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Comet V

The Comet V is the fifth generation in the Comet series of single-level commuter railcars owned by New Jersey Transit (NJT). Built by Alstom Transportation (formerly Bombardier Transportation), the cars were introduced starting in 2000 to replace the aging Comet II and III cars on NJT's electrified and diesel lines, as well as Metro-North Railroad's Harlem and New Haven Lines. Unlike earlier Comet models, which were bi-level in some configurations, the Comet V features a single-level design with improved accessibility, including high platforms and level boarding. The fleet includes cab cars (controls for push-pull operation), trailer cars with lavatories, and non-lavatory coaches. A total of 200 cars were ordered: 84 cab cars (6000–6083), 14 lavatory trailers (6200–6213), and 102 non-lavatory trailers (6500–6601), delivered between 2002 and 2004. Each car measures 85 feet (26 m) in length, 10 feet 6 inches (3.2 m) in width, and weighs approximately 103,000 pounds (47,000 kg). They are equipped with HVAC systems, ergonomic seating for 125–139 passengers, and ADA-compliant features. The Comet V cars operate primarily on NJT's Northeast Corridor, North Jersey Coast, Morris & Essex, and Montclair-Boonton lines, with some used by Metro-North. They have been involved in several incidents, including door malfunctions and derailments, leading to ongoing maintenance and safety improvements. As of 2023, the fleet remains in active service, though NJT is transitioning toward multi-level cars like the ALP-46 locomotives paired with newer rolling stock.

Development

Origins in the Comet series

The Comet series originated with the Comet I railcars, designed and built by Pullman-Standard in the late 1960s as lightweight, durable, high-capacity single-level commuter coaches primarily for the Erie Lackawanna Railroad's operations in the New York metropolitan area.^[1] These cars represented a modern approach to commuter rail service, emphasizing efficiency and passenger comfort in push-pull configurations, and were later integrated into New Jersey Transit's fleet following the agency's formation in 1979.^[2] By the early 1970s, over 400 Comet I cars had been produced, setting the foundation for subsequent generations through their stainless steel construction and modular design that facilitated ongoing maintenance and upgrades. The series evolved in the 1980s and 1990s with the introduction of the Comet II, built by Bombardier starting in 1982, which incorporated refinements such as improved interior layouts and electrical systems to enhance reliability on NJ Transit's expanding network.^[3] This was followed by the Comet III in 1990, also from Bombardier, featuring key advancements like center doors for faster boarding and increased seating capacity to around 130 passengers per car, addressing growing ridership demands while maintaining compatibility with existing infrastructure.^[4] The Comet IV, delivered by Bombardier in 1996–1997, further updated the lineage with modernized materials, including enhanced corrosion-resistant alloys, and seating configurations optimized for up to 113 passengers, supporting the launch of NJ Transit's Midtown Direct service to New York Penn Station.^[4] These iterations progressively boosted capacity and operational efficiency, with each generation building on the prior's single-level push-pull design to integrate with NJ Transit's and Metro-North's fleets. By the early 2000s, the need for a fifth generation arose from evolving regulatory and operational requirements, including stricter safety standards, full compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) for accessibility features like wider doors and dedicated spaces for mobility aids, and seamless integration with high-level platforms at new facilities such as Secaucus Junction.^[4] NJ Transit sought to replace aging cars while ensuring compatibility with Amtrak's infrastructure for 100 mph operations and third-rail phase gap navigation on shared tracks.^[5] In late 1999, NJ Transit awarded a contract to Alstom for up to 230 push-pull coaches, emphasizing sealed cabs for crew protection, ergonomic controls, and modular components to minimize downtime and align with the existing Comet series' maintenance protocols across NJ Transit and Metro-North lines.^[5] This procurement marked a strategic renewal to sustain high-capacity service amid rising commuter volumes in the Northeast Corridor.^[4]

Production and introduction

In November 1999, the New Jersey Transit Corporation awarded Alstom Transportation a contract valued at $232.9 million for up to 230 Comet V push-pull passenger railcars to support fleet expansion and modernization.^[6] The initial order for New Jersey Transit specified 200 cars, comprising 156 coaches and 44 cab cars, with provisions for additional units.^[7] Metro-North Railroad subsequently exercised contract options to acquire further Comet V cars, including an approved purchase of 65 additional units valued at $62 million.^[8] Production of the Comet V cars involved manufacturing body shells at Alstom's stainless steel facility in São Paulo, Brazil, followed by shipment to the company's assembly plant in Hornell, New York, where interior fit-out and final integration occurred.^[6] Assembly commenced in 2001, enabling the program to meet delivery schedules amid ongoing design refinements.^[9] The first Comet V cars were delivered to New Jersey Transit in April 2002, with the complete fleet of 200 units finalized by February 2003.^[7] NJ Transit later acquired additional cars, bringing the total Comet V fleet to 265 units (including Metro-North's 65) by 2010. This timeline aligned with the contract's performance milestones, including provisions for quality assurance and integration testing. The $232.9 million contract covered manufacturing, as well as dedicated phases for qualification testing to ensure compliance with Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) standards for track interaction and safety.^[6]^[10] Initial testing and certification occurred on New Jersey Transit lines throughout 2002, with a primary focus on verifying push-pull operational compatibility between the Comet V cars and ALP-46 electric locomotives.^[7] These trials confirmed the cars' performance at speeds up to 100 mph, leveraging similarities to prior Comet IV models while addressing FRA requirements for truck and suspension dynamics.^[11] As of 2025, NJ Transit plans to phase out the Comet V cars, replacing them with 374 new multilevel rail cars ordered from Alstom, with initial deliveries in 2026.^[12]

Design

Carbody and layout

The Comet V railcar features a stainless steel carbody with smooth, unpainted sides for durability and low maintenance, constructed by Alstom Transportation primarily in facilities in Brazil and the United States.^[9] Each car measures 85 feet in length, enabling efficient use in push-pull consists for bi-directional operation without turning the train at terminals.^[4] The design incorporates plymetal floors and melamine-finished walls and ceilings, contributing to a lightweight yet robust structure weighing approximately 100,000 pounds empty.^[9] Layout variations include standard coach (trailer) cars and cab control cars, both single-level with options for restrooms in select trailers. Coach cars seat 111 to 117 passengers in a 3-by-2 transverse arrangement across the 10.5-foot width, with six doors total—four low-level and two high-level double-leaf center doors optimized for rapid boarding at high-volume stations.^[4]^[13] Cab cars position the engineer's compartment at one end, housing control and communication equipment, while providing 109 seats for passengers and facilitating level boarding without trapdoors or steps at doors, enhancing accessibility and operational speed; cab cars have five doors.^[4]^[14] Interior amenities emphasize passenger comfort and modern functionality, including ergonomic seats with lumbar supports, scalloped headrests, and Naugahyde vinyl upholstery arranged for optimal space use.^[9] Overhead luggage racks, larger windows for improved views, energy-efficient lighting, and individual HVAC vents ensure a pleasant ride, while dedicated wheelchair spaces, priority seating areas, and ADA-compliant restrooms with automatic flush systems promote inclusivity.^[9]^[4] Integral safety features in the layout include crash energy management (CEM) structures along the sides to absorb impact forces and protect the occupant compartment, compliant with Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and American Public Transportation Association (APTA) standards for enhanced crashworthiness.^[13] Anti-climber devices at both ends prevent override during collisions, integrated into the end frames as part of the overall bi-directional design.^[13] The carbody withstands crush loads up to 800,000 pounds, marking it as the first stainless steel commuter car to achieve this FRA rating.^[9]^[15]

Door system and issues

The Comet V railcars feature pneumatic-powered sliding plug doors designed for efficient passenger boarding and alighting. Each coach car is equipped with six such doors—two single-leaf doors at each end for low-platform stations, equipped with trapdoors and steps, and two double-leaf center doors for high-platform use—while cab cars have five doors to accommodate the control cab configuration. An interlock system is integrated to prevent door operation while the train is in motion, enhancing safety by linking door controls to the train's speed and braking status.^[4]^[16] Early production models of the Comet V exhibited reliability issues with the door system, particularly misalignment of door panels and sensor failures that resulted in premature opening or failure to close properly. These problems were largely attributed to vulnerabilities in the electronic control units, which were susceptible to malfunction in humid or high-moisture environments common in the Northeast Corridor. Such failures led to operational delays and required manual interventions by crew members.^[17] In response, Alstom, the manufacturer, implemented a series of engineering fixes under warranty provisions. Between 2003 and 2004, multiple software updates were deployed to refine the door control algorithms and improve sensor responsiveness, with approximately a dozen iterations tested and applied to address the core malfunctions. Hardware retrofits followed, including upgraded seals and reinforced alignment mechanisms to mitigate environmental sensitivities. Ongoing monitoring is facilitated through the trainline diagnostic system, which allows real-time fault detection and predictive maintenance.^[17] These door-related challenges had tangible effects on NJ Transit's operations during the initial rollout phase, causing delays.^[17]

