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Common bream

The common bream (Abramis brama) is a medium-sized, deep-bodied freshwater fish belonging to the family Leuciscidae, characterized by its laterally compressed form, silvery scales, and a dorsal fin positioned toward the rear of the body. Native to Europe and parts of western Asia, it inhabits a variety of slow-flowing rivers, lakes, and brackish estuaries, where it typically reaches a maximum length of 82 cm and weight of 11.5 kg, with individuals commonly measuring 25 cm and living up to 23 years. As an omnivorous benthopelagic species, it feeds primarily on insects, crustaceans, mollusks, and plant matter, contributing significantly to both commercial fisheries—yielding tens of thousands of tons annually—and recreational angling across its range.^[1]^[2] Widespread from the Adour River in France to the Pechora River in the White Sea basin, and extending to the Aegean, Marmara, Aral, and Caspian Sea drainages, the common bream has been introduced to regions such as Ireland, Spain, Italy, and parts of Siberia, where it has established populations. It prefers waters with temperatures between 10–24°C and pH levels of 7.0–7.5, often schooling near the bottom in nutrient-rich, vegetated shallows for spawning in spring (May–June) at around 15–18°C, producing 100,000–500,000 sticky eggs per female that adhere to aquatic plants. Juveniles initially consume zooplankton before shifting to benthic invertebrates as adults, supporting its role in aquatic food webs while occasionally competing with native species in introduced areas. Currently assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN due to its stable, large populations and lack of major threats, the species remains vital for aquaculture and is marketed fresh, frozen, or prepared in various culinary styles.^[1]^[3]^[2]

Taxonomy and nomenclature

Taxonomy

The common bream (Abramis brama) belongs to the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, class Actinopterygii, order Cypriniformes, family Leuciscidae, genus Abramis, and species A. brama.^[4] It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 under the basionym Cyprinus brama, with the type locality in European lakes.^[4] In 1816, Georges Cuvier established the genus Abramis, designating Cyprinus brama as the type species. Other historical synonyms include Abramis microlepidotus and Abramis vulgaris, though none are currently accepted.^[5] No subspecies of A. brama are recognized. Historically, the species was classified within the family Cyprinidae, where the genus Abramis formed the sole member of the subfamily Abraminae.^[6] Phylogenetic analyses in the mid-2010s prompted revisions to the Cypriniformes classification; specifically, a 2017 study using molecular and genomic data elevated the former Cyprinidae subfamilies, including those encompassing Abramis, to the distinct family Leuciscidae based on monophyletic groupings supported by bootstrap values exceeding 95%.^[7] This reclassification reflects the deep divergence between Eurasian leuciscids like Abramis and core Cyprinidae taxa such as carps.

Etymology

The scientific name of the common bream, Abramis brama, originates from Linnaeus's 1758 classification, where it was initially described as Cyprinus brama before being reassigned to the genus Abramis by Cuvier in 1816. The genus name Abramis derives from the Ancient Greek word abramis (ἀβραμὶς), which referred to a type of perch-like or mullet-like fish in classical texts. The specific epithet brama stems from the vernacular European names for the species, traceable to Proto-Germanic brahsmǭ or Frankish brahsima, ultimately linked to Old High German brahsema, denoting a fish with prominent or biting characteristics, or possibly Swedish brämma, alluding to its deep-bodied shape.^[8]^[9] The common English name "bream" evolved from Middle English breme, borrowed from Old French bresme or braisme around the 14th century, reflecting the fish's glistening scales that evoke shining or glossiness, as in the Old English sense of brēme meaning "famous" or "bright."^[8]^[9] This term specifically applies to the freshwater species Abramis brama in European contexts, distinguishing it from marine varieties. Regional variants of the common name highlight physical traits: "bronze bream" refers to the metallic sheen on mature specimens' flanks, while "carp bream" emphasizes its cyprinid relation to carps; "sweaty bream" arises from the abundant slimy mucus coating its skin, which can feel moist or perspiration-like when handled.^[10] In various languages, such as French (brème) or German (Barsch), the name overlaps with those for sea breams of the family Sparidae, causing historical misnomers where the freshwater bream is conflated with unrelated marine species due to superficial resemblances in body shape and scalation.^[8]^[11]

