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Impact

Impact is the impinging or striking of one body against another, characterized by forceful contact that communicates impetus, often resulting in a sudden change in momentum and kinetic energy.^[1] The term derives from the early 17th-century Latin impactus, the past participle of impingere ("to push against" or "to strike"), initially denoting a physical collision before acquiring figurative senses of marked influence by the 19th century.^[2] In mechanics, impacts occur during brief collisions between bodies, generating large impulsive forces that decelerate the objects involved and can lead to deformation, fracture, or energy dissipation, with the force magnitude depending on the change in momentum divided by the collision duration.^[3]^[4] Beyond physics, the concept extends analogically to describe profound effects or consequences in domains such as economics, where events like policy shifts exert "impacts" on markets, or environmental science, quantifying alterations to ecosystems from human activities.^[5] This broader usage, while common, has drawn critique for diluting the term's precision when substituted for milder verbs like "affect," potentially obscuring causal distinctions in analysis.^[6]

Primary meaning

Effect or consequence

In its core, non-specialized meaning, "impact" signifies a strong, observable effect or outcome produced by the forceful interaction between a cause and its target, originally rooted in the physical notion of collision. The term derives from the Latin impactus, the past participle of impingere, meaning "to drive into" or "strike against," with English usage emerging around 1600 for the verb form denoting pressing or driving closely, and figurative extensions to metaphorical "striking" effects appearing by 1817.^[2]^[1]^[7] This etymology underscores a connotation of intensity and directness, extending beyond literal contact to denote consequences that alter states in demonstrable ways, such as shifts in measurable variables rather than unverified perceptions. Impact differs from mere influence by emphasizing empirically verifiable change—requiring evidence of causation through observable, quantifiable alterations—over subtle, gradual persuasion that may lack tangible proof.^[5]^[8] Dictionaries and linguistic analyses highlight this by defining impact as a "marked effect" implying forceful modification, whereas influence often involves indirect shaping without guaranteed transformation.^[1]^[9] In practice, assessing impact relies on causal inference methods, such as randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental designs, to isolate the effect from confounders and establish attribution rather than assuming correlation equates to causation.^[10] Examples abound in policy domains, where impacts form traceable causal chains: for instance, empirical studies indicate that a one percentage point rise in government spending as a share of GDP elevates the unemployment rate by approximately 0.14 points over subsequent years, reflecting resource displacement from private to public sectors.^[11] Similarly, fiscal expansions during full employment can drive inflation or interest rate hikes, contracting GDP growth through crowding out private investment, as modeled in macroeconomic analyses.^[12] These outcomes demand verification via data-driven evaluation, privileging first-order causal mechanisms—like supply-demand dynamics—over narrative interpretations, to confirm the "striking" force of the intervention.

Physical sciences

Mechanics of collision

In the mechanics of collision, two or more bodies interact through contact forces applied over a brief interval, altering their velocities via momentum transfer. For an isolated system, Newton's second law implies that the total linear momentum remains conserved, as the net external force is zero, leading to \mathbf{p}_i = \mathbf{p}_f where \mathbf{p} = m\mathbf{v}.^[13] The impulse delivered during collision, \mathbf{J} = \int \mathbf{F} \, dt, equals the change in momentum for each body, with Newton's third law ensuring equal magnitudes but opposite directions for internal forces.^[14] Collisions are distinguished by energy dissipation: elastic collisions conserve both momentum and kinetic energy, while inelastic collisions conserve only momentum, with kinetic energy converted to other forms such as deformation or sound.^[15] In one dimension, for two bodies of masses m_1 and m_2 with initial velocities u_1 and u_2, the final velocities satisfy m_1 u_1 + m_2 u_2 = m_1 v_1 + m_2 v_2; for elastic cases, an additional relation v_1 - v_2 = -(u_1 - u_2) holds.^[16] The coefficient of restitution e, defined as e = \frac{v_2 - v_1}{u_1 - u_2} (for u_1 > u_2), measures the relative velocity reversal, ranging from 0 (perfectly inelastic, bodies stick) to 1 (perfectly elastic).^[16] Experimental determinations, such as dropping spheres onto rigid surfaces and measuring rebound heights, yield e \approx 0.9 for steel-on-steel impacts and e \approx 0.2 for lead-on-lead, reflecting material-dependent energy loss via plastic deformation.^[15] Early theoretical foundations emerged in the 17th century, with Christiaan Huygens deriving rules for elastic collisions in De Motu Corporum ex Percussione (1656, published 1703), using low-friction canal experiments in Amsterdam to validate conservation principles for equal and unequal masses.^[17] These built on Galileo's kinematic insights into projectile motion and pendular impacts, which prefigured impulse concepts, though systematic collision laws awaited Huygens' synthesis with emerging inertial principles.^[18]