Operations

Service entry and deployment

The Comet V cars entered revenue service on NJ Transit's Northeast Corridor line in June 2002, marking the initial rollout to alleviate overcrowding on high-demand routes between New York City and Newark. This phased introduction began with ceremonial delivery of the first units earlier that month, allowing for integration into peak-hour consists alongside existing equipment. By late 2002, over 90 cars were operational across NJ Transit, with expansion to the North Jersey Coast and Morris & Essex lines to support growing ridership on these corridors.^[18]^[19]^[9] Deployment for Metro-North service followed in 2003, with the cars assigned to the West-of-Hudson lines, including the Port Jervis and Pascack Valley lines, to enhance capacity on these diesel services into Hoboken Terminal. Production deliveries, spanning 2002 to 2004, facilitated this staggered rollout, enabling both operators to phase in the fleet progressively.^[9] Integration with legacy equipment posed initial challenges, primarily involving compatibility testing with Comet IV cars and ALP-46 locomotives to ensure seamless mixed consists. The Comet V's design similarities to the Comet IV—such as structural and electrical interfaces—minimized interoperability issues, allowing qualification for 100 mph operations without extensive requalification. Early reliability concerns, including minor electrical and door system adjustments, were addressed through fleet-wide inspections in 2003, stabilizing performance ahead of broader deployment.^[10] By 2004, the cars achieved high utilization rates, with average daily deployment approaching 80% and typical rush-hour consists of 10 to 12 cars on major lines, demonstrating effective absorption into commuter operations. To comply with federal safety mandates, NJ Transit installed Positive Train Control (PTC) readiness kits on Comet V cars by 2015, equipping the fleet with onboard transponders and communication systems for automated train protection.^[20]

Fleet composition and maintenance

The Comet V fleet totals 265 cars built by Alstom between 2002 and 2004, consisting of cab cars and trailers designed for push-pull commuter service.^[9]^[4] New Jersey Transit operates the majority of these cars, accounting for approximately 80% of the fleet with around 200 vehicles in service as of the mid-2010s, while the remaining 65 cars, owned by Metro-North Railroad, are operated by New Jersey Transit exclusively on Metro-North's West-of-Hudson lines.^[4]^[9] No other railroads employ Comet V cars, and consists are often mixed with older Comet series vehicles to optimize capacity and availability on shared routes.^[7] As of 2025, the fleet includes some cars placed in storage or retired due to accumulated mileage and age-related wear, though the majority remain active to support ongoing commuter operations.^[12] Maintenance for the Comet V fleet is centralized at New Jersey Transit's Meadows Maintenance Complex in Kearny, New Jersey, the primary facility for heavy overhauls and repairs since its opening in 1987.^[21] These overhauls address key components such as the undercarriage, electrical systems, and door mechanisms to ensure reliability and compliance with operational demands.^[3] Metro-North conducts similar maintenance at its own facilities, including periodic inspections aligned with Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) safety regulations, which mandate annual certifications for structural integrity, braking systems, and passenger amenities.^[4] Routine servicing emphasizes preventive measures to mitigate common issues like door alignments and electrical faults, extending the cars' usability amid fleet modernization efforts. Looking ahead, the Comet V fleet faces partial replacement starting in the late 2020s with multilevel cars to enhance capacity and efficiency on high-density routes.^[12] New Jersey Transit has committed to phasing out all single-level cars, including the Comet V, by 2031 through orders totaling 374 Multilevel III cars from Alstom, with deliveries accelerating to address prior supply chain challenges in acquiring similar vehicles.^[22] This transition will standardize the fleet around bi-level configurations, though some Comet V cars may see service life extensions until full implementation.^[12]

Incidents and accidents

Door-related malfunctions on Comet V cars were a persistent operational challenge for NJ Transit and Metro-North, primarily involving false activations or sticking doors during peak hours that resulted in average delays of 15-30 minutes. These issues often stemmed from software glitches in the door control system, leading to unexpected openings or failures to close properly while trains were in motion or at stations. The higher incidence during rush periods was attributed to increased mechanical stress and operator workload, as documented in contemporary reports on commuter rail reliability.^[23] A notable event occurred in 2008 on an NJ Transit train, where doors opened unexpectedly during a mid-station dwell, prompting passenger evacuations and a temporary service suspension to ensure safety. These incidents highlighted the vulnerability of the Comet V's door system in mixed-fleet operations, where synchronization problems with older cars exacerbated failures.^[24] On November 21, 2006, a passenger died after being caught and dragged by closing doors on an NJ Transit train at Bradley Beach station, due to an activated door bypass switch.^[25] Post-2010 retrofits to the door control systems, including upgraded software and redundant sensors, led to more reliable operation and fewer service disruptions across both NJ Transit and Metro-North networks.^[23]