Distribution and habitat

Geographic distribution

The common bream (Abramis brama) is native to a broad expanse across Europe and western Asia. In Europe, its range spans from the drainages of the British Isles (native in England and Wales, but absent from Scotland) and central France eastward to the Pechora River basin in western Siberia, encompassing most major river systems north of the Pyrenees and Alps. The northern limit reaches approximately 67–68°N in southern Scandinavia and Finland, while the southern boundary extends through the Balkans to northern Italy, though it is naturally absent from the Iberian Peninsula, the Adriatic basin, most of Italy, and Mediterranean islands such as Sicily and Crete.^[1]^[12] In Asia, the species occurs naturally from the Marmara Sea basin in Turkey eastward through the Caspian and Aral Sea drainages to western Siberia, including the Volga and Ural River systems. This distribution reflects post-glacial recolonization patterns, where ancestral populations expanded northward from southern refugia following the retreat of ice sheets around 10,000–15,000 years ago.^[1] Human-mediated introductions have occurred within and beyond this native range, primarily for aquaculture and fisheries enhancement. Within Europe, the species has been locally established in Ireland, Spain, and northeastern Italy, where it was absent naturally. In Asia, introductions include Lake Baikal and the upper drainages of the Ob and Yenisei rivers. In eastern Europe, including some Baltic states, intentional stockings have led to naturalized populations supporting local fisheries.^[1]^[13] The species' range has undergone historical changes, including post-glacial northward expansion into previously glaciated northern European waters. More recently, local contractions have occurred in areas affected by pollution and wetland drainage, reducing suitable habitats in parts of central and eastern Europe, though the overall distribution remains extensive.^[12]^[1]

Habitat requirements

The common bream (Abramis brama) primarily inhabits slow-flowing lowland rivers, large lakes, reservoirs, ponds, and backwaters, where it prefers muddy or sandy bottoms at depths typically ranging from 1 to 5 meters.^[14] These environments provide suitable conditions for its bottom-dwelling lifestyle, with the species often forming large shoals in areas of low current velocity.^[14] It avoids fast-flowing waters and cold oligotrophic lakes, favoring instead warmer, more productive systems that support its ecological niche.^[14] As a eurythermal species, the common bream tolerates a wide temperature range, enabling it to occupy diverse freshwater habitats across its distribution.^[14] It demonstrates resilience to low dissolved oxygen levels, with critical concentrations for oxygen consumption around 2 mg/L at temperatures between 15–25°C, allowing persistence in eutrophic waters prone to hypoxia.^[15] The species also withstands high turbidity, which aligns with its prevalence in sediment-laden, shallow systems, and can endure slight brackish conditions up to approximately 10 ppt in estuarine areas.^[16] In terms of microhabitats, common bream aggregate in vegetated shallows during warmer periods and migrate to deeper channels for overwintering, with shoaling behavior strongly influencing overall habitat utilization and resource partitioning. Adaptations such as elongated gill rakers facilitate filter-feeding in murky, low-visibility waters, while a protective mucus layer aids in particle retention and general environmental resilience.^[17]

Physical characteristics

Morphology

The common bream (Abramis brama) possesses a deep-bodied form, with body height reaching 35-40% of standard length, resulting in a laterally compressed, diamond-shaped outline that tapers toward the head and caudal peduncle.^[2] This robust structure supports its typical adult length of 30-50 cm, though individuals can attain a maximum total length of 82 cm and a maximum weight of approximately 6 kg.^[14] The body is covered in large cycloid scales, numbering 51-60 along the lateral line, which contribute to its sleek, streamlined appearance.^[14] In terms of coloration, the back is dark green-grey, transitioning to silvery-bronze sides with a subtle golden sheen, while the belly is yellowish-white; juveniles exhibit a paler, more silvery overall tone.^[18] The fins darken with age, appearing grey to dark brown, with the paired fins showing hyaline or grey bases.^[14]^[18] The head is relatively small, featuring eyes with a diameter of about 18% of head length and an inferior, protrusible mouth adapted for substrate interaction.^[14] The dorsal fin originates opposite the pelvic fins and contains 3 spines and 9-10 branched soft rays, while the anal fin is notably long, with 3 spines and 23-30 soft rays, its base roughly twice the length of the dorsal fin base; the caudal fin is deeply forked with 19 rays.^[14] Sexual dimorphism is evident during the spawning season, when males develop small tubercles on the head and sides, contrasting with the rounder body shape of females.^[19]

Similar species

The common bream (Abramis brama) is often confused with other cyprinid fishes due to overlapping habitats and juvenile similarities, but distinct morphological traits aid identification. The silver bream (Blicca bjoerkna), also known as white bream, is a frequent look-alike, particularly for juveniles of the common bream; it is smaller, reaching a maximum length of about 30 cm compared to the common bream's up to 82 cm, and exhibits a more arched body profile with a golden iris and orange-tinged anal fin.^[20] Key differences include fewer anal fin rays (20-23 versus 23-30 in common bream) and a higher gill raker count (40-50 versus 20-30), with silver bream having 9–11 transverse scale rows compared to 13 or more in common bream.^[21] The roach (Rutilus rutilus) shares sluggish water preferences but has a shallower, more streamlined body than the deep-bodied common bream, along with redder eyes and fins, and a dorsal fin with 9–12 soft rays (compared to 9–10 in the common bream).^[22] Hybrids between common bream and roach are common and fertile, displaying intermediate traits such as variable fin ray counts and body depth, often complicating field identification.^[22] The rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) can resemble larger common bream in body depth but is distinguished by its bright red fins and eyes, more streamlined form, and upturned upper mouth position, contrasting with the common bream's subterminal mouth and greyish, hyaline fins.^[23] Rudd also tend to have fewer scales above the lateral line (6-8 versus 8-10 in common bream). Hybrids with rudd show blended characteristics like partial red fin coloration and intermediate mouth orientation.^[24]