Astronomical and geological events

Impact events in astronomical and geological contexts denote collisions between extraterrestrial objects, such as asteroids or comets, and planetary bodies at hypervelocities often exceeding several kilometers per second, excavating material and forming transient cavities that collapse into craters. These processes generate shock pressures in the gigapascal range, leading to vaporization, melting, and ejection of target material, as evidenced by shocked minerals like coesite and stishovite in terrestrial craters.^[19] Laboratory simulations of hypervelocity impacts replicate these dynamics, confirming the conversion of kinetic energy into thermal and mechanical effects observed in natural structures.^[20] The Chicxulub impact structure, located beneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, exemplifies a large-scale event, with an estimated diameter of 150-200 kilometers formed by an asteroid approximately 10-15 kilometers wide striking Earth around 66 million years ago. This collision produced a peak-ring crater morphology, characterized by a central uplift ring surrounded by a slumped terrace zone, as revealed by geophysical surveys and International Ocean Discovery Program drilling that recovered impact melt and breccias. The event correlates temporally with the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary iridium anomaly and mass extinction, including non-avian dinosaurs, based on stratigraphic and radiometric dating of ejecta layers.^[21]^[22]^[23] Smaller craters exhibit simple bowl-shaped profiles with raised rims, while larger ones develop complex forms featuring central peaks, collapsed walls, and multi-ring basins due to gravitational readjustment, as documented in lunar and martian impact features analyzed via orbital imagery. Identification relies on remote sensing, including shadow measurements for depth profiling and radar for subsurface detection, distinguishing impact craters from volcanic or erosional landforms through ejecta patterns and shock metamorphism. Absolute ages are determined via argon-argon or uranium-lead dating of impact glasses, while relative chronology uses crater density counts assuming steady bolide flux.^[24]^[25] Ongoing assessments of near-Earth objects mitigate future risks; for instance, asteroid 99942 Apophis, roughly 340 meters across, will pass within 31,600 kilometers of Earth on April 13, 2029—the closest approach by an object of its size in recorded history—posing no collision threat per refined orbital models from radar and optical tracking. Missions like ESA's proposed Ramses, targeting rendezvous in early 2029, aim to characterize surface properties and gravitational effects to refine impact hazard predictions.^[26]^[27]

Engineering and measurement

Tools and devices

Impact wrenches are powered tools, typically pneumatic or electric, that apply rotational impact forces to deliver high torque for tightening or loosening fasteners such as bolts and nuts in automotive and construction applications. The first impact wrench was developed by Chicago Pneumatic in 1939, with both pneumatic and electric variants introduced to accelerate tasks like wheel lug nut installation on vehicles.^[28]^[29] Modern models, such as the Ingersoll Rand W7172, achieve nut-busting torque up to 1500 foot-pounds and maximum fastening torque of 1000 foot-pounds, enabling efficient handling of high-resistance joints without manual exertion.^[30] The impact mechanism in these tools generates short, high-force pulses via a hammer-anvil system, converting continuous motor rotation into intermittent bursts that produce peak torques far exceeding those of steady-drive equivalents. This design advantage allows sustained operation without motor overheating or gear stripping, as the brief impacts dissipate energy efficiently compared to continuous torque application, which demands proportionally larger power sources for equivalent output.^[31] For instance, impact wrenches outperform standard ratchets or drills in repetitive heavy fastening by minimizing reaction forces on the operator through rapid pulse delivery.^[32] Related devices include impact drivers, which are compact variants optimized for driving screws and smaller fasteners with higher rotational speeds—up to 3200 impacts per minute—versus the 1800 impacts per minute typical of larger wrenches.^[33] These tools excel in efficiency for precision woodworking or assembly, where their hex-collet drive and lighter weight reduce fatigue over continuous torque tools like drills. Impact hammers, such as hydraulic variants, apply linear impact forces for demolition or pile driving, delivering repeated strikes to fracture materials like concrete with energy outputs scaled for engineering tasks.^[34] Occupational studies highlight risks from prolonged exposure to tool vibration, including hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), which can impair circulation and nerve function in users of impact devices.^[35] However, evidence-based guidelines from NIOSH and OSHA emphasize mitigation through anti-vibration gloves, exposure limits (e.g., daily action values per ISO 5349), tool maintenance to minimize vibration transmission, and ergonomic handles, which occupational data show reduce injury incidence when followed, countering unsubstantiated claims of inherent overuse dangers by prioritizing causal factors like poor maintenance over tool use itself.^[36]^[37]

