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Coffee table

A coffee table is a low-slung piece of furniture, typically positioned in front of a sofa or couch in a living room, serving as a central surface for beverages, books, magazines, remote controls, and decorative items.^[1] Standard dimensions usually range from 16 to 18 inches in height to align with seated reach, with lengths of 36 to 48 inches and widths of 18 to 30 inches, though variations exist to suit different spaces and sofa sizes.^[2]^[3] The origins of the coffee table trace back to 19th-century England during the Victorian era, where it evolved from taller tea tables used for formal serving rituals, influenced by Asian designs such as Japanese chabudai and Ottoman low tables introduced through global trade routes.^[1]^[4] An early notable example was designed in 1868 by English architect E. W. Godwin, featuring a low height of about 27 inches, blending Anglo-Japanese aesthetics.^[4] The modern coffee table emerged in the United States in the early 20th century, with furniture designer F. Stuart Foote of the Imperial Furniture Company credited for popularizing the form around 1920 after modifying a table by shortening its legs for a client's needs; Foote also helped establish the term "coffee table" to describe these casual, low pieces associated with serving coffee in social settings.^[1]^[4] Throughout the 20th century, coffee table design underwent significant evolution, gaining prominence in the 1920s Art Deco period with luxurious materials and shapes, and further adapting post-World War II to lower heights (around 15-16 inches) for compatibility with television viewing and relaxed living room layouts.^[1] Materials shifted from traditional solid woods like oak and mahogany to innovative options including glass tops with metal frames, stone, and plastics by the mid-century, reflecting broader modernist influences and functional needs.^[4] Today, coffee tables remain a staple of interior design, available in diverse styles from minimalist and modular forms to organic live-edge wood pieces, often incorporating storage or multifunctional features to enhance contemporary home aesthetics and utility.^[4]

Definition and Overview

Purpose and Function

A coffee table is a low-height piece of furniture, typically measuring 40-45 cm (16-18 inches) in height, designed to be placed in front of a sofa or sectional in living rooms or social spaces.^[5]^[6] This standard height allows it to serve as a convenient surface for supporting everyday items such as beverages, books, remote controls, and decorative objects, enhancing the functionality of seating areas without obstructing movement.^[7]^[8] Originally evolving from occasional tables used for serving tea in formal settings, the coffee table shifted in the 19th and early 20th centuries to become a dedicated element of living room furniture, specifically tailored to facilitate casual conversation and the serving of drinks during social gatherings.^[9] This transition reflected changing domestic habits, where the table provided a central, accessible spot for hosts and guests to interact comfortably while enjoying coffee or tea.^[10] In practical use, coffee tables support a variety of activities, such as displaying magazines and coasters for easy access during relaxation, or providing a stable surface for board games and puzzles during family or social gatherings.^[11]^[12] They also help organize small items like remotes and coasters, preventing clutter on surrounding floors or seats while contributing to the overall tidiness of the space.^[13] Ergonomically, the table's height is aligned with typical sofa seat cushions, often 1-2 inches lower, to enable seated users to reach items effortlessly without needing to stand or strain, promoting comfort during extended periods of use.^[14] This design consideration ensures the table integrates seamlessly into living room layouts, supporting both functionality and user well-being.^[15]

Basic Characteristics

Coffee tables typically measure between 40 and 50 centimeters (16 to 20 inches) in height, aligning with standard seating for easy access while seated.^[3] Their length commonly ranges from 90 to 120 centimeters (36 to 48 inches), and width from 50 to 60 centimeters (20 to 24 inches), though these dimensions vary based on room size and intended use, with smaller tables suited for compact spaces and larger ones for expansive living areas.^[5]^[16] The most prevalent shape is rectangular, valued for its space efficiency in aligning with sofas and maximizing surface area in rectangular rooms.^[17] Square shapes offer a balanced footprint for symmetrical layouts, while round forms promote safety in households with children by eliminating sharp corners.^[18] Oval and irregular shapes, such as nesting sets, provide versatility for curved traffic flows or modular storage needs.^[19] Structurally, coffee tables feature a flat top surface designed for placing items like beverages or decor, supported by four legs or a central pedestal base for elevation and stability.^[20] Optional lower shelves or integrated drawers enhance functionality by offering concealed or open storage without altering the primary form.^[21] Stability is ensured through a base width that is at least 0.6 times the table height to prevent tipping under lateral forces, with surface areas engineered to distribute weight evenly.^[22] Well-constructed tables typically support loads of 50 to 100 pounds (23 to 45 kg) or more on the top without sagging, depending on material thickness and joinery, prioritizing proportional leg placement for balanced load-bearing.^[23]^[24]

