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Aggregate

Aggregate is a noun and adjective referring to a collection of discrete units, parts, or particulars forming a mass, body, or total amount, often loosely associated rather than tightly integrated.^[1]^[2] The term originates from the Latin aggregāre, meaning "to bring together" or "to herd into a flock," combining ad- ("to") with gregāre ("to flock"), reflecting its connotation of gathering disparate elements into a unified sum.^[3]^[4] In economics, aggregates denote macroeconomic totals such as aggregate supply or demand, representing the combined output or spending across an economy.^[5] In materials science and construction, aggregates describe granular substances like sand or gravel used as components in composites such as concrete, where their physical properties influence strength and durability.^[6] The concept also appears in statistics for summarized data sets and in philosophy for wholes composed of parts without emergent properties beyond the sum.^[1]

Mathematics and Computing

Aggregate Functions in Computing

Aggregate functions in computing are operations that process multiple input values, typically from rows in a database table or dataset, to produce a single summary output, such as a total, average, or count. Common examples include COUNT, which returns the number of non-null values or rows (with COUNT(*) including all rows regardless of nulls); SUM, which adds numeric values; AVG, which computes the arithmetic mean; MIN and MAX, which identify the smallest and largest values, respectively.^[7] These functions are integral to relational database management systems (RDBMS) like SQL Server and MySQL, where they operate on grouped data via the GROUP BY clause to enable efficient summarization without retrieving every individual record.^[7] Except for **COUNT(*) **, they ignore null values to avoid skewing results, reflecting a design choice for robust statistical computation on real-world data prone to missing entries.^[7] In practice, aggregate functions enhance query efficiency by leveraging database indexes and precomputed statistics, reducing the need to scan entire datasets for summary operations that would otherwise require application-level processing. For instance, in SQL queries, aggregation on indexed columns can exploit sorted storage to compute MIN or MAX in logarithmic time rather than linear scans, yielding performance gains of orders of magnitude over equivalent programmatic loops in languages like Python.^[8] This optimization stems from databases' ability to maintain internal metadata, such as histograms of value distributions, which inform query planners to select cost-effective execution paths.^[8] In big data environments, tools like Elasticsearch extend these concepts with multi-terms aggregation, which buckets documents by multiple fields simultaneously—useful for composite keys in heterogeneous indices—allowing sorting by document counts or metrics while limiting results to top-N for scalability in distributed search clusters. Recent advancements emphasize scalability for high-volume processing, as seen in the SQL:2023 standard's introduction of the ANY_VALUE aggregate, which returns an arbitrary non-null value from a set, optimizing scenarios where exact multiplicity is irrelevant and reducing computational overhead in grouped queries.^[9] In machine learning pipelines, distributed aggregation techniques, such as in-network computation during gradient synchronization, accelerate training by offloading summation operations to network switches, cutting communication latency by up to 5x in large-scale clusters with thousands of GPUs, as demonstrated in empirical evaluations on commodity hardware.^[10] These implementations prioritize causal efficiency—minimizing data movement and intermediate storage—over abstract generality, enabling real-time aggregation in AI workflows handling petabyte-scale tensors without bottlenecks.^[10]

Aggregates in Mathematics

In set theory, an aggregate denotes a collection of definite, distinct objects conceived as forming a unified whole, without presupposing any particular structure beyond membership. This foundational notion was formalized by Georg Cantor in the late 19th century, who defined an aggregate (or Menge in German) as "any collection into a whole M of definite and separate objects m of our intuition or our thought."^[11] Cantor's introduction of aggregates in works such as his 1895 paper "Contributions to the Founding of a Theory of Manifolds" enabled rigorous treatment of infinite collections, distinguishing them from finite ones through operations like union and cardinality.^[12] The term, now largely archaic and supplanted by "set," emphasized the intuitive gathering of elements without implying relational properties among them, contrasting with earlier philosophical discussions of wholes and parts that lacked formalization.^[13] Key operations on aggregates mirror those of modern sets: the union of two aggregates A and B yields an aggregate comprising all elements belonging to A, B, or both, preserving distinctness and totality. Intersection similarly produces the sub-aggregate of shared elements. These derive from first principles of membership— an element x is in the union A ∪ B if and only if x ∈ A or x ∈ B—ensuring closure under the operation without introducing extraneous structure. Cantor's framework extended this to infinite aggregates, where, for instance, the union of countably many disjoint finite aggregates can form a countably infinite one, as in the aggregate of natural numbers constructed via successive addition.^[14] The cardinality of an aggregate quantifies its "size," defined as the equivalence class of aggregates bijectable via one-to-one correspondences, with finite cardinals matching natural numbers and infinite ones yielding transfinite ordinals and cardinals like ℵ₀ for countable aggregates. For example, the aggregate of even natural numbers has cardinality ℵ₀, equinumerous to the full natural numbers despite apparent sparseness, via the bijection n ↦ 2n. This bijection-based definition avoids reliance on ordering, grounding comparability in structural isomorphism rather than enumeration.^[13] In measure theory, aggregates correspond to measurable sets, where the aggregate measure assigns a non-negative extended real number representing "total content," additive over disjoint unions: for disjoint measurable aggregates A_i, the measure μ(∪ A_i) = ∑ μ(A_i). Lebesgue measure exemplifies this for subsets of ℝⁿ, extending Riemann integration by treating aggregates (intervals or Borel sets) via outer approximations, ensuring σ-additivity for countable collections. This formalizes aggregation as summation over partitions, pivotal for integrating over complex domains without pathological non-measurable aggregates like Vitali sets.^[15]