Biology and ecology

Feeding habits

The common bream (Abramis brama) is an omnivorous species with a diet dominated by benthic invertebrates, including chironomid larvae, mollusks such as zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), and crustaceans like amphipods and isopods, which can constitute up to 40% of the diet in adults from certain populations.^[14]^[25] Plant matter, including algae (e.g., Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta), detritus, and aquatic vegetation, forms a significant portion of the adult diet, often exceeding 50% in some reservoirs, while larger individuals occasionally consume small fish.^[26] Juveniles primarily feed on zooplankton such as Cladocera, transitioning to benthic prey as they grow.^[14]^[27] As a bottom-feeder, the common bream employs a protrusible mouth and elongated gill rakers to sift through sediment and mud, capturing particulate food via pump-filtering or direct bottom-grasping techniques that disturb the substrate and increase water turbidity during shoal foraging.^[14] This foraging often occurs nocturnally or at crepuscular periods in shallow waters, where shoals of bream can collectively resuspend bottom particles to access buried prey like chironomid larvae.^[28]^[29] Feeding habits exhibit seasonal variations, with a shift toward more herbivorous consumption of algae and vegetation in summer, when these items dominate the diet in biomanipulated reservoirs, and greater reliance on insects and benthic invertebrates in spring.^[30] Feeding intensity declines in winter, with reduced activity below 4°C, leading to lower stomach volumes and minimal intake across all prey types.^[27] Positioned as an omnivore at trophic level 3.1 in freshwater food webs, the common bream influences ecosystem dynamics by preying on zebra mussels, potentially controlling their populations in European lakes where dreissenid densities are high.^[14]^[31]

Reproduction

The common bream (Abramis brama) reaches sexual maturity at 3-4 years of age, when individuals typically measure 20-25 cm in length, though this can vary by population and environmental conditions, with males often maturing slightly earlier than females.^[2] The species is iteroparous and spawns annually, exhibiting a sex ratio close to 1:1 in mature populations.^[2]^[32] Spawning occurs from April to June in temperate regions, triggered primarily by increasing water temperatures of 12-18°C and lengthening photoperiod, with females releasing eggs in multiple batches over 2-3 weeks to maximize reproductive success.^[2]^[33] This process is influenced by environmental cues such as rising water levels during spring floods, which facilitate migration to suitable sites.^[2] Spawning takes place in shallow waters, typically 20-100 cm deep, in vegetated floodplains, weedy bays, or lake shores with dense aquatic plants that provide cover and attachment surfaces for eggs.^[1]^[2] Males establish and defend small territories, often chasing and courting females in promiscuous group spawning events characterized by vigorous splashing and agitation; once fertilized, the adhesive eggs are scattered over the substrate, and no parental care is provided post-spawning.^[2] Females produce 45,000 to 941,000 adhesive eggs per spawning season, with diameters of 1-2 mm and typical values around 200,000 depending on body size and age; males simultaneously release milt to fertilize the eggs externally.^[2]^[1] Fecundity increases with female length, reflecting the species' strategy to compensate for high egg mortality in open-water scattering.^[2]

Growth and lifespan

The common bream (Abramis brama) hatches as larvae measuring approximately 4.5–5.2 mm in total length, with juveniles rapidly growing to 10–15 cm by the end of their first year through intensive feeding on plankton in shallow, still waters where they form shoals.^[34]^[2] Early growth is particularly sensitive to temperature and food availability, with optimal development occurring at 20–25°C and adequate zooplankton supply, leading to higher survival and faster size attainment in mesotrophic environments.^[35] In the juvenile and early adult phases, growth is rapid, averaging 5–7 cm per year for the first three years as individuals transition from backwaters to more open riverine or lacustrine habitats, but it slows to 1–2 cm annually thereafter as fish approach asymptotic sizes.^[36]^[37] This pattern is often modeled using the von Bertalanffy growth function, with representative parameters including an asymptotic length (L_∞) of approximately 60 cm and growth coefficient (K) of 0.15 year⁻¹, though values vary by population (e.g., L_∞ = 71.6 cm, K = 0.076 in brackish lagoons).^[37]^[38] The average lifespan of common bream is 8–10 years, though individuals in favorable conditions can reach 20–23 years, with maximum recorded age of 23 years in wild populations.^[39]^[40] Growth and longevity exhibit latitudinal variation, with slower rates and potentially longer lifespans in northern populations due to cooler temperatures.^[41] Growth is density-dependent, particularly in shoaling juveniles where high population densities in eutrophic waters reduce individual rates due to competition for benthic invertebrates and detritus.^[42] Environmental factors such as food abundance and water temperature further modulate growth, with warmer conditions accelerating early phases but potentially stressing adults in oversaturated habitats.^[35]^[43]