History

Origins

Influences on the coffee table trace back to the mid-17th century in Europe, coinciding with the introduction of coffee from the Ottoman Empire via trade routes through Venice around 1615.^[25] This beverage quickly gained popularity among the aristocracy, particularly after the first European coffeehouses opened in England in 1652, fostering social gatherings. The design drew inspiration from Ottoman low tables used in tea gardens and coffee salons, which were compact and placed directly on the floor or at knee height to accommodate seated or reclining users during rituals of hospitality, though this influence manifested later in European designs.^[26] In England, these influences manifested in the late 1670s as "occasional tables" or early tea tables, evolving from taller dining furniture to parlor pieces suited for informal serving of tea and coffee in aristocratic homes.^[27] By the 1700s, dedicated tea tables became common in elite interiors, reflecting the spread of coffee drinking across Europe following the mid-1600s trade expansions and the 1683 Battle of Vienna, where captured Ottoman supplies popularized the drink further.^[28] These tables facilitated the new custom of hosting guests in drawing rooms, transitioning from formal high tables to more accessible heights for hand-held cups and saucers. Early designs were simple and functional, featuring wooden or marble tops supported by cabriole legs, typically measuring 66-74 cm (26-29 inches) in height to align with seated postures in parlors.^[27] Examples from 18th-century English furniture records show rectangular or oval tops with turned or scrolled supports, often in mahogany or oak, emphasizing practicality over ornamentation in their initial forms.^[29] This foundational style laid the groundwork for later variations, though it remained tied to the leisurely rituals of coffee and tea consumption in upper-class settings, with truly low profiles emerging in the 19th century.

Evolution in the 19th and 20th Centuries

In the 19th century, particularly during the Victorian era, coffee tables evolved from occasional pieces into more defined furniture for parlors, featuring elaborate designs that reflected the period's emphasis on opulence and social display. These tables often showcased carved legs, intricate inlays, and luxurious materials such as mahogany, walnut, or rosewood, with scalloped edges and gilded accents to denote status in formal settings.^[9] An early notable example was designed in 1868 by English architect E. W. Godwin, featuring a low height of about 67 cm and blending Anglo-Japanese aesthetics inspired by Eastern chabudai tables.^[1] Influenced by colonial imports and Anglo-Japanese styles, which introduced lower profiles, designs began incorporating practical yet decorative elements for tea service and gatherings. Heights varied but started standardizing around 50-64 cm (20-25 inches) to align with emerging sofa dimensions, facilitating easier access in seated arrangements.^[9] Entering the early 20th century, the Arts and Crafts movement marked a shift toward simplicity and craftsmanship, countering Victorian excess with handcrafted oak coffee tables that prioritized functionality and natural forms. These pieces typically featured solid quartersawn oak construction, straight lines, and minimal ornamentation, often including shelves or drawers for storage while emphasizing honest joinery and durability for everyday use in bungalow-style homes.^[30] The movement's focus on functionality over decoration aligned with broader ideals of honest materials and utility, reducing reliance on elaborate carvings in favor of robust, versatile designs.^[9] Around 1920, furniture designer F. Stuart Foote of the Imperial Furniture Company popularized the modern low coffee table by shortening table legs for a client and helped establish the term "coffee table" for these casual pieces.^[1] Mid-20th-century innovations accelerated with post-World War II mass production techniques, enabling widespread availability through affordable materials like bentwood, tubular metal, and plywood. Bauhaus influences from the 1930s, emphasizing geometric simplicity and industrial efficiency, inspired streamlined coffee tables using chrome, tempered glass, and steel frames, which lowered costs and democratized modern design.^[31] These advancements, including molded plywood techniques pioneered by designers like Charles and Ray Eames, shifted aesthetics toward clean lines and multifunctional forms, making coffee tables staples in contemporary interiors.^[9] A key milestone from the 1920s to the 1950s was the rise of suburban living, which boosted demand for compact, multifunctional coffee tables with integrated storage to suit smaller, casual family spaces amid post-war housing booms. This era's emphasis on TV-oriented living rooms and affordable home furnishings further popularized low-profile designs, enhancing accessibility and adaptability in everyday suburban households.^[9]