Science

Biology

In botany, aggregate fruits form from the multiple carpels or ovaries of a single flower, maturing into a cluster of distinct fruitlets rather than a unified structure.^[16] The raspberry (Rubus idaeus), for instance, comprises approximately 100–150 small drupelets, each derived from an individual ovary and containing a single seed, aggregated around a central conical receptacle.^[17] This differs from simple fruits, which develop from a single ovary enclosing one or more seeds, as seen in drupes like the peach (Prunus persica), where a single pit surrounds the seed.^[18] Aggregate fruits such as blackberries and strawberries exhibit structural advantages for seed dispersal, with their clustered form enabling efficient animal-mediated transport via ingestion and excretion, as the small, hardened drupelets or achenes resist digestion while the fleshy exterior attracts vectors.^[19] Cellular aggregates play a key role in developmental biology, particularly during embryogenesis, where dissociated cells reaggregate through migration and adhesion to form organized tissues.^[20] In model systems like sea urchin embryos, computational models demonstrate that confined cellular aggregation between structures mimics gastrulation, driven by differential adhesion and motility, leading to sorted cell populations observable via microscopy.^[20] These aggregates transition from loose clusters to structured layers, with empirical time-lapse imaging revealing aggregation rates influenced by cadherin-mediated contacts, essential for morphogenesis without external scaffolds.^[20] Microbial aggregates, often manifesting as biofilms, represent multicellular bacterial communities embedded in extracellular matrices, observable through confocal microscopy as dense, three-dimensional clusters.^[21] In developmental contexts, free-floating aggregates seed biofilm initiation on surfaces, accelerating maturation by 10–20-fold compared to single-cell attachment, as quantified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa models where aggregates induce rapid polysaccharide production.^[22] Post-2020 studies link gut microbial aggregates to health outcomes, with dysbiotic shifts in aggregate stability correlating to increased inflammatory bowel disease risk; for example, reduced Faecalibacterium prausnitzii aggregates in fecal samples from 2022 cohorts associate with impaired short-chain fatty acid production, causally tied to epithelial barrier dysfunction via metagenomic sequencing.^[23] Similarly, aggregate formation in marine bacteria like Vibrio species emerges from nutrient gradients during exponential growth, fostering resilience against predation and antibiotics, as evidenced by 2022 chemostat experiments showing 50% higher survival in aggregated states.^[24]

Materials Science and Chemistry

In materials science, aggregates denote clusters of nanoparticles or fine particulates integrated into composite matrices, where their morphology and dispersion dictate key properties such as porosity and tensile strength. Nanoparticle aggregates often form due to insufficient dispersion, creating stress concentration points and weak interphases that diminish load transfer efficiency. Empirical studies on polymer nanocomposites demonstrate that aggregation reduces tensile strength by up to 30-50% compared to well-dispersed systems, as larger agglomerates act as defect sites promoting crack initiation under load.^[25]^[26] This effect arises from the reduced surface area available for matrix-particle interactions, leading to localized porosity increases of 5-15% in volume fraction, as measured by mercury intrusion porosimetry in silica-filled epoxies.^[27] Chemically, bonding within nanoparticle aggregates varies from non-covalent interactions like van der Waals forces, dominant in loosely bound clusters of carbon-based nanomaterials, to covalent linkages via sinter-bridges or reactive surface groups in metal oxides. Van der Waals bonding, characterized by low binding energies of 0.01-0.1 eV per atom pair, yields reversible aggregation sensitive to solvent polarity, whereas covalent bonds exceed 1 eV and enhance stability, as quantified in density functional theory calculations corroborated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shifts indicating charge transfer.^[28]^[29] Infrared and Raman spectroscopy further distinguish these: van der Waals aggregates in graphene stacks show sharp G-band peaks at ~1580 cm⁻¹ from in-plane vibrations, unaltered by weak interlayer forces, while covalent silica aggregates exhibit broadened Si-O-Si stretches around 1100 cm⁻¹ due to network formation.^[30] Such differentiation informs reactivity; covalent aggregates resist disassembly under thermal stress up to 500°C, unlike van der Waals counterparts that disperse above 200°C.^[31] Advancements in sustainable materials feature lightweight aggregates synthesized from chemical processing of industrial wastes, such as alkali-activated fly ash or plastic-derived particulates, yielding densities below 1200 kg/m³ while maintaining chemical inertness in polymer matrices. These aggregates, often expanded via thermal or foaming reactions, achieve water absorption rates of 10-20% by mass, enabling internal curing in composites by releasing bound water during hydration-like processes.^[32] Compliance with ASTM C330 standards requires particle densities under 1120 kg/m³ and abrasion loss below 40%, verified through sieve analysis and Los Angeles tumble tests on samples from waste ceramics, which also reduce embodied carbon by 20-30% relative to quartz fillers.^[33] In epoxy-based systems, incorporation at 20-40 vol% enhances fracture toughness by 15-25% via crack deflection at porous aggregate interfaces, without compromising chemical resistance to pH 2-12 environments.^[34]

Physics and Other Scientific Uses

In condensed matter physics, aggregates of atoms, molecules, or particles manifest emergent properties arising from collective interactions that defy simple summation of individual behaviors. Philip W. Anderson's 1972 essay "More Is Different" posits that, despite obedience to fundamental quantum laws, the complexity of aggregates introduces hierarchical scales where new phenomena, such as broken symmetry in crystals or superconductivity, emerge without reducible predictability from microscopic constituents alone. This framework, grounded in experimental observations of many-body systems, underscores causal chains where aggregate scale dictates outcomes, as seen in the failure of mean-field approximations for strongly correlated materials.^[35] Thermodynamic treatments of aggregates reveal phase transitions driven by cooperative effects, where entropy and energy balance shifts yield macroscopic discontinuities, exemplified by solidification in atomic aggregates or fluidization in granular packs. In granular aggregates—discrete assemblies of macroscopic particles like beads or powders—phase transitions mimic those in molecular systems, transitioning from jammed, solid-like rigidity to flowing states under applied stress or density changes, with critical points marked by power-law divergences in response functions.^[36] Confinement in these systems modifies capillary-driven transitions, altering aggregate porosity and stability through interfacial forces, as evidenced by shifts in transition order from first- to second-kind under spatial constraints.^[37] Experimental critiques of reductionism in physics emphasize empirically observed irreducible aggregate dynamics, such as collective excitations in Fermi liquids or spin waves in magnets, where perturbative expansions from single-particle states diverge, necessitating aggregate-level descriptions for accuracy.^[38] Recent 2025 investigations into aggregate behaviors, including excitonic states in molecular clusters, highlight persistent scale-dependent couplings like intermolecular charge transfer, reinforcing that aggregate complexity yields causal realism over exhaustive microsimulation.^[39] ^[40] These findings, derived from scattering experiments and simulations, affirm that while fundamental laws hold, aggregate-scale phenomenology governs observable physics without invoking unsubstantiated holism.