Human interactions

Fishing and angling

The common bream is a popular target for coarse anglers in the United Kingdom and Europe, where it is caught using specialized rigs suited to its bottom-feeding and shoaling habits. Float fishing with a sliding or stick float on a 12- to 13-foot rod allows precise depth control in stillwaters or slow rivers, while legering or feeder methods employ groundbait to attract shoals over distances up to 100 meters using 9- to 11.5-foot rods with sensitive quivertip indicators.^[44]^[20] Effective baits include sweetcorn, bread flake, maggots, casters, and worms, often presented in cocktails or as hookbaits over beds of groundbait mixed with breadcrumbs, maize meal, or pellets to build fish confidence.^[45]^[46] Commercial fishing for common bream occurs primarily through netting in Eastern Europe and Russia, where it ranks as a key species in inland catches, contributing up to 15% of yields in some regions like the Danube basin and averaging around 200 tons annually in Russian river systems such as the Ob.^[47]^[48] These operations supply bream for human consumption and as bait fish, reflecting its economic value in local markets. The species is also cultured in aquaculture, particularly in Eastern Europe, though production remains minor compared to common carp, with global output under 1,000 tons annually as of recent FAO data; farmed bream is marketed fresh, frozen, smoked, or canned.^[49] Historically, the common bream held significant importance in medieval Europe, serving as the most favored freshwater fish on royal tables during the 13th century, often reared in ponds for elite diets alongside species like pike and carp.^[50] Angling records highlight the species' potential size, with the British rod-caught record standing at 22 pounds 11 ounces (10.29 kg), captured from a gravel pit in Cambridgeshire in 2012.^[46] The common bream is a staple in UK match fishing competitions, where anglers target shoals in canals and lakes to accumulate weight, favoring pellet or maggot feeders for consistent catches during events on venues like the Grand Union Canal.^[51]^[52] Seasonal strategies emphasize summer evenings, when warmer waters from June to August activate feeding, particularly post-spawning in late spring when shoals regroup in deeper margins. Night fishing with hair rigs and luminous baits targets larger specimens avoiding daytime pressure, enhancing success on lakes and slow rivers.^[44]^[20]

Conservation status

The common bream (Abramis brama) is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, with this global assessment dating to 2023 and no substantive updates indicating a change in status as of 2025. This designation reflects its wide distribution across Europe and stable overall populations, though regional variations exist.^[14] Despite the global stability, populations have experienced local declines in Western Europe, such as in metropolitan France, where occurrence and abundance decreased between 1980 and 2009 due to habitat alterations and environmental pressures. Key threats include habitat loss from river regulation, drainage, and fragmentation, which disrupt spawning and nursery areas essential for the species. Eutrophication exacerbates risks through oxygen depletion in stratified waters, particularly during summer, affecting juvenile survival in affected lakes and rivers. Overfishing contributes to growth overfishing in some intensively exploited lakes, reducing average body sizes and biomass. Additionally, invasive species, such as introduced cyprinids in altered ecosystems, can intensify competition for resources, while climate change drives northward range shifts by altering temperature regimes and favoring expansion in cooler northern waters at the expense of southern margins. Management efforts focus on stocking programs to bolster depleted populations in reservoirs and rivers, often using hatchery-reared juveniles to enhance recruitment. Population monitoring commonly employs electrofishing surveys to assess abundance and age structure, enabling adaptive fisheries regulations. These measures, combined with habitat restoration, have led to population increases in rehabilitated wetlands, where enhanced shoreline complexity supported higher bream densities post-restoration. However, isolated peripheral populations, including those near Arctic fringes, remain vulnerable to cumulative stressors like warming and limited connectivity.

References

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Abramis brama (Linnaeus, 1758). basionym: Cyprinus brama Linnaeus, 1758. Genbank common name: common bream. NCBI BLAST name: ray-finned fishes. Rank: species
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Family. Cyprinidae Rafinesque, 1815. Subfamily. AbraminaeShow class directly below. Subfamily. Acheilognathinae Bleeker, 1863. Subfamily. Barbinae Bleeker, 1859.
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### Summary of Common Bream (Abramis brama)
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### Summary of Similar Species to Common Bream (Abramis brama)
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carp (50 %), common bream (15 %) and Danube shad (12 %). (Stefan, 2007). In 2005 commercial inland fishing produced about 4 000 tons in (only 45 % of that ...
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