Design and Styles

Traditional Designs

Traditional coffee table designs draw heavily from the ornate aesthetics of the Victorian era (1837–1901), where furniture emphasized elaborate decoration to reflect social status and domestic refinement. These designs often incorporated ball-and-claw feet, symbolizing strength and grip, paired with rich burl walnut veneers that showcased the wood's figured grain for a luxurious surface texture. Beveled glass inserts were commonly added to tabletops, allowing light to refract elegantly while protecting delicate surfaces from spills during tea service. Influences from the Georgian and Regency periods (1714–1830) introduced more restrained yet symmetrical proportions to these designs, favoring sturdy mahogany construction with graceful cabriole legs that curved outward in an S-shape for both stability and visual flow. Inlays of brass or mother-of-pearl accented edges and aprons, adding subtle opulence without overwhelming the form, often in geometric patterns that highlighted the era's neoclassical leanings. Colonial American variants adapted these European styles for practical frontier use, employing simpler materials like pine or maple with turned legs that provided straightforward support and a folksy charm. Typically rectangular with stretcher bases connecting the legs for added stability, these tables suited modest homes where functionality trumped excess, evolving from occasional tables used in early parlors.^[32]^[33] Across these traditional designs, a core emphasis on symmetry unified the forms, with hand-carved motifs such as acanthus leaves adorning knees and aprons to evoke classical antiquity and natural abundance. Proportions were carefully scaled to complement formal seating arrangements, ensuring the table served as a harmonious centerpiece in drawing rooms without dominating the space.

Modern and Contemporary Variations

Mid-century modern coffee tables, emerging in the 1940s to 1960s, emphasized clean lines, functional simplicity, and innovative use of materials such as wood, glass, and fiberglass.^[34] These designs often featured tapered legs and biomorphic forms, reflecting a shift toward organic shapes inspired by nature and industrial efficiency.^[35] A seminal example is the Noguchi Table (1947), designed by Isamu Noguchi, which consists of a curved glass top supported by two interlocking wooden base pieces forming a stable tripod, harmonizing sculptural artistry with practicality.^[36] Similarly, the Eames Molded Plywood Coffee Table (1946) by Charles and Ray Eames showcases lightweight construction with a slightly indented circular top and gently curved legs, achieved through heat-and-pressure molding of wood veneers.^[35] These pieces prioritized accessibility and mass production, influencing widespread adoption in post-war homes.^[34] From the 1980s onward, postmodern and contemporary coffee tables introduced playful asymmetry, eclectic mixed media, and bold experimentation to challenge modernist uniformity.^[37] Postmodern designs often incorporated uneven surfaces, vibrant colors, and materials like plastic, laminates, and glass for ironic or whimsical effects, such as wavy tabletops that defy traditional symmetry.^[38] In contemporary iterations, asymmetrical shapes prevail, blending metals, acrylics, and recycled elements to create sculptural, boundary-pushing forms suitable for dynamic interiors.^[39] Multifunctional features, like lift-top mechanisms, allow the surface to elevate for laptop use or dining, enhancing adaptability in compact living spaces.^[40] Since the 2000s, eco-friendly trends have driven sustainable coffee table innovations, focusing on reclaimed wood, responsibly sourced materials, and modular components to minimize environmental impact.^[41] These designs often include adjustable heights for versatile positioning and interlocking modules that suit urban apartments, promoting longevity and recyclability.^[42] Organic shapes and natural finishes, such as those from FSC-certified woods, underscore a commitment to ethical production without sacrificing modern aesthetics.^[41] Recent smart coffee tables integrate technology seamlessly, exemplified by the Sobro Coffee Table, which features built-in USB ports, wireless charging pads, and power outlets alongside ambient LED lighting for contemporary functionality.^[43] Such advancements extend mid-century principles of utility into the digital age, with hidden compartments and connectivity supporting hybrid work and leisure.^[43]

Materials and Construction

Common Materials

Coffee tables are commonly constructed from a variety of woods, with hardwoods such as oak, walnut, and cherry prized for their durability and aesthetic grain patterns that enhance visual appeal.^[44]^[45] Oak offers a robust structure and classic grain that resists wear over time, while walnut provides a dense, dark finish suitable for premium designs, and cherry delivers medium strength with a warm, reddish tone that deepens with age.^[44]^[46] To protect these woods from moisture, finishes like oil-based varnish are frequently applied, creating a water-resistant barrier that maintains the surface integrity in household settings.^[47] Softwoods, including pine, serve as affordable alternatives, offering lightweight construction and a rustic texture ideal for casual, cost-effective furniture.^[45]^[48] Metals play a key role in coffee table bases, where wrought iron or steel provides sturdy support, often treated with protective coatings to resist rust and ensure longevity in varied environments.^[49] Aluminum, valued for its lightweight properties, is increasingly used in modern frames, combining strength with ease of maneuverability without compromising structural integrity.^[50] For tabletops, tempered glass is widely selected for its transparency, which maximizes light reflection and creates an open, spacious feel, alongside simple cleaning that requires only water and a microfiber cloth to avoid streaks.^[51] Stone options like marble or granite add luxury and heft for stability; Carrara marble, with its elegant grey veining, adds aesthetic appeal but is susceptible to thermal damage from hot items, while granite provides superior heat resistance, allowing safer placement of hot items, and better withstands stains when sealed.^[52]^[53] Composite materials offer practical solutions for budget-friendly coffee tables, such as particleboard topped with laminates that imitate wood grains at a lower cost, enabling accessible designs for everyday use.^[54] Reclaimed wood, sourced from salvaged structures, supports sustainability by reducing deforestation and landfill waste, though it introduces risks like potential warping from uneven moisture exposure, in contrast to the fragility of glass that can shatter under impact despite tempering.^[55]^[56]^[57]

Manufacturing Techniques

Coffee tables are manufactured using a variety of techniques tailored to the chosen materials, ranging from handcrafted methods that emphasize precision joinery to automated processes that ensure scalability and consistency. These approaches address structural integrity, aesthetic finish, and functional durability, with processes often overlapping in hybrid production environments.^[58] In woodworking, joinery techniques such as mortise-and-tenon and dovetail joints are commonly employed to connect legs to the tabletop, providing strong, interlocking connections that resist stress from daily use. For instance, haunched mortise-and-tenons secure leg aprons to the frame, while dowels reinforce alignments for stability in modern designs. Following assembly, surfaces undergo progressive sanding with grits from 120 to 320 to achieve smoothness, followed by finishing stages like staining or oil application to protect the wood and enhance grain visibility. These steps ensure load-bearing integrity, with joints tested for up to 200 pounds of weight distribution in structural evaluations.^[59]^[60]^[61] Metal fabrication for coffee table frames typically involves welding to join components, such as MIG welding for tubular steel structures that form lightweight yet robust bases, as seen in mid-century inspired designs. Bending techniques, using hydraulic presses or tube benders, shape metal legs and frames to curved profiles, allowing for ergonomic and stylistic variations. Post-welding, powder coating is applied electrostatically and baked at 400°F to provide a durable, corrosion-resistant finish in various colors, enhancing longevity in household settings.^[62]^[63] Glass and stone tops require specialized processing to ensure safety and visual appeal. Glass is cut using diamond-tipped blades for clean edges, followed by edging processes like beveling or flat polishing to prevent chipping and sharp corners, often achieving a seamed finish under ASTM C1036 standards. Stone, such as granite or quartz, undergoes CNC-guided cutting for precise shapes, with polishing using progressively finer diamond pads (from 50 to 3000 grit) to highlight natural patterns and create a glossy surface that resists scratches. These methods include quality checks for edge integrity to support weights up to 150 pounds without fracturing.^[64]^[65] Mass production contrasts with artisanal methods by leveraging CNC machining for high-precision replication, where computer-controlled routers cut and shape components with 0.05mm accuracy, reducing production time by up to 25% compared to manual operations in furniture assembly. Artisanal approaches, however, favor hand-turning on lathes for table legs, allowing custom contours and organic variations, followed by manual joinery and finishing for bespoke pieces that prioritize craftsmanship over volume. Quality control in both involves stress testing for load-bearing capacity, ensuring tables withstand typical use without deformation.^[66]^[67]^[68]

Usage and Cultural Aspects

Placement and Arrangement

Coffee tables are typically placed in living rooms or dens, centered approximately 40-50 cm from the edges of sofas or other seating to ensure accessibility for placing items and comfortable reach.^[69] This distance allows users to extend their legs or arms without obstruction while maintaining an open feel in the space. Designers emphasize considering traffic flow by positioning the table away from primary walkways, with at least 45 cm (18 inches) of clearance between the table and seating to facilitate easy passage around the room.^[70] For effective arrangement, coffee tables can be anchored by placing their front legs on an area rug, which helps ground the furniture and define the seating area without floating elements.^[71] Pairing a central coffee table with side tables grouped nearby promotes balance and provides additional surfaces within arm's reach of seats, ideal for open-plan layouts where furniture needs to delineate zones without blocking flow.^[70] In such versatile environments, nesting sets of coffee tables offer scalable options, allowing smaller pieces to be pulled out as needed for extra display or serving space.^[72] Adaptations for constrained areas include selecting smaller round coffee tables, often 70-80 cm in diameter, which fit neatly into tight corners and promote smoother circulation compared to angular shapes.^[73] From a safety and ergonomics perspective, maintain 14-18 inches (35-46 cm) of clearance between the coffee table and seating for adequate legroom, and at least 30 inches (76 cm) of walkway clearance around the arrangement to prevent tripping hazards, while avoiding placement near heat sources like radiators or fireplaces to protect wooden or sensitive surfaces from warping or discoloration.^[74]^[75]

Cultural Significance

In Western homes, the coffee table functions as a social hub, serving as a centerpiece for family interactions and the display of personal artifacts like photo books and decorative objects that reflect individual identities.^[26] This role emerged in the early 20th century, evolving from formal tea tables to low, accessible designs that encourage relaxed conversation and shared rituals in open-plan living spaces.^[76] Professional interior designers in modern styles further elevated it as a room's focal point, adapting to cultural shifts toward casual entertaining and proximity among household members.^[76] Regionally, the coffee table manifests in forms that underscore communal traditions. In Japan, the low chabudai table, originating in the Edo period, is central to tea ceremonies and family gatherings, where floor-based seating on tatami mats fosters harmony, minimalism, and collective mindfulness.^[77] In Middle Eastern cultures, low tables within the majlis—recognized by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage—facilitate hospitality through floor seating on mattresses and cushions, holding items like Arabic coffee pots and dates to symbolize warmth and guest respect during extended social exchanges.^[78] Symbolically, the coffee table has conveyed status and values across eras. In mid-20th-century America, following World War II, it became a hallmark of suburban domesticity, embodying modern comfort and social aspiration in living rooms adorned with stylish, functional pieces.^[79] Today, eco-conscious designs using reclaimed wood and nontoxic finishes represent a broader cultural embrace of sustainability, aligning with ethical consumerism and environmental stewardship in home furnishings.^[41] Pop culture has amplified the coffee table's significance, notably in 1960s advertisements that depicted it as integral to idealized suburban lifestyles, promoting family cohesion amid post-war expansion.^[80] This influence persists in minimalist Scandinavian design, where multifunctional tables with clean lines and natural materials reflect cultural priorities of simplicity, coziness, and timeless utility, shaping global interior trends.^[81]

