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Common raven

The common raven (Corvus corax) is a large, entirely black passerine bird species in the Corvidae family, distinguished by its robust build, wedge-shaped tail, and thick neck hackles.^[1]^[2] It ranks among the largest songbirds globally, typically measuring 56–69 cm in length with a wingspan of 115–150 cm and weighing 0.7–2.0 kg.^[3]^[4] Native to the Northern Hemisphere, the species exhibits the broadest distribution of any corvid, inhabiting diverse environments from Arctic tundra and boreal forests to deserts, mountains, and coastal regions.^[5]^[6]^[2] Renowned for its exceptional intelligence relative to body size—among the highest in avian species—common ravens demonstrate advanced problem-solving, tool use, and social learning capabilities, such as recognizing individual humans and forming alliances for cooperative hunting.^[7]^[8] Their omnivorous diet includes carrion, insects, small vertebrates, fruits, and human refuse, enabling opportunistic foraging that contributes to their adaptability across varied habitats.^[2]^[4] Ravens are generally monogamous, with pairs defending large territories and constructing bulky nests in cliffs, trees, or artificial structures, often reusing them for years.^[9] Currently classified as Least Concern by the IUCN due to stable or increasing populations across much of its range, the common raven has recovered from historical persecution and habitat loss in some areas, though localized declines occur where it preys on endangered species' eggs or competes with livestock interests.^[10] Its vocal repertoire, including deep croaks and mimicry of other sounds, aids in complex communication within family groups and larger winter aggregations.^[7]^[8]

Taxonomy and Phylogeny

Classification and Subspecies

The common raven (Corvus corax) is placed in the order Passeriformes, family Corvidae, and genus Corvus, sharing the latter with approximately 40 other species including various crows, from which it differs markedly in adult body mass exceeding 1 kg and genetic markers indicating a basal position within the genus.^[11]^[2]^[12] Phylogenetic analyses confirm the monophyly of Corvus, with the raven lineage diverging from other corvid groups approximately 15 million years ago during the Miocene, followed by limited gene flow evidenced by low hybridization rates with congeners such as the Chihuahuan raven (C. cryptoleucus).^[12]^[13] As many as 15 subspecies are recognized across the Holarctic distribution, though some authorities consolidate to 8-11 based on morphological and molecular overlap; these taxa show clinal variations in size, bill curvature, and feather gloss tied to latitude and habitat type.^[14]^[7] Northern populations tend toward larger dimensions for thermoregulation in cold climates, while southern forms exhibit reduced mass and shorter wings for maneuverability in arid or forested zones.^[14] Notable subspecies include C. c. principalis of northern North America and Greenland, distinguished by its heavy bill (culmen up to 8.5 cm) and glossy black plumage adapted to subarctic conditions; C. c. sinuatus of the southwestern United States, with a more slender build and lighter throat hackles; and C. c. tingitanus of northwest Africa, featuring smaller overall size (wingspan averaging 115 cm) and browner tones in worn feathers.^[14]^[15] Genetic surveys reveal subtle mtDNA divergences among these, supporting subspecific status despite ongoing debates over intergradation zones.^[15]^[16]

Evolutionary Origins and Adaptations

The Corvidae family, to which the common raven (Corvus corax) belongs, originated during the Miocene epoch, with the earliest corvid fossils documented from mid-Miocene deposits in Europe dating to approximately 17 million years ago. The genus Corvus emerged later in the Upper Miocene, around 10 to 5 million years ago, marking the initial diversification of crow- and raven-like forms. Fossil evidence for raven-specific lineages appears in the Late Pliocene, with more definitive C. corax remains from the Pleistocene, including a nearly complete skull from Jinyuan Cave in China dated to 450,000–580,000 years ago.^[17]^[18] A hallmark adaptation in corvid evolution, including ravens, is the relative enlargement of the forebrain, which empirical studies link to enhanced cognitive capacities for opportunistic foraging and behavioral innovation. Comparative analyses of avian brain size across 196 species show that corvids exhibit higher rates of feeding innovations—such as exploiting novel food sources—correlating with expanded telencephalon volumes, enabling flexible responses to environmental variability over specialized strategies. This neural development likