she published more than 160 peer-reviewed articles emphasizing causal mechanisms in behavior, such as chemical signaling in attraction to prey. Clark's work extended to conservation, highlighting overfishing's impact on populations through population surveys and advocating protection based on tracking data, though she prioritized evidence over alarmism in public outreach. She held faculty positions at the from 1968 to 1992, training researchers in observational methods, and received awards like the Society's Centennial Award for her contributions to marine science. No major controversies marred her record, as her findings consistently derived from replicable experiments rather than institutional consensus.

Geography

Settlements and administrative divisions

, encompasses the Las Vegas metropolitan area and is the state's most populous county, with an estimated 2.42 million residents in 2024, reflecting a 2.1 percent increase from the prior year. drives its , generating $87.7 billion in total impact in 2024, including $55.1 billion from direct visitor spending concentrated in conventions, gaming, and hospitality. Clark County, Washington, recorded a population of 516,779 in 2022, up 21.1 percent from 426,733 in 2010, driven by suburban expansion near . serves as the , and the area has evolved into a key employment center in , , and in . The Township of Clark in , had 15,544 residents according to the , following steady growth from its origins as a farming community in the . It experienced rapid suburban and industrial development from 1949 to 1989, reaching near-full land capacity with commercial and residential zones today. Clark, , functions as the of Clark County and reported 1,148 inhabitants in the 2020 , within a broader county population of 3,837 emphasizing , including crop and livestock production that accounts for significant local economic output. Internationally, the Clark Freeport Zone in , , originated from the former , a U.S. military installation active from 1903 until its closure in 1991, and now operates as a fostering aviation, logistics, and manufacturing investments.

Natural features and regions

The , a major tributary of the system, originates at the of Silver Bow Creek and Warm Springs Creek near , and extends approximately 231 miles (372 km) northwest through western Montana into northern Idaho, where it joins the to form the . The river drains a of about 15,208 square miles (39,390 km²), characterized by rugged valleys, forested plateaus, and alluvial floodplains that support diverse riparian habitats including cottonwood galleries and coniferous forests. During the Lewis and Clark Expedition's return in July 1806, crossed the river near present-day , and named it "Clarks River" in honor of , though Clark did not personally explore it; the designation reflected the expedition's convention of commemorating co-leaders through geographic naming amid the 1804–1806 journey's focus on mapping western waterways. The Lewis and Clark River in , flows 19 miles (31 km) from its source in the Coast Range to the estuary near Astoria, forming a tidally influenced waterway with extensive mudflats, marshes, and riverine islands that encompass over 35,000 acres of wetlands and 8,313 acres of dynamic sandbars and forested swamps. Known originally as the Netul River to the Clatsop people, it was traversed by the in late 1805, who wintered at on its banks and documented its estuarine ecosystem as part of their scientific observations on Pacific Northwest ; the modern name, adopted in the , directly ties to the expedition's 1804–1806 route, emphasizing natural barriers like tidal fluctuations that shaped their overwintering strategy. The river's surrounding terrain includes temperate rainforests dominated by Sitka spruce and , alongside coastal dunes, contributing to a mosaic of habitats that sustain migratory runs and avian species.

People

In arts and entertainment

Clark Gable (1901–1960) was an American film actor renowned for his roles in classic Hollywood cinema, including his Academy Award-winning performance as Peter Warne in It Happened One Night (1934), for which he received the Best Actor Oscar at the 7th Academy Awards ceremony on March 7, 1935. Gable also portrayed Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind (1939), a role that earned him a Best Actor nomination and contributed to the film's status as a landmark production with enduring box office success, adjusted for inflation exceeding $4 billion worldwide. Clark Gregg (born 1962) is an American actor and screenwriter best known for originating the role of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Phil Coulson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearing in films such as Iron Man (2008), Thor (2011), and The Avengers (2012), as well as starring in the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2013–2020). Mary Higgins Clark (1927–2020) was an American author of suspense novels, with over 50 titles that sold more than 100 million copies in the United States alone, including bestsellers like Where Are the Children? (1975). Dick Clark (1929–2012) was an American television host and producer who hosted starting in 1956, with the show gaining national syndication on from August 5, 1957, until 1987 and continuing in various formats through 1989, influencing by featuring live performances from over 1,000 musical acts. Roy Clark (1933–2018) was an American country musician and comedian, proficient on guitar, , and , who co-hosted the variety television series from its premiere in 1969 until 1997, performing in sketches and musical segments that drew millions of viewers weekly during its peak syndication years.

In business and industry

Jonas Gilman Clark (1815–1900), an American industrialist, built his fortune through mercantile enterprises beginning in , where by 1845 he operated a distribution business with his brothers employing 25 teams to sell goods across rural . He expanded into California supply trades during the 1849 , providing goods to miners via shipping partnerships, and later engaged in furniture manufacturing in before investing in Worcester's industrial sector. His accumulated wealth from these ventures, estimated in the millions by the late adjusted for era values, reflected successful adaptation to and manufacturing scale. Sir Arnold Clark (1927–2017) established Automobiles in , , beginning with a single lot in and incorporating as a by 1965, transforming it into the United Kingdom's largest independent automotive retailer. The group expanded to over 200 branches, handling new and used sales, leasing, and aftersales services, achieving annual revenue of £5.2 billion in 2024 alongside pre-tax profits of £121 million. This growth stemmed from strategic acquisitions of rival dealerships and a focus on volume sales in a competitive market, with the privately held firm remaining family-controlled post-Clark's death. James H. Clark (born 1944), an American computer scientist and serial entrepreneur, founded Inc. (SGI) in 1982, developing high-performance 3D graphics workstations that powered early and industries, leading to SGI's public valuation exceeding $7 billion by the mid-1990s. In 1994, he co-founded Netscape Communications Corporation, launching the browser that popularized graphical web browsing and spurred the dot-com boom; the company went public in 1995 with a $2.9 billion market cap on debut and was acquired by for $4.2 billion in 1999. Clark's subsequent ventures, including Healtheon (later ) in 1996, further diversified into health tech, contributing to his personal net worth of $8.1 billion as of October 2025.

In government, law, and military

, a officer during the , led the Illinois Campaign from 1778 to 1779, capturing British outposts at on July 4, 1778, and on February 25, 1779, which secured the for the in the Treaty of Paris (1783). His victories, achieved with limited resources and harsh winter conditions, disrupted British-allied Native American raids on frontier settlements and expanded American claims west of the Appalachians. William Clark, brother of , co-commanded the from 1804 to 1806 under President , mapping the territories and establishing U.S. presence amid British and Spanish influences. Appointed governor of the in 1813 by President , he served until Missouri's statehood in 1820, managing frontier defense, Native American relations, and territorial expansion, including negotiating treaties like the Portage des Sioux in 1815. Mark Wayne Clark commanded the U.S. Fifth Army during World War II's Italian Campaign from 1943 to 1944, overseeing the invasion of , the landings in September 1943, and the on June 4, 1944, marking the first Axis capital liberated by Allied forces. Promoted to full general in 1945, he later led forces in the from 1952 to 1953, signing the on July 27, 1953, at amid ongoing hostilities. Wesley Clark, a U.S. , served as for from 1997 to 2000, directing operations during the 1999 , including air campaigns that compelled Yugoslav withdrawal. He retired in 2000 and entered politics, announcing a Democratic presidential candidacy on September 17, 2003, before suspending his campaign on February 11, 2004, after weak primary showings in and . Dick Clark represented as a Democratic U.S. Senator from 1973 to 1979, defeating incumbent in 1972 through a campaign involving a 1,300-mile walk across the state to connect with rural voters. During his term, he advocated for liberal foreign policy reforms, including sanctions against white-minority regimes in , but lost re-election in 1978 to . In the judiciary, served as from 1945 to 1949 under Harry Truman, overseeing antitrust enforcement and civil rights probes, before his appointment as Associate Justice of the on August 24, 1949, where he authored opinions on and federal power until retiring on June 12, 1967. His son, , succeeded as from 1967 to 1969 under , drafting key civil rights legislation including the 1968 Civil Rights Act and opposing the death penalty, though later controversial for defending international figures like .

In science, academia, and medicine

Jonas Gilman Clark (1815–1900), a industrialist, founded in in 1887 with an initial endowment of $1 million, establishing it as one of the earliest U.S. institutions dedicated primarily to graduate-level research and advanced study in sciences and . The university opened with a focus on rigorous empirical inquiry, attracting early faculty in and physics, and later expanded to include undergraduate programs while maintaining emphasis on original scholarship. Clark Kerr (1911–2003), an economist and labor relations expert, served as president of the system from 1958 to 1967, overseeing the enrollment of over 75,000 students across campuses and spearheading the 1960 Master Plan for Higher Education, which coordinated growth with community colleges and state colleges to prioritize access based on merit and capacity. Kerr's policies facilitated the addition of new campuses like UC San Diego and UC Irvine, emphasizing applied in agriculture, engineering, and , though his tenure ended amid student protests over governance and free speech. In , Leland C. Clark (1918–2005) invented the Clark oxygen in 1954, the first electrochemical sensor for measuring dissolved oxygen in blood and tissues, enabling real-time monitoring critical for and intensive care; this device laid foundational principles for modern biosensors, including glucose monitors for . Wallace H. Clark Jr. (1924–1997), a dermatopathologist, developed the Clark level classification system in the 1960s for staging malignant based on tumor invasion depth, which improved prognostic accuracy and surgical decision-making in treatment until refined by Breslow thickness metrics. Marine biologist (1925–2015) conducted over six decades of field research on behavior and physiology, documenting toxin production in species like the Moses sole and advancing non-invasive study techniques; she established the Mote Marine Laboratory in , in 1955, fostering interdisciplinary oceanographic research with over 100 publications on fish neurobiology and . In astrophysics, George W. Clark (1928–2023), an professor, pioneered gamma-ray and satellite instrumentation in the 1960s, leading detections of cosmic sources like and contributing to small-angle scattering experiments that quantified protein structures.

In sports

Will Clark, a first baseman who played primarily for the Giants from 1986 to 1993, earned the award in 1989 after batting .650 with three home runs and eight RBIs in the Giants' seven-game victory over the Chicago Cubs. He was selected to six All-Star Games, won two Silver Slugger Awards at first base, and received a Gold Glove in 1991 for his defensive performance. Clark finished in the top five of voting three times between 1988 and 1992. Caitlin Clark, a guard for the in the (WNBA), was named the league's Rookie of the Year in 2024 after averaging 19.2 points, 5.7 rebounds, and a league-leading 8.4 assists per game while earning All-WNBA First Team honors as the first rookie to do so since 2008. She also received TIME magazine's designation for 2024, recognizing her role in elevating viewership and participation. During her college career at the from 2021 to 2024, Clark set the women's all-time scoring record with 3,951 points and the record for career three-pointers made with 548. Clark Griffith served as a pioneering executive and owner of the Washington Senators from 1920 until his death in 1955, leading the franchise to its only championship in through strategic player acquisitions and management. As a earlier in his career, he compiled 237 wins, and he contributed to the formation of the as one of its founding figures. Griffith was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 as a /executive for his influence on the sport's structure and competitive balance. Ryan Clark, a safety who played 13 NFL seasons primarily with the Pittsburgh Steelers and Washington Redskins, won Super Bowl XLIII with the Steelers in 2009 after contributing to two American Football Conference championships. He earned one Pro Bowl selection in 2011 for his defensive stats, including 11 interceptions and 456 tackles over his career.

Other uses

Fictional characters

Clark serves as the mild-mannered alter ego of the superhero in DC Comics, created by writer and artist . The character debuted in *, published on April 18, 1938. Portrayed as a reporter for the in , Kent conceals his Kryptonian origins and superhuman abilities behind a bumbling, bespectacled facade. Superman adaptations featuring Kent have achieved widespread cultural prominence, with the film franchise accumulating over $2 billion in worldwide box office earnings across multiple entries, including (2013) grossing $668 million domestically. Clark W. Griswold Jr. is the hapless family man and protagonist of the National Lampoon's Vacation comedy film series, originating from a short story by John Hughes published in National Lampoon magazine in 1979 and adapted into the 1983 film directed by Harold Ramis. Portrayed by Chevy Chase, Griswold embodies the archetype of the well-intentioned but comically inept suburban father on misadventurous road trips. The inaugural film earned $61.4 million at the U.S. box office against a $15 million budget, spawning sequels that reinforced the character's enduring appeal in American humor.

Organizations and brands

Clark University, located in Worcester, Massachusetts, was established in 1887 through legislation passed by the Massachusetts state government and endowed by industrialist Jonas Gilman Clark to advance graduate-level research and education. The institution opened its doors in 1889 under president , initially focusing exclusively on postgraduate studies as one of the earliest U.S. universities emphasizing scientific inquiry over undergraduate teaching. Today, it offers Ph.D. programs across disciplines including , , and , with faculty and students contributing to peer-reviewed publications and interdisciplinary projects archived in its digital commons repository. Arnold Clark Automobiles Ltd., headquartered in , , traces its origins to 1954 when founder purchased and resold his first vehicle, establishing the company's initial showroom in 1956. It has expanded into one of Europe's largest independent automotive retailers, operating approximately 200 dealerships, 150 service centers, and outlets for 25 vehicle manufacturers as of recent assessments. The group reported annual revenues exceeding £3 billion in historical filings, reflecting its scale in vehicle sales, repairs, and related services across the . Clark Equipment Company originated in 1903 from the George R. Rich Manufacturing Company in , evolving through mergers including the 1917 combination of Celfor Tool Company and Buchanan Electric Steel Company to produce innovations. The firm pioneered the world's first internal combustion-powered tractor-truck, the Tructractor, in 1917 and became a leading manufacturer of forklifts, machinery, and transmissions, establishing international plants such as one in by 1954 for regional production. By the mid-20th century, its Machinery Division, formed after acquiring Power Shovel Company in 1953, supported global projects with durable equipment lines.

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