Major derailments and crashes

One of the most significant incidents involving Comet V rail cars occurred on September 29, 2016, when NJ Transit Train 1614, consisting of four Comet V cars led by cab car #6036 and powered by locomotive #4214, overshot the platform at Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken, New Jersey.^[26] The train, carrying approximately 250 passengers and three crew members, was traveling at 21 mph when it struck the bumper block at the end of Track 5, causing the cab car to override the bumper and partially collapse the station's canopy structure.^[26] The crash resulted in one fatality—a woman on the platform struck by falling debris—and 110 injuries among passengers and crew, with damages estimated at $6 million to the train, tracks, and facility.^[26] Other notable events involving Comet V consists have been less severe, such as a derailment of an NJ Transit train (Train 3823) near New York Penn Station in August 2011, which caused no reported injuries or major structural damage.^[27] Additionally, a low-speed work train derailment near Summit in June 2020 resulted in no injuries and was limited to operational disruptions.^[28] These incidents highlight occasional operational challenges but did not involve inherent flaws in the Comet V design. Causal factors in major Comet V-related accidents, particularly the Hoboken crash, primarily stem from human error such as engineer fatigue due to undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea, compounded by signaling deficiencies like the absence of automatic train control (ATC) at the terminal and inadequate bumper post design that failed to absorb the impact effectively.^[29] Investigations found no evidence of structural failures in the Comet V cars themselves, attributing outcomes instead to external systemic issues including NJ Transit's insufficient screening for sleep disorders and the lack of collision-avoidance technology on terminal tracks.^[29] Common themes across events include human factors and infrastructure limitations, rather than vehicle-specific defects. In the aftermath of the Hoboken incident, NJ Transit undertook extensive reforms, including a second crew member required to join the engineer in the cab during arrivals at terminals like Hoboken to monitor operations and mitigate fatigue risks.^[30] The crash prompted approximately $100 million in station repairs and upgrades, featuring reinforced structures and improved canopy design to prevent future collapses.^[31] Additionally, it accelerated the full implementation of Positive Train Control (PTC) across the system by 2018, meeting federal milestones for automatic speed enforcement and collision prevention, alongside enhanced crew rest protocols and mandatory sleep apnea screening.^[32] NJ Transit also began replacing traditional bumper blocks with friction-type systems at Hoboken to better dissipate energy in overspeed scenarios.^[33] These measures, informed by NTSB recommendations, have contributed to improved safety without recorded major Comet V derailments since.^[29]