Engineering and Construction

Construction Aggregates

Construction aggregates consist of granular inert materials, such as sand, gravel, and crushed stone, that serve as the primary skeletal component in concrete, asphalt, and road base applications. These materials provide bulk volume, dimensional stability, and load-bearing capacity while minimizing shrinkage and enhancing overall durability. In concrete mixtures, aggregates typically comprise 60% to 80% of the total volume, with the exact proportion depending on the mix design for structural integrity and workability.^[41]^[42]^[43] Fine aggregates, primarily natural or manufactured sands with particle sizes passing a 4.75 mm sieve, fill voids between coarser particles to improve density and reduce cement paste requirements. Coarse aggregates, including gravel from riverbeds or crushed stone from quarried rock, range from 4.75 mm to 75 mm in size and dominate the mix for compressive strength; for instance, 20 mm sizes are standard for reinforced concrete, while 40 mm suits mass pours. Crushed stone offers angular shapes that interlock for superior shear resistance compared to rounded gravel, influencing pavement longevity under traffic loads. Aggregates must meet standards like ASTM C33 for grading, cleanliness, and deleterious substances to ensure performance.^[44]^[45]^[46] Aggregate properties directly cause variations in structural performance through mechanisms like particle packing and interfacial transition zone bonding with cement paste. Gradation, assessed via sieve analysis in AASHTO T 27, optimizes void ratios for load distribution; poorly graded mixes increase porosity, reducing compressive strength by up to 20% under equivalent paste volumes. Soundness testing per AASHTO T 104 evaluates weathering resistance, with magnesium sulfate exposure simulating freeze-thaw cycles to predict degradation in aggregates prone to expansion, thereby linking material selection to long-term bearing capacity in infrastructure. Angular crushed aggregates enhance tensile strength in asphalt by resisting rutting, as evidenced by higher Marshall stability values in performance tests.^[47]^[48] Recent adoption of recycled aggregates from demolished concrete, processed to remove contaminants, addresses resource depletion while maintaining viable strength; life-cycle assessments indicate global warming potential (GWP) reductions of 70% or more compared to virgin materials in optimized scenarios. In 2024 studies, mixed recycled aggregates lowered embodied carbon by minimizing extraction and transport emissions, with carbonation treatments further sequestering CO2 during curing. However, recycled variants demand adjusted mix designs due to higher water absorption (up to 7% versus 1% for natural), which can weaken bonds if unaccounted for, underscoring the need for empirical validation over unsubstantiated sustainability claims.^[49]^[50]^[51]

Economics and Statistics

Macroeconomic Aggregates

In macroeconomics, aggregate variables represent economy-wide totals, such as aggregate demand (AD), defined as the total planned spending on goods and services at a given price level, comprising consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (G), and net exports (NX), and aggregate supply (AS), the total output of goods and services that firms plan to sell at a given price level.^[52]^[53] These concepts originated in John Maynard Keynes's The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936), which posited that insufficient AD could cause persistent unemployment, challenging classical assumptions of automatic full-employment equilibrium through flexible prices and wages.^[53] Keynes emphasized AD's role in determining output and employment levels, advocating fiscal and monetary interventions to boost it during downturns. Empirical estimates of fiscal multipliers—the increase in output per unit of government spending—drawn from post-World War II U.S. data typically range from 0.6 to 1.0, with higher values (1.5 to 2.0) in recessions, supporting Keynesian claims of policy efficacy in amplifying demand shocks.^[54]^[55] Keynesian frameworks using aggregates have informed policies aimed at stabilizing business cycles, with post-WWII evidence showing reduced volatility in advanced economies attributed partly to countercyclical fiscal and monetary actions, such as deficit spending during recessions to sustain AD.^[56] These approaches achieved measurable success in mitigating depressions, as seen in the U.S. economy's postwar expansion, where government interventions helped maintain employment near full levels without reverting to pre-Depression instability.^[52] However, critics from the Austrian school, notably Friedrich Hayek in works like Prices and Production (1931), argued that macroeconomic aggregates obscure microeconomic foundations, masking distortions in capital structure and relative prices caused by monetary expansion, which lead to malinvestments rather than genuine demand deficiencies.^[57] Hayek's 1930s exchanges with Keynes highlighted how aggregate analysis fails to account for dispersed individual knowledge and intertemporal coordination, potentially exacerbating cycles through misguided interventions that ignore calculational impossibilities in resource allocation.^[58] Austrians maintain that true causality lies in micro-level entrepreneurial discoveries and market signals, not holistic demand aggregates, rendering Keynesian multipliers empirically fragile and theoretically flawed by neglecting supply-side adjustments.^[59] Recent advances in aggregation economics address these critiques by deriving testable conditions for consistent group-level behavior without relying on the representative agent assumption, as in Pierre-André Chiappori's models, which characterize aggregate outcomes from heterogeneous individual preferences and constraints in market settings.^[60] These frameworks, building on collective rationality axioms, enable empirical validation of macro relations from micro data, revealing when aggregates reliably reflect underlying distributions—such as in household consumption—while exposing failures in policy applications where heterogeneity invalidates simple multipliers.^[61] Such developments underscore the limits of purely Keynesian aggregates, favoring hybrid approaches that integrate causal micro-mechanisms for more robust macroeconomic inference.

Statistical and Data Aggregation

Aggregate data in statistics consists of summarized metrics derived from individual observations, such as arithmetic means, totals, or frequency distributions, in contrast to microdata that preserves records at the unit level.^[62] This process enables broad-scale analysis in domains like census reporting and epidemiology, where aggregate summaries support inferences about population trends without exposing personal details.^[63] For instance, U.S. Census Bureau practices routinely publish aggregated counts and rates to balance utility with confidentiality, as microdata dissemination heightens re-identification risks through cross-referencing with external datasets.^[64] Aggregation confers verifiable privacy advantages by obscuring individual identifiers, thereby lowering disclosure probabilities compared to raw microdata files, which permit detailed user-driven queries but demand stringent de-identification protocols.^[65] ^[66] In epidemiological applications, such as computing disease incidence rates across regions, aggregates facilitate causal inference on exposure-outcome links at group levels, drawing from administrative records or surveys while adhering to disclosure avoidance techniques like data swapping or noise infusion.^[63] However, these benefits are not absolute; sophisticated attackers can still infer sensitive attributes from aggregates via statistical attacks, prompting hybrid approaches like differential privacy in modern census operations since the 2020 decennial cycle.^[64] A primary limitation of aggregated datasets lies in their susceptibility to biases that distort causal interpretations, notably the ecological fallacy, wherein associations observed at the group level—such as correlations between regional socioeconomic factors and health metrics—fail to hold or reverse at the individual level.^[67] ^[68] This error, formalized in analyses of 1930 U.S. Census and literacy data, arises because aggregation masks heterogeneity within units, leading to spurious inferences; for example, ecological studies linking average pollution exposure to mortality rates across cities may overestimate individual risks if unmeasured confounders vary subnationally.^[67] Spatial aggregation exacerbates this by coarsening resolution, reducing variance detection and confounding individual-level causality with areal effects.^[68] In time series analysis, aggregation transforms high-frequency individual series into lower-frequency summaries, often inducing apparent long-memory properties—persistent autocorrelation decaying hyperbolically—due to cross-sectional heterogeneity or nonlinearities, even if originals exhibit short memory.^[69] Post-2013 empirical advancements, including refined estimators for the Hurst parameter (measuring persistence via rescaled range analysis), have enabled robust detection of such aggregation-induced long memory in volatility series, distinguishing true fractional integration from artifacts through simulations on ARFIMA models.^[70] ^[69] These methods, applied to financial or macroeconomic aggregates, reveal that temporal aggregation of squared returns can amplify detected persistence, informing model selection for forecasting under uncertainty.^[71] Healthcare outcomes exemplify aggregation's dual role: summaries like hospital-level readmission rates or staffing-adjusted length-of-stay metrics aggregate patient episodes to evaluate quality, yet critiques highlight how temporal or unit-level pooling biases effect estimates, such as understating nurse staffing impacts on individual recoveries by averaging over heterogeneous cases.^[72] ^[73] This mirrors ecological pitfalls, where facility aggregates mislead on causal pathways—e.g., inferring uniform treatment efficacy from departmental averages despite patient-specific variabilities—necessitating disaggregation or multilevel modeling for accurate inference.^[72] Empirical studies confirm aggregation over extended periods alters associations, with shorter windows yielding stronger, less biased links between inputs like staffing ratios and outputs like mortality reductions.^[72]

Religion and Philosophy

Religious Concepts of Aggregate

In scholastic theology, Thomas Aquinas employs the concept of aggregate to describe the completeness of beatitude, defining it as "a state rendered perfect by the aggregate of all goods," thereby encompassing the totality of spiritual perfections in the beatific vision.^[74] This aggregation integrates essential rewards with accidental goods, such as the aureole for virginity, which supplements but does not constitute the core of heavenly fulfillment.^[74] Similarly, Aquinas characterizes happiness as "a state made perfect by the aggregate of all good things," including external goods subordinated to the ultimate end, underscoring a holistic theological framework where individual virtues and divine graces coalesce into a unified perfection.^[75] The notion of aggregated merits appears in discussions of condign merit and supererogatory works, where acts beyond strict obligation contribute to a collective treasury benefiting the Church, as explored in Thomistic analyses of grace; however, these merits do not independently "aggregate a total number" sufficient for eternal life without divine infusion.^[76] Debates in medieval theology, drawn from primary texts like the Summa Theologica, center on whether such aggregation supports individual salvation through personal penance or extends to communal satisfactions, such as in the application of indulgences, without resolving into purely collective redemption. In Buddhism, the five aggregates (skandhas)—form (rūpa), feeling (vedanā), perception (saññā), mental formations (saṅkhāra), and consciousness (viññāṇa)—represent the empirical constituents of experience, systematically deconstructed in meditative practice to reveal impermanence (anicca) and no-self (anattā).^[77] Primary sources in the Pāli Canon, including the Saṃyutta Nikāya, present these aggregates as transient processes arising interdependently, forming the basis of clinging (upādāna) that perpetuates suffering (dukkha), with liberation achieved through insight into their empty, non-substantial nature.^[77] This doctrinal framework, verifiable in early discourses, emphasizes individual phenomenological analysis over collective entities, though Theravāda commentaries note their role in karmic continuity without positing an enduring soul.^[77]

Philosophical and Methodological Uses

In mereology, the philosophical study of part-whole relations originating in the work of Edmund Husserl around 1901, an aggregate denotes a mereological sum or fusion of parts where the whole possesses no properties beyond those derivable from its constituents, contrasting with structured wholes exhibiting novel relational features.^[78] This distinction, formalized in classical mereology by Stanisław Leśniewski in 1916, underscores a reductionist ontology wherein aggregates lack intrinsic unity or emergent dependencies on part arrangement.^[79] Leibniz employed "aggregate" to describe mere collections of monads lacking true substantial unity, as mereological sums rather than integrated entities, emphasizing that such wholes dissolve upon analysis into independent components.^[80] Methodological debates juxtapose holism, which posits that aggregates like social systems exhibit irreducible properties necessitating whole-level explanations, against individualism, which insists social phenomena reduce to part-level (individual) actions verifiable through empirical disaggregation.^[81] Émile Durkheim's 1893 formulation of collective consciousness as a sui generis social fact—an aggregate of shared beliefs and sentiments exerting causal force beyond individuals—exemplifies holism, treating society as an entity with properties wholes alone possess.^[82] Proponents of methodological individualism, including Friedrich Hayek in his 1948 essay "Individualism: True and False," counter that such holistic aggregates obscure causal chains, advocating explanations grounded in individual purposes and interactions subject to empirical testing.^[81] Empirical evidence from physics bolsters individualism: macroscopic aggregate properties, such as pressure in an ideal gas, emerge predictably from statistical ensembles of particulate motions under Newtonian laws, without invoking holistic irreducibility, as demonstrated in Ludwig Boltzmann's 1872 H-theorem linking entropy to molecular disorder.^[83] Karl Popper's falsifiability criterion, outlined in The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934), critiques positivist reliance on unfalsifiable social aggregates like Durkheim's, demanding reduction to testable individual-level hypotheses to avoid pseudoscience.^[84] Causal realism aligns aggregates with emergent patterns explainable via part interactions, rejecting strong holism's claim of downward causation from wholes; instead, efficacy traces to constituent mechanisms, as in critical realist accounts where higher-level powers supervene on but do not override lower-level ones.^[85] This framework debunks overreliance on group aggregates in explanatory models, which often conflate correlation with irreducible causation, favoring disaggregation to uncover true part-whole dynamics supported by microfoundational evidence.^[84] Academic preference for holism, prevalent in sociology despite these critiques, reflects institutional tendencies toward collectivist interpretations, yet physics-derived reductions highlight the methodological superiority of individualism for causal accuracy.^[83]

Arts, Entertainment, and Media

Literary and Artistic Works

In literature, "Aggregate" has been used as a title for poetry collections that examine themes of accumulation and fragmentation. Guy Birchard's Aggregate, published by Shearsman Books in 2018, comprises 82 pages of verse drawing on linguistic and perceptual aggregation.^[86] Michele Glazer's Aggregate of Disturbances, released by the University of Iowa Press in 1999, probes natural processes through poetry that confronts the instability of language and observation.^[87] Diane Puterbaugh's Aggregate: A Poetry Chapbook, self-published in 2021, presents an eclectic selection of poems intended to inspire reflection across diverse reader experiences. Prose works include Tom DeRosier's horror novel The Aggregate, first published in 2023, which depicts a malevolent entity emerging from soil in a narrative involving characters Lucy and Arthur.^[89] In visual arts, installations and sculptures titled Aggregate often incorporate physical materials to evoke industrial or natural conglomeration. Ian Brill's site-specific installation Aggregate, commissioned by Rivers of Steel and unveiled on May 3, 2019, utilized glass and industrial debris in a temporary egress structure at the Carrie Blast Furnaces site.^[90] Hannah Bates's Aggregate, exhibited at The Sculpture Center from 2022 through April 26, 2025, consists of bricks and rocks collected from Lake Erie, assembled to reference Rust Belt revival and material persistence.^[91] Jenny Wu's exhibition In the Aggregate, shown at George Mason University in 2022, features process-based abstractions formed by layering poured latex paint into thick, cake-like masses on glass.^[92] Jemima Wyman's Aggregate Icon (Black and White) (2020) comprises hundreds of hand-cut images from global protest photography, collaged to form a monolithic protest symbol.^[93]

Media and Entertainment Productions

"Aggregate" (2017) is an independent crime drama film directed by Tom Archdeacon, focusing on how unusual circumstances disrupt the lives of multiple individuals within a 24-hour span.^[94] Starring Darren Keefe Reiher, Jessica Morris, Rick Yudt, and Breanne Racano Ferrara, the film explores interconnected personal crises without explicit aggregate themes of collective entities, though its title evokes summation of disparate events.^[94] It holds an IMDb user rating of 8.8/10 based on over 1,000 votes, indicating niche acclaim among viewers despite limited theatrical distribution and box office data.^[95] In video games, Aggregate Core is an upcoming first-person shooter developed and published by Arctiform LLC, announced for PC via Steam.^[96] Set in a dystopian sci-fi world overrun by relentless machines, players assume the role of a corporate-controlled cyborg scavenging resources and combating threats, thematically aligning with aggregates of mechanical collectives dominating human remnants.^[96] A public demo was released during Steam's FPS Festival from April 15 to 22, 2024, but the full release date remains unconfirmed as of late 2025, with no aggregate review scores available yet due to its early access status.^[97] Music productions under the title include electronic albums such as Aggregate by Cluster Traxx, released October 7, 2022, compiling tracks from various artists in dub and experimental styles, reflecting an aggregate of collaborative sounds without chart success or widespread reception metrics.^[98] Similarly, Aggregate by post doom romance, issued September 2, 2022, features ambient compositions exploring ethereal and static motifs, available via Bandcamp but lacking notable commercial performance data.^[99] These works represent indie efforts rather than mainstream entertainment, with no documented controversies over thematic interpretations of aggregation.

Other Uses

Everyday and Miscellaneous Applications

In legal proceedings, particularly mass tort litigation, the term "aggregate" denotes the summation of multiple claims or damages to determine jurisdictional thresholds or enable collective settlements without formal class certification. For instance, U.S. federal law defines a mass tort action as one where more than 100 persons assert claims totaling over $10 million in damages for personal injury or property loss arising from the same factual circumstances.^[100] This aggregation facilitates efficient resolution of widespread harms, such as those from defective products, by combining individual claims to meet diversity jurisdiction requirements under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, where separate claims against the same defendant can be totaled but not across multiple defendants.^[101] In environmental modeling, aggregate approaches quantify cumulative pollution effects across pollutants or regions, aiding regulatory assessments. An aggregated air and water pollution index (AWPI), for example, integrates impacts from technical systems on multiple media to evaluate overall environmental burdens, as developed in engineering analyses of industrial emissions.^[102] Similarly, machine learning models aggregate data from external sources like weather and traffic to forecast air pollution concentrations, with long short-term memory (LSTM) networks combining predictions for pollutants such as PM2.5 and NO2, achieving improved accuracy over single-model baselines in urban settings.^[103] Sociological research employs aggregate data—summarized statistics from surveys or administrative records—to analyze population-level behaviors and trends while preserving anonymity. This method compiles responses across individuals into averages by geographic area, year, or demographic group, enabling studies of social patterns like employment rates or health outcomes without microdata risks.^[104] For example, repeated cross-sectional surveys aggregate responses to track changes in public attitudes, such as voting intentions, revealing shifts like a 5-10% aggregate increase in support for certain policies over election cycles when analyzed via ecological inference techniques.^[105] Social aggregates also describe transient groupings of unrelated individuals in shared spaces, like crowds at events, distinct from cohesive categories bound by norms.^[106] In industrial applications, particularly construction materials handling, autonomous technologies have advanced aggregate processing in quarries as of 2024. Caterpillar Inc. deployed its first autonomous haul trucks for aggregates at Luck Stone's quarry in Virginia, transporting crushed stone and gravel loads exceeding 50 tons per cycle to enhance safety and efficiency in pit-to-crusher operations.^[107] These systems integrate GPS, sensors, and AI for unmanned navigation, reducing human exposure to hazards and operational costs by up to 15% in material movement, aligning with broader shifts toward automation in mining and aggregate production amid labor shortages.^[108] Everyday uses of aggregates, such as sand and gravel in concrete for residential foundations or roadways, rely on such handling to supply over 50 billion tons annually worldwide for infrastructure maintenance.^[109]

References

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1. a mass or body of units or parts somewhat loosely associated with one another Froth is an aggregate of tiny bubbles. 2. the whole sum or amount : sum total
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formed by adding together several amounts or things; total: The seven companies made an aggregate profit of $10.2 million. aggregate. noun [ C/U ] us.
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Originating c. 1400 from Latin aggregatus, past participle of aggregare meaning "to bring together in a flock," aggregate denotes a collection or sum united ...
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May 14, 2020 · Definition. An aggregate is a composite value measuring the result of economic activity. The main aggregate is GDP.
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noun · a sum, mass, or assemblage of particulars; a total or gross amount. · a cluster of soil particles: an aggregate larger than 250 micrometers in diameter, ...
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May 23, 2023 · An aggregate function performs a calculation on a set of values, and returns a single value. Except for COUNT(*), aggregate functions ignore null values.COUNT (Transact-SQL) · GROUPING (Transact-SQL)
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Sep 27, 2022 · A database stores data in an optimized way(indexes) and may also store some statistical data which may make aggregation operations cheap.Why are SQL aggregate functions so much slower than Python and ...Performance impact of multiple aggregate functions in HAVING clauseMore results from stackoverflow.com
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Apr 4, 2023 · This is a new aggregate function any_value() that just returns “any value”, meaning an arbitrary, non-null value, from the input set. This ...
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First, aggregation involves a simple arithmetic op- eration, making it amenable to parallelization and pipelined execution on programmable network devices. We ...
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By an "aggregate" (Menge) we are to understand any collection into a whole (Zusammenfassung zu einem Ganzen) M of definite and separate objects m of our ...
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geometrical theory of aggregates (Mengenlehre). By a manifold or aggregate I understand generally any multiplicity which can be thought of as one. (jedes Viele ...<|separator|>
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"Aggregate" is an archaic word for infinite sets such as those considered by Georg Cantor. The term is sometimes also used to refer to a finite or infinite set.
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Fruits - USDA Forest Service
Aggregate Fruits: fruits derived from multiple ovaries of a single flower. Stawberries; Raspberries. Multiple Fruits: Fruits from many flowers packed together, ...
[17]
8.1: Fruit Morphology - Biology LibreTexts
Jul 27, 2022 · An aggregate fruit is from one flower with many ovaries, and the multiple fruit is made up of multiple flowers. Fruit types. Fruits are also ...
[18]
Fruit Formation Parts Types - BYJU'S
Drupes: These are also known as stone fruits since it contains a very hard seed inside the simple fruits. For eg., plum, cherry, peach. Berries: These type of ...
[19]
Examples of Aggregate Fruits - Backyard Nature
Blackberries, dewberries and raspberries are aggregate fruits whose ovaries mature into drupelets. The picture at the right shows two stages of a developing ...
[20]
A computational framework for testing hypotheses of the minimal ...
Mar 19, 2023 · We have developed a computational model of cell migration and aggregation mechanisms for cells trapped between two concentric spheres, as is the ...
[21]
Role of Multicellular Aggregates in Biofilm Formation - PMC - NIH
Mar 22, 2016 · This makes it likely that biofilms are often seeded by aggregates and single cells, yet how these aggregates impact biofilm initiation and ...Missing: developmental | Show results with:developmental
[22]
Role of Multicellular Aggregates in Biofilm Formation | mBio
In traditional models of in vitro biofilm development, individual bacterial cells seed a surface, multiply, and mature into multicellular, three-dimensional ...Missing: developmental | Show results with:developmental
[23]
Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights
Gut microbiota deviations are linked with many diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, intestinal bowel diseases (IBDs) and several ...
[24]
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822%2822%2900923-X
[25]
Influences of nanoparticles aggregation/agglomeration on the ...
Aug 1, 2017 · The findings show that the nanoparticles aggregation/agglomeration significantly reduces the interfacial/interphase and tensile properties of nanocomposites.
[26]
Effects of Size and Aggregation/Agglomeration of Nanoparticles on ...
Jul 17, 2018 · The aggregation/agglomeration of nanoparticles reduces the potential enhancement of mechanical properties in nanocomposites, due to the ...
[27]
Influence of nanoparticle agglomeration on tensile strength
Apr 21, 2025 · The findings indicate that there is a clear and statistically significant inverse link between the size of agglomerations and the tensile ...Missing: porosity | Show results with:porosity
[28]
Reversible assembly of nanoparticles: theory, strategies and ...
Sep 26, 2022 · The van der Waals force originates from interactions of electrons in particles and their dipolar and dielectric properties and, between similar ...
[29]
A review of contact force models between nanoparticles in ...
Aggregates are clusters of primary particles that are chemically bonded by strong sinter-bridges with dimensions typically between 200 and 300 nm, but can reach ...
[30]
Spectroscopy of van der Waals nanomaterials - AIP Publishing
Nov 1, 2023 · In this review, we survey a range of techniques for synthesizing and characterizing vdW nanomaterials, in order to outline the key material and ...
[31]
Nanoparticle mediated non-covalent drug delivery - PMC - NIH
Many of their interaction with their environment are mainly based on non-covalent forces including van der Waals, steric, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and ...
[32]
Engineering properties and pore structure of lightweight aggregates ...
Sep 19, 2022 · All LWA passed the ASTM C1761 requirements for application to the internal curing of concrete, which are: greater than 5 % water absorption (by ...
[33]
Sustainable Green Lightweight Concrete Containing Plastic-Based ...
Jun 15, 2021 · ASTM C330/C330M-14 . Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete. ASTM International; West Conshohocken, PA ...
[34]
Utilization of lightweight ceramic aggregates based on waste ...
Nov 26, 2024 · In this study, a novel lightweight epoxy polymer concrete (PC) was developed with lightweight ceramic aggregates based on waste materials.
[35]
More is different with a vengeance - ScienceDirect.com
Aug 17, 2022 · In his 1972 landmark paper “More is Different,” Philip W. Anderson established “complexity” as a fundamentally important subject of inquiry.
[36]
Modelling phase transition in granular materials: From discontinuum ...
This work focuses on the behaviour of granular materials under unsteady, simple shear conditions and, in particular, on from solid- to fluid-like phase ...
[37]
Effect of Confinement on Capillary Phase Transition in Granular ...
We analyze the effect of confinement on the nature of capillary phase transition in granular aggregates with varying disorder and their inverse porous ...
[38]
Emergence and Reductionism: an awkward Baconian alliance ...