Academic and research metrics

The journal impact factor (JIF), calculated annually by Clarivate Analytics through its Journal Citation Reports, quantifies a journal's average citation rate by dividing the number of citations in a given year to articles published in the preceding two years by the number of citable items (typically research articles and reviews) from those years.^[38] Introduced conceptually by Eugene Garfield in 1955 and operationalized in the 1960s via the Science Citation Index, the metric aimed to aid journal selection for libraries but has since influenced tenure, funding, and hiring decisions in academia.^[39] Despite its ubiquity, the JIF faces substantial empirical criticisms: it inflates due to self-citations, which can exceed 20% in some fields and distort rankings when journals encourage them, as evidenced by Clarivate's annual adjustments for excessive rates.^[40] Additionally, field-specific biases arise because citation norms vary—biomedical journals average higher rates (e.g., 10-20 citations per article) than mathematics (often under 1)—rendering cross-disciplinary comparisons invalid without normalization.^[41] Alternatives like the h-index, proposed by physicist Jorge E. Hirsch in 2005, attempt to measure individual researcher productivity and impact by identifying the largest number h such that the researcher has h papers each cited at least h times.^[42] Empirical studies show the h-index correlates moderately with total citations (r ≈ 0.8 in physics samples) but exhibits limitations, including favoritism toward high-volume publishers who may pad output with low-impact papers and insensitivity to career stage or field differences, where a h-index of 20 might signify excellence in humanities but mediocrity in biomedicine.^[43] Altmetrics, which aggregate online attention via social media mentions, downloads, and policy citations, offer real-time proxies for broader societal reach beyond traditional citations, with advantages in speed—capturing impact within days versus years for citations—but disadvantages include vulnerability to hype, bots, and low correlation (r < 0.3) with scholarly quality or real-world application, as social buzz often reflects publicity rather than substantive influence.^[44]^[45] Debates over funding "high-impact" research highlight weak causal ties between prestige metrics and innovation: while grants to principal investigators boost publication counts by 0.3-1.0 papers per $100,000 awarded, evidence suggests selection into top journals (e.g., via Nature or Science) primarily amplifies citations through visibility rather than inherent novelty, with randomized audits showing only 10-20% of funded outputs leading to patents or applications.^[46]^[47] Prioritizing JIF or h-index for allocation risks rewarding incremental work in citation-heavy fields over disruptive advances, as causal analyses indicate innovation stems more from interdisciplinary collaboration and applied validation than normalized academic prestige, underscoring the need for metrics tied to verifiable outcomes like technology adoption rates.^[48]

Sports

Professional teams and events

The Montreal Impact, founded on October 22, 1992, operated as a professional soccer club in various North American second-division leagues, including the American Professional Soccer League and United Soccer Leagues, before joining Major League Soccer (MLS) as an expansion franchise in 2012.^[49] The team achieved success in lower tiers, such as winning the USL First Division regular-season title in 2009 with a 17-4-5 record.^[50] In MLS, the Impact compiled a league record of 164 wins, 98 losses, and 203 draws through the 2025 season, including a playoff appearance in their inaugural year.^[51] Key achievements include three Canadian Championship titles in 2013, 2014, and 2019, qualifying the club for the CONCACAF Champions League, where it reached the final in 2015 as the first Canadian team to do so, losing 3-1 on aggregate to América.^[52] The club also secured the Voyageurs Cup, awarded to the top Canadian MLS team by supporters, in 2013 and 2014.^[53] In 2021, the team rebranded to CF Montréal amid efforts to modernize its identity, though it retained historical ties to the Impact name.^[54] CF Montréal has generated measurable economic effects on the Montreal community, with reported annual revenue of $45 million in 2025, though operating at a $7 million loss that year.^[54] Peak attendance reached 61,004 spectators for a 2015 CONCACAF Champions League match against América at Olympic Stadium, contributing to local tourism and event-related spending, while average MLS home attendance has hovered around 15,000-20,000 in recent seasons despite ownership reports of sustained annual losses exceeding $11 million since MLS entry.^[49]^[55] No other major professional sports franchises or standalone events bear the "Impact" name at the highest competitive levels.