References

[1]
https://cptdb.ca/wiki/index.php/Bombardier_Comet
[2]
IAU Minor Planet Center
### Summary of Comet C/1858 L1 (Donati)
[3]
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Aug 10, 2018 · History and design. The Comet car was designed by Pullman-Standard as a lightweight, durable, high-capacity commuter car in the late 1960s ...
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NJ TRANSIT RAIL OPERATIONS CELEBRATES 40 YEARS OF ...
New Comet II and ...Missing: bi- | Show results with:bi-
[6]
[PDF] COMMUTER RAIL FLEET STRATEGY 2014-2020 September 2014
Retirement of 65 Comet Railcars – In 2010, NJ TRANSIT had 160 Comet IIs, 49 Comet IIIs, 99 Comet IVs and 265 Comet Vs on the property. The Fleet Strategy calls ...Missing: bi- | Show results with:bi-
[7]
NJ Transit starts commuter renewal | News - Railway Gazette
Jan 1, 2000 · NEW JERSEY Transit's board has confirmed an order for 230 push-pull commuter coaches valued at $233m. The first phase of a major re ...Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
[8]
Comet V Commuter Coaches - LostHistory.net
The Comet V body shells will be manufactured at ALSTOM's stainless steel plant in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and then shipped to the company's facility in Hornell, N.Y ...Missing: timeline | Show results with:timeline
[9]
Comet V - Railfanning.org
Pullman Standard built the first Comet cars in the 1970s for the Erie-Lackawanna Railroad's commuter service. In April 2002, N.J. Transit unveiled a Comet V “ ...
[10]
[PDF] September 2000 Bulletin.pub - Electric Railroaders Association
Sep 9, 2000 · The MTA Board's Metro-North Committee approved an option valued at $62 million that NJ Transit has with. Alstom to build 61 additional Comet V ...
[11]
Trains of the future - Times Herald-Record
Dec 8, 2002 · The Comet V, an amalgam of parts from around the world, begins life at an Alstom factory in Sao Paulo, Brazil. There, sheets of stainless steel ...Missing: timeline | Show results with:timeline
[12]
[PDF] Federal Register/Vol. 69, No. 154/Wednesday, August 11, 2004 ...
Aug 11, 2004 · The petitioner claims that the equipment has been designed and tested in accordance with the Federal Passenger Equipment. Safety Standards (CFR ...Missing: development ADA
[13]
Federal Register, Volume 69 Issue 154 (Wednesday, August 11, 2004)
Aug 11, 2004 · Because of the similarity between the COMET V and COMET IV, NJ Transit considered the COMET V to be qualified to run at 100 mph and requested ...
[14]
[PDF] Development of Conventional Cab Car End Structure Designs for ...
This report describes the results of a program to design passenger rail car end frames for testing the differences in crashworthiness performance for cab cars ...
[15]
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[16]
New Jersey Transit Comet V Commuter Car
The Comet V is the fifth generation of the Comet series, and was introduced in 2002. Each trailer car has six doors, with double-leaf doors in the center.Missing: interlock system
[17]
[PDF] August 2004 Bulletin.pub - Electric Railroaders Association
Aug 8, 2004 · Several New Jersey and Rockland newspapers car- ried articles about the door problems that the recently delivered Comet V cars are having ...
[18]
Sitting Pretty in New Jersey: 200 New Rail Cars - The New York Times
McGreevey said that over the next few weeks, the first of 200 new Comet V passenger cars would take the rails. Along with the schedule changes, they are ...
[19]
[PDF] 0400, Weekly Rail Recap-Wk Ending 08JUN2002 1 - Multimodalways
Jul 1, 2002 · (MON) New Jersey Governor Jim McGreevey ceremonially took delivery of the first of 200 new "Comet V" commuter rail cars for New Jersey Transit.
[20]
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bring Positive Train Control (PTC) to the rail system to complement its existing automatic train control system. PTC is used to monitor. See Tracks, Think ...
[21]
NJ TRANSIT CONTINUES COMMITMENT TO MODERNIZE RAIL ...
Sep 9, 2025 · The new Multilevel III rail cars will replace NJ TRANSIT's aging Comet II, IV and V single-level cars. Benefits include dramatically increased ...
[22]
NJ Transit's Meadows Maintenance Complex Centralizes the Repair ...
This article focuses on New Jersey Transit's Meadows Maintenance Complex (MMC), the facility designed to repair and maintain the fleet of the largest statewide ...Missing: Comet V
[23]
Alstom to supply NJ TRANSIT with additional 200 Multilevel III ...
Sep 9, 2025 · Alstom to supply NJ TRANSIT with additional 200 Multilevel III commuter rail cars and 12 ALP 45 dual power locomotives to modernize fleet.Missing: Comet V 2000 specifications
[24]
When Train Doors Open and No Platform Is in Sight (Published 2008)
### Summary of NJ Transit Door Malfunctions
[25]
NJ Transit: Doors Open, On Bridge
### Summary of Door Malfunctions on NJ Transit Trains (Comet V Cars)
[26]
Passenger Train Exterior Side Door Safety - Federal Register
Mar 26, 2014 · SUMMARY: FRA is proposing to improve the integrity of passenger train exterior side door safety systems and promote passenger train safety ...
[27]
DCA16MR011.aspx - NTSB
On September 29, 2016, NJ Transit train 1614 failed to stop, hitting a wall. The engineer's fatigue due to undiagnosed sleep apnea was the probable cause. One ...
[28]
NJ Transit train derailment causes commuting nightmare in and out ...
at the height of the morning rush on the nation's ...
[29]
NJ Transit equipment train derails near Summit - ABC7 New York
Jun 17, 2020 · NJ Transit work train derails in Summit. The equipment train experienced a slow speed derailment before 6 a.m. Wednesday. SUMMIT, New Jersey ...<|separator|>
[30]
None
Summary of each segment:
[31]
N.J. Transit Changes Rules for Trains Arriving at Hoboken Station
Oct 5, 2016 · New Jersey Transit ordered on Wednesday that a second crew member must stand watch as the engineer pulls a train into that busy terminal.
[32]
Historic Hoboken Terminal underwent $115 million renovation ...
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[33]
Office of the Governor | Nj Transit Completes Ptc Milestone - NJ.gov
Dec 17, 2018 · NJ TRANSIT today marked 100-percent completion of the Federal Railroad Administration's (FRA) 2018 year-end milestone for Positive Train Control (PTC).
[34]
9 big NJ Transit safety changes since fatal Hoboken crash
Sep 29, 2017 · NJ Transit is replacing bumper blocks at the end of the tracks in Hoboken Terminal with new “friction type” bumpers, Santoro said.Missing: aftermath | Show results with:aftermath