This article discusses the relationship between emergence and reductionism from the perspective of a condensed matter physicist. Reductionism and emergence ...
[39]
Condensed Matter: More Is Different - Zhou - Wiley Online Library
Aug 6, 2025 · To showcase the recent developments in the study of aggregate matter in condensed matter physics, Aggregate has organized a Special Collection: ...
[40]
Excited State Structure and Decay Rates for Aggregates - Shuai - 2025
Feb 16, 2025 · We are going to summarize our recent progress on theoretical investigations on the effects of excitonic coupling (J) and the intermolecular charge transfer (CT)
[41]
Aggregates for Concrete
ASTM C 33 (“Standard Specifications for Concrete Aggre- gates”) lists several such size groups using the simplified practice recommendation (SPR) number ...
[42]
About Concrete - NRMCA
Aggregates comprise 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete. The type and size of the aggregate mixture depends on the thickness and purpose of the ...
[43]
Aggregate Concrete - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Aggregates generally occupy 60%–80% of the concrete volume. Traditionally, the aggregates are often thought of as being inert fillers. They do not have ...
[44]
Different Types of Aggregate, Their Uses, and Sizes | Tensar
May 1, 2024 · A coarse aggregate of 20mm size is most commonly used for reinforced concrete, with a larger 40mm size for mass concrete.
[45]
The Different Types of Aggregates Used in Concrete - Bonness Inc
Mar 10, 2021 · A good concrete mix requires about 60% to 75% aggregate by volume, with clean, hard and strong particles. Aggregates treated with chemicals, ...
[46]
Construction Aggregates 101: What They Are (and Why They Matter)
They provide the foundation for roads, bridges, and buildings, while also making up over 90% of an asphalt pavement and up to 80% of a concrete mix. On average, ...
[47]
[PDF] NCHRP Report 453 - Performance-Related Tests of Aggregates for ...
The magnesium sulfate soundness test, conducted accord- ing to AASHTO T 104, gives an estimate of an aggregate's resistance to weathering. This test ...
[48]
The Effect of Aggregate Properties on Concrete
The bulk density measures the volume that the graded aggregate will occupy in concrete, including the solid aggregate particles and the voids between them.
[49]
LCA applied to comparative environmental evaluation of aggregate ...
Jun 26, 2024 · The results revealed that the production of mixed recycled aggregate is more environmentally beneficial, confirming a reduction of 70.66% in ...Experimental Methodology · Source Of Aggregates And... · Results And Discussion
[50]
Multi-Indicator Environmental Impact Assessment of Recycled ...
In optimized fixed-plant scenarios, GWP can be reduced by up to 82.27%. The environmental performance of RAC is highly sensitive to transportation distance.
[51]
Cutting-edge techniques and environmental insights in recycled ...
Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) provides an effective alternative to NA, reducing environmental impacts and enhancing resource efficiency (Hansen, 1986).
[52]
What Is Keynesian Economics? - Back to Basics
The main plank of Keynes's theory, which has come to bear his name, is the assertion that aggregate demand—measured as the sum of spending by households, ...
[53]
John Maynard Keynes - Econlib
It was pathbreaking in several ways, in particular because it introduced the notion of aggregate demand as the sum of consumption, investment, and government ...<|separator|>
[54]
[PDF] Government Spending Multipliers in Good Times and in Bad
This paper finds no evidence that government spending multipliers differ by the amount of slack in the economy. Most estimates are between 0.6 and 1.
[55]
How Powerful Are Fiscal Multipliers in Recessions? | NBER
We conclude that a dollar increase in government spending raises output by about $1.50 to $2 in recessions and by only about $0.50 in expansions.
[56]
Keynesian Economics - Econlib
5. Many, but not all, Keynesians advocate activist stabilization policy to reduce the amplitude of the business cycle, which they rank among the most important ...
[57]
Mr. Keynes's Aggregates - FEE.org
Apr 5, 2012 · Hayek wrote: “Mr. Keynes' aggregates conceal the most fundamental mechanisms of change.” That Austrian macroeconomics rests firmly on the ...
[58]
[PDF] HAyEK'S CRITIQUE OF The General Theory - Mises Institute
ABSTRACT: Hayek is seen as one of the main opponents of Keynes because of the debate about macroeconomics that they had in the early thirties.
[59]
Chapter 9: The Austrian School: Capital-Based Macroeconomics
Austrian macro is micro-friendly. The pattern of resource allocation can be modified in systematic ways, changing the temporal profile of production activities.
[60]
New Developments in Aggregation Economics - Annual Reviews
Sep 4, 2011 · The goal of this article is to provide a general characterization of the aggregate behavior of a group in a market environment.
[61]
The Economics and Mathematics of Aggregation: Formal Models of ...
60-day returnsNov 13, 2009 · The Economics and Mathematics of Aggregation provides a general characterization of group behavior in a market environment. A crucial feature of ...
[62]
1 Introduction | Expanding Access to Research Data
Microdata, in contrast to summary, aggregated data, provide individual-level information. Linked microdata usually refer to individual survey data that are ...
[63]
Current trends in the application of causal inference methods to ...
Causal methods have been adopted and adapted across health disciplines, particularly for the analysis of single studies. However, the sample sizes necessary ...
[64]
[PDF] Consistency of Data Products and Formal Privacy Methods for the ...
Jan 11, 2022 · microdata generated to produce the same results as the privacy-protected statistics when the queries are run on that data. This requirement ...
[65]
Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality While Providing Access to ...
De-identified individual-level microdata files are of great benefit to researchers because they permit a wide variety of detailed analyses. However, they also ...
[66]
Privacy-by-Design: Understanding Data Access Models for ...
Once a customized dataset is produced, researchers can analyze the data at the level of individuals (microdata) or groups (aggregate data). The research task ...
[67]
Ecological and individualistic fallacies in health disparities research
Ecological fallacy, defined by Robinson in 1950 as incorrect inferences about individuals based on characteristics and associations observed among groups (1), ...
[68]
Spatial Aggregation and the Ecological Fallacy - PMC - NIH
Spatial aggregation, grouping data by geographical areas, can cause ecological bias, reducing information and preventing identification of individual-level ...
[69]
Long Memory, Antipersistence, and Aggregation - MDPI
This paper used cross-sectional aggregation as the inspiration for a model with long-range dependence that arises in actual data.Missing: post- | Show results with:post-
[70]
The empirical properties of some estimators of long memory
We present the results of a simulation study into the properties of 12 different estimators of the Hurst parameter, H, or the fractional integration ...
[71]
Temporal Aggregation and Long Memory for Asset Price Volatility
We show how the squared low-frequency returns can be expressed in terms of the temporal aggregation of a high-frequency series.Missing: detection post-<|separator|>
[72]
The effect of data aggregation on estimations of nurse staffing ... - NIH
Aggregation of data over long time periods can significantly impact estimates of patient outcomes resulting from variations in nurse staffing to the extent that ...Missing: critiques | Show results with:critiques