Business and organizations

Companies and entities

Impact.com is a technology company specializing in partnership automation software, founded in 2008 and headquartered in Santa Barbara, California.^[56] The firm develops a platform that enables enterprises to manage affiliate, influencer, and performance marketing partnerships, processing transactions and optimizing revenue streams through data analytics and automation tools.^[57] As of recent reports, it serves over 1,000 customers globally, including major brands, and has facilitated billions in partner-driven transactions, though specific ROI metrics for clients remain proprietary and vary by implementation.^[58] Impact Properties, operating under Impact Holdings, is a Florida-based real estate investment and development firm established in 1981 following an initial property acquisition in 1980.^[59] The company focuses on hospitality, medical offices, retail, and residential projects, having invested more than $300 million in acquisitions and developments across the state.^[59] Notable projects include the redevelopment of the Westin Tampa Bay hotel in 2009 and operation as the largest Rent-A-Center franchisee with 75 locations by 2018, contributing to local economies through property enhancement and franchise expansion without publicly disclosed job creation figures.^[59] Its operations emphasize franchise partnerships with brands like Hilton and Marriott, yielding sustained asset management rather than speculative ventures.^[59] Other entities bearing the name "Impact" include smaller operations such as Impact Group, a Minnesota-based IT services provider offering ERP solutions and cybersecurity consulting since its founding, though detailed performance data is limited to client testimonials rather than quantified outcomes.^[60] These firms generally prioritize commercial efficiency over social impact branding, with verifiable success tied to financial investments and operational scale rather than unmeasured societal claims.^[59] ^[56] No major regulatory scrutiny for misleading practices, such as greenwashing, has been documented for these entities, distinguishing them from broader "impact"-labeled funds often criticized for prioritizing marketing over empirical returns.^[61]

Arts and media

Typography and publishing

The Impact typeface, a bold sans-serif in the grotesque style, was designed by British typographer Geoffrey Lee in 1965 and released by the Stephenson Blake foundry in Sheffield, England.^[62] Its ultra-condensed form, with narrow character widths and uniform heavy strokes, was engineered for high-impact display applications, allowing dense text placement while maintaining legibility at large sizes.^[63] Lee aimed to create a face that commanded attention in advertising and signage, distinguishing it from less compressed sans-serifs through its extreme aspect ratio—approximately 1:5 height-to-width for many glyphs.^[64] In publishing, Impact found early adoption for headlines, posters, and promotional materials where space constraints demanded forceful typography without sacrificing clarity.^[65] Stephenson Blake marketed it explicitly for overlaying on images or backgrounds, emphasizing its "impact" for billboards and newsprint titles, with the original metal type supporting weights like bold condensed for rapid visual hierarchy.^[66] By the 1970s, digitized versions emerged, but its revival accelerated in 1996 when Microsoft included it in core web fonts, enabling widespread use in digital publishing tools for bold captions and covers.^[67] Technically, Impact's design favors boldness and compression over subtle letterspacing or x-height variation, optimizing readability for short bursts of all-caps text in print at 24-point sizes or larger, where its thick verticals prevent optical crowding.^[68] In digital contexts, however, its extreme condensation can exacerbate rendering inconsistencies across browsers without advanced hinting—such as minor pixel aliasing on low-resolution screens—though outline strokes often mitigate this for overlaid applications like memes or web banners. Publishers note its efficacy diminishes for body text due to reduced scannability, limiting it to emphatic elements rather than extended prose.^[63]

Film and television

Impact is a 1949 American film noir directed by Arthur Lubin and starring Brian Donlevy as a wealthy industrialist whose unfaithful wife, played by Helen Walker, conspires with her lover to murder him in a staged car accident; the plot backfires when the lover dies instead, leading to the wife's arrest while the husband, surviving incognito, later seeks justice.^[69] The film, shot entirely in Northern California, was released on March 19, 1949, with a runtime of 111 minutes and a production budget of approximately $900,000.^[70] It received mixed to positive critical reception, holding a 71% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on seven reviews, and a 7.0/10 average user score from over 5,300 ratings on IMDb, praised for its taut narrative and performances but noted as a second-tier noir entry.^[70] ^[69] Impact is a 2009 Canadian two-part television miniseries directed by Mike Rohl, featuring David James Elliott and Natasha Henstridge as scientists racing to avert catastrophe after a rogue asteroid strikes the Moon, disrupting its orbit and sending it toward a collision course with Earth, with the narrative spanning 39 days of escalating global chaos.^[71] Premiering on ABC in the United States on June 21, 2009, the miniseries emphasizes high-stakes action and survival efforts, including international cooperation and tidal disruptions, though its depiction of orbital mechanics has been critiqued for scientific implausibility, as a single impact could not realistically destabilize the Moon's path to cause immediate planetary collision without vastly greater mass or velocity alterations.^[72] It garnered a 5.6/10 rating on IMDb from nearly 3,900 users, reflecting middling reception for its formulaic disaster tropes and special effects, with no widely reported viewership figures but distributed internationally via Tandem Communications.^[71]