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https://www.stylecnc.com/stone-carving-machine/CNC-stone-cutting-polishing-machine-for-quartz-granite-marble.html
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Coffee Table - Joints, Finishing and Bits 'n' Pieces - Axminster Tools
The joints are finished by sanding. Easy enough to do by wrapping 240g and then 320g paper round a sharp cornered, square section small block of timber.
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https://www.academia.edu/84067809/Improving_time_efficiency_using_CNC_equipments_in_wood_processing_industry
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Fabricating a plan B - The Fabricator
Sep 21, 2017 · Joel Hester, owner and operator of Weld House has found moderate success by fabricating custom furniture with junkyard automotive metal.
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Welder, woodworker, business owner, and father - The Fabricator
Aug 29, 2020 · WeldedWoods has allowed Jamie Crawford to combine his welding and woodworking abilities to create custom furniture and decorative items.
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[PDF] FB59-18 Heat-Treated Laminated Glass Exposed Edges
Post-fabrication finishing of the edge(s), such as polishing, grinding or other techniques, may minimize or even eliminate the mismatch of the heat-treated ...
[71]
CNC Stone Cutting & Polishing Machine for Quartz, Granite, Marble
In stock Rating 4.9 (39) Mar 14, 2023 · CNC stone cutting & polishing machine STS3113 is used for artificial stones, quartz stones, granites, marbles carving, cutting, polishing, drilling, engraving.
[72]
[PDF] PDF - BioResources
Oct 29, 2024 · With CNC woodworking, it is possible to conceive complex designs that are sometimes impossible to make by conventional cutting methods while ...
[73]
(PDF) Improving time efficiency using CNC equipments in wood ...
CNC technology enhances furniture production efficiency, reducing drilling-sawing operation time by 25%. The study focuses on time efficiency gains in wardrobe ...
[74]
[PDF] A Design Process to Make a Digitally Manufactured Furniture ...
Jan 27, 2023 · CNC Machining fosters an opportunity within carpentry to create extremely precise and rapidly produced components.
[75]
Furniture designer Tom Faulkner on how to choose the perfect size ...
Oct 3, 2023 · As a rule, coffee tables are best positioned 40-50cm from any seating. That leaves you with enough room to comfortably manoeuvre between furniture and maintain ...
[76]
12 Rules to Arrange Living Room Furniture - The Spruce
Oct 13, 2025 · Make sure to leave enough room between the seating and the coffee table for people to pass by (about 18 inches). Two smaller tables next to each ...
[77]
10 Area Rug Placement Dos and Don'ts - The Spruce
Oct 21, 2025 · Try leaving at least 3 inches of carpet in front of the legs to anchor the furniture.
[78]
Nesting Tables to Help You Design a Layered Living Room
May 3, 2019 · You can group the tables together to create a layered coffee table, or you can break them apart and use some of the pieces as end tables. The ...
[79]
Small Round Coffee Tables Under $600 - Allisa Jacobs
Jul 3, 2020 · For smaller spaces, look for round tables with a diameter of 28″ – 32.” If you're looking for a rectangle table, check out my modern DIY coffee ...
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https://www.loveproperty.com/gallerylist/440812/archive-pictures-reveal-real-american-homes-from-the-1960s
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What is Clearance? (Interior Design explained) - Room AI
Common clearance measurements in residential areas include at least 18 inches between seating furniture and coffee tables, 36-48 inches for pathways, and at ...Missing: placement | Show results with:placement
[82]
Coffee Table or Tea Table? Here's a history of tea-time rituals
Aug 7, 2018 · “Professional interior designers working in modern styles were among the first to seize upon the coffee table as the centrepiece for a room,” ...
[83]
Embracing Minimalism: The Timeless Elegance of Japanese Tables
### Summary of Chabudai's Role and Cultural Importance
[84]
What We Can Learn From the Arab Tradition of the Majlis
Jun 14, 2021 · Arab hospitality is legendary and the majlis is at the heart of this culture. It is at the majlis that the guests are extended courtesies ...
[85]
The Unexpected History of the Coffee Table: How This Living Room Stapl
### Post-WWII American Context of the Coffee Table
[86]
Archive pictures reveal REAL American homes from the 1960s
May 13, 2025 · The 1960s saw a continuation of the suburban expansion that had begun in the 1950s, with almost as many Americans living in suburban areas as in ...
[87]
The Enduring Influence of Scandinavian Design
### Cultural Impact and Multifunctional Roles of Minimalist Scandinavian Coffee Table Designs