[73]
The Effect of Data Aggregation on Estimations of Nurse Staffing and ...
Aug 11, 2021 · The authors examined how estimates of the association between nurse staffing and patient length of stay (LOS) change with data aggregation ...
[74]
SUMMA THEOLOGIAE: The aureoles (Supplementum, Q. 96)
iii), beatitude is "a state rendered perfect by the aggregate of all goods." Therefore the essential reward includes every good possessed in heaven; so that ...
[75]
Summa Theologica - EWTN
iii): happiness is "a state made perfect by the aggregate of all good things." But some of man's goods are external, although they be of least account, as ...
[76]
[PDF] Development in Aquinas's Theology of Grace and the Role of Saint ...
not aggregate a total number of good works deserving of eternal life, they can do work which, in its quality, has condignity with the reward of eternal life ...
[77]
The Five Aggregates: A Study Guide - Access to Insight
The canon depicts the Buddha as saying that he taught only two topics: suffering and the end of suffering (§2). A survey of the Pali discourses shows him using ...Missing: sources | Show results with:sources
[78]
[PDF] Towards a Theory of Part
classical mereology, according to which a whole is a mere sum, or 'aggregate' or 'fusion', formed from its parts without regard for how they might fit together ...
[79]
[PDF] Mereology - Buffalo Ontology Site
Mereology (from the Greek µερος, 'part') is the theory of parthood relations: of the relations of part to whole and the relations of part to part within a ...
[80]
[PDF] Leibniz's notion of an Aggregate
As we shall see below, Hartz holds that Leibniz usually intends the term 'aggregate' to signify a different category of entities, 'mereological aggregates'. 17 ...
[81]
[PDF] Methodological individualism and holism in political science
Here, we address the methodological debate in political science ... similar debates about individualism and holism concerning evaluative and normative.
[82]
Émile Durkheim and the Collective Consciousness of Society
This volume sets out to explore the use of Émile Durkheim's concept of the 'collective consciousness of society', and represents the first ever book-length ...Missing: critique Popper
[83]
Dimensions of the Methodological Individualism/Holism Debate
Jun 24, 2024 · Analyzing the doctrine of methodological individualism and its opposition to methodological holism, I start by briefly reviewing three ...
[84]
Open Empirical and Methodological Issues in the Individualism ...
The main argument of the article is that there is a set of clear empirical issues around the holism-individualism debate that are central problems in current ...<|separator|>
[85]
[PDF] Emergence and the realist account of cause
This paper aims to improve critical realism's understanding of emergence by discussing, first, what emergence is and how it works; second, the need for a ...
[86]
https://openlibrary.org/works/OL20560367W/Aggregate
[87]
Aggregate of Disturbances (9780877458784): Michele Glazer
In Aggregate of Disturbances, Michele Glazer confronts the slipperiness of language and perception as she probes natural processes.
[88]
Aggregate: A Poetry Chapbook by Diane Puterbaugh | Goodreads
Aggregate is an eclectic collection of poems by Diane Puterbaugh. Each line will inspire, provoke thought, and engage diverse readers.
[89]
Amazon.com: The Aggregate (Audible Audio Edition)
Neither Lucy, nor Arthur, nor the Aggregate realize there is something else at work, something malevolent that has sprung from the very soil beneath their feet.
[90]
Aggregate - Rivers of Steel
Aggregate. In 2019, Rivers of Steel commissioned local contemporary artist Ian Brill to create a temporary site-specific installation in the glass egress ...
[91]
Reviving the Rust Belt: Hannah Bates's Aggregate, at The Sculpture ...
Installation View of Aggregate, on view at The Sculpture Center, on view through April 26th. Thaw, 2022 – 2025, bricks and rocks collected from Lake Erie, ...
[92]
JENNY WU: IN THE AGGREGATE - Mason Exhibitions
May 31, 2022 · Her processed-based abstract works are built from layers of latex paint poured on glass, color over color, to form a thick cake-like aggregate.<|separator|>
[93]
Jemima Wyman | Aggregate Icon (Black and White) (2020) - Artsy
Comprising of 100s of images from protest activity around the world, Aggregate Icon (Black and White) is an ambitious and detailed work. Wyman has hand-cut ...
[94]
Aggregate (2017) - IMDb
Rating 8.8/10 (11) Aggregate: Directed by Tom Archdeacon. With Darren Keefe Reiher, Jessica Morris, Rick Yudt, Breanne Racano Ferrara. Unusual circumstances alter the lives of ...
[95]
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3564256/ratings
[96]
Aggregate Core on Steam
Title: Aggregate Core Genre: Action, Indie. Developer: Arctiform LLC. Publisher: Arctiform LLC. Release Date: Coming soon. READ MORE. Is this game relevant to ...
[97]
Aggregate Core - Steam Community
Apr 14, 2024 · A demo for our game is going to be available to the public during the FPS Festival here on Steam from April 15th-22nd. Aggregate Core is in ...
[98]
Aggregate - Cluster Traxx - Bandcamp
Free deliveryAggregate by Cluster Traxx, released 07 October 2022 1. Dubix - Sans Plomb 95 2. Mambo Kahn - Raskit Boi 3. MEDULA - The Bodies 4. Lord Jalapeños - Trauma 5 ...
[99]
aggregate | post doom romance - Somnimage - Bandcamp
$$8.00 Free deliveryaggregate by post doom romance, released 02 September 2022 1. tremulations on the ether 2. flowers in the static 3. transpositions one 4. being and ...
[100]
[PDF] Aggregation and Settlement of Mass Torts
A mass tort action is an action filed by any per- son against whom more than 100 persons have asserted claims aggregating more than $10,000,000 for personal ...
[101]
aggregation of jurisdictional amount | Wex - Law.Cornell.Edu
A party can aggregate as many claims as they wish against the same party to meet the amount in controversy requirement. That said, alternative theories of ...
[102]
Contributions to an aggregated environmental pollution index
To consider especially the environmental impacts of technical systems on air and water, an aggregated air and water pollution index (AWPI) is presented. This is ...
[103]
An LSTM-based aggregated model for air pollution forecasting
To improve prediction accuracy, we aggregate three LSTM models into a predictive model for early predictions based on external sources of pollution and ...
[104]
[PDF] Using Aggregate Administrative Data in Social Policy Research
Aggregate data refers to data on individuals that have been averaged by year, by geographic area, by service agency, or in some other way.
[105]
Analyzing Repeated Surveys - Aggregate Trends
a technique for asking the same questions to different samples of people — allows researchers the opportunity to analyze chang.
[106]
Social Category and Social Aggregate | Research Starters - EBSCO
Social aggregates refer to groups of people who happen to be at the same place at the same time, with no direct connection to one another. To better understand ...
[107]
Caterpillar Future Technology Advancements at Luck Stone Quarry
This marks Caterpillar's first deployment of autonomous technology in the aggregates industry and will expand the company's autonomous truck fleet to include ...
[108]
Autonomous material handling – a crucial step toward the mine of ...
Apr 17, 2024 · It will be completed in April 2024 and aims to develop technologies, methods, and processes for the sustainable mines of the future. The ...Missing: aggregate | Show results with:aggregate
[109]
The Uses of Construction Aggregates Industry - Rackers Equipment
Jul 26, 2024 · Here are 10 Common Uses for Aggregate Materials Mined from Quarries. They are added to concrete mixes to keep cement costs down and to reduce ...