Music and comics

Impact Records was a Detroit-based label founded in 1965 by producer Harry Balk, focusing on soul and pop singles until early 1967, during which it released 32 singles.^[73] Its most notable success came from the Shades of Blue, whose single "Oh How Happy" reached number 12 on the national charts and number 1 in Detroit in 1966, though the group proved a one-hit wonder nationally and disbanded by 1970.^[73] Other singles like "Lonely Summer" and "Happiness" charted in the 70s, indicating limited broader commercial viability despite local appeal.^[73] The label issued one album, Happiness Is the Shades of Blue on September 17, 1966, but overall output reflected the challenges of independent labels in competing with majors like Motown, leading to its acquisition by Berry Gordy in 1968.^[74] A separate Impact Records operated in California during the early 1960s under Tony Hilder, specializing in surf instrumentals and contributing to the local scene through singles rather than albums.^[75] Key releases included "Church Key" by The Revels in 1960, an instrumental that gained regional play but lacked national chart impact, underscoring the label's niche role in garage recordings without sustained sales breakthroughs.^[76] Hilder's productions emphasized quick, low-cost sessions for acts like The Sentinals, prioritizing volume over hits in a market dominated by larger surf labels.^[77] DC Comics launched Impact Comics as an imprint in 1991, licensing and updating superhero characters from defunct MLJ/Archie Comics properties such as The Fly, The Jaguar, The Web, The Comet, and The Shield for a modern audience.^[78] Titles included The Fly (17 issues), The Comet (18 issues), The Jaguar (14 issues), The Web (14 issues), and Legend of the Shield (16 issues), with creative teams like Mark Waid on The Shield and The Comet, aiming to refresh 1940s archetypes amid the early 1990s speculator boom.^[78] Despite the industry's record sales peak in 1993, with over $1 billion in total comics revenue, Impact titles underperformed commercially, leading to cancellations across the line by 1993.^[79] ^[80] A planned relaunch via The Crucible miniseries instead marked the imprint's end, as low direct market orders failed to sustain viability against high-profile competitors like Image launches.^[78] Empirical sales data from the era shows Impact's market share dwarfed by top sellers, highlighting causal factors like oversaturated superhero relaunches and reader preference for established icons over licensed revivals.^[81]

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Feb 21, 2025 · CF Montréal. Revenue: $45 million | Operating Income: -$7 million | One-Year Change: 1%. Key Owners: Saputo family. #29. $415 million. Colorado ...
[55]
Losing millions per season, Montreal Impact owner calls for a ... - CBC
Oct 13, 2018 · Montreal Impact owner calls for a financial makeover. Joey Saputo says the club is losing more than $11 million a season since entering MLS.
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impact.com - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding
... founding in 2008. Their powerful, purpose-built platform helps businesses ... How much funding has impact.com raised to date? impact.com has raised.
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About - impact.com
We are growth technologists. Impact transforms the way enterprises handle media and performance partnerships. We are committed to best-in-class technology, ...
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Impact Tech - Products, Competitors, Financials, Employees ...
It was founded in 2008 and is based in Santa Barbara, California. Headquarters Location. 223 East De La Guerra Street. Santa Barbara, California, 93101,. United ...
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Our Story | Impact Properties
Impact Properties has built an extensive track record spanning over 40 years in Florida, specializing in development of hotels, restaurants and medical offices.
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Impact Group is a local Minnesota company that provides IT Support ...
Impact Group focuses on project delivery leadership, ERP solutions, IT management, IT consultation, cybersecurity, mergers and acquisition.<|control11|><|separator|>
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The Top 5 Impact Investing Firms - Investopedia
The Top 5 Impact Investing Firms · Vital Capital · Triodos Investment Management · Reinvestment Fund · BlueOrchard Finance S.A. · Community Reinvestment Fund, USA.
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The Impact of IMPACT - Ridge Marketing
Jun 30, 2020 · A Huge “Impact” In 1965, designer Geoffrey Lee originally released the Impact typeface. Lee wanted this typeface to “have an impact”; it was a ...
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Impact Font: A Bold Legacy in Typography | Art - Vocal Media
Geoffrey Lee designed the Impact Font in 1965, and it was released by the Stephenson Blake type foundry. 2. Why is Impact Font so popular in memes? Impact ...
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157: Impact: An Incomplete History of Type - Talk Paper Scissors
Oct 11, 2023 · Originally released in 1965, Impact was created by British designer Geoffrey Lee, who hand carved the initial font into metal.
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“The Impact of Impact” typeface advert brochure - Fonts In Use
Mar 3, 2019 · This leaflet, titled “The Impact of Impact”, showcases the typeface's great power for being overlaid on an image, and also compares it to other typefaces.
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From Oscars with rage: how Impact brought activism to the world
Feb 26, 2018 · Designed by Geoffrey Lee in 1965 and released by the Stephenson Blake foundry of Sheffield Impact is a realist sans-serif typeface. It is well ...
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The reason every meme uses that one font - Vox
Jul 26, 2015 · The meme font was unleashed in 1965, with a typeface called Impact. This is from the original Stephenson Blake ad for Impact.Missing: signage | Show results with:signage
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A Brief Introduction to Impact: 'The Meme Font' - Sage Journals
Dec 16, 2014 · This article is a brief introduction to Impact – its design and its history – as it relates not only to the practice of typography, but also to the development ...Missing: signage | Show results with:signage
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Impact (1949) - IMDb
Rating 7/10 (5,337) Impact: Directed by Arthur Lubin. With Brian Donlevy, Ella Raines, Charles Coburn, Helen Walker. A unfaithful wife plots with her lover to kill her husband, ...
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Impact | Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 71% (7) Impact ; Production Co: Cardinal Pictures ; Genre: Crime , Drama ; Original Language: English ; Release Date (Theaters): Mar 19, 1949, Limited ; Release Date ( ...
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Impact (TV Mini Series 2009) - IMDb
Rating 5.6/10 (3,880) Impact: With David James Elliott, Natasha Henstridge, Benjamin Sadler, Florentine Lahme. A luminary crashes on the moon, causing to change its orbit and ...Full cast & crew · Impact · Plot · Episode listMissing: titled | Show results with:titled
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Impact - Prime Video
Rating 5.6/10 (3,880) Impact. After two scientists realize a rogue asteroid has struck the moon putting it on a path towards the Earth, they ...
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Impact Album Discography - Both Sides Now Publications
Jul 19, 2003 · Harry Balk, who had been doing production for BigTop Records in the early 1960s, started the Impact label in 1965 in Detroit.
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https://www.discogs.com/artist/397285-Harry-Balk
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https://www.discogs.com/artist/121602-Anthony-J-Hilder
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The Sentinals - Latin'ia / Tor-Chula - WCEB - USA - 23 - 45cat
From Discogs: Westco Profile: Label located in Morro Bay, CA. It was co-owned by Norman Knowles and Tony Hilder later known as Anthony J. Hilder.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Forums: Tony Hilder - SurfGuitar101.com
Jul 12, 2010 · According to some, Hilder was responsible for more local surf music being recorded and released than any one individual.
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Marathon Reads: Impact Comics
Jun 16, 2021 · Today's subject: DC's Impact Comics imprint, which ran from 1991 to 1993. ... sales led to the cancellation of the entire Impact line. impact ...Missing: figures | Show results with:figures
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1993 Comic Book Sales to Comics Shops - Comichron
An industry which began in 1935 reached its sales pinnacle in 1993, with a record number of comic books selling for a record number of dollars.Missing: Impact 1991-1993
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SPLAAAAAAAT! : Comic Books No Longer Reaping Big Sales in ...
Mar 2, 1996 · Just two years ago, comics were on a joyous upward jaunt. By some estimates, 1993 sales broke through the $1-billion mark for the first and only ...Missing: Impact 1991-1993<|separator|>
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1991 Comic Book Sales to Comics Shops - Comichron
More than 8 million copies were sold to direct market retailers. It was far more than the collector market could absorb, but that didn't slow down momentum for ...Missing: 1991-1993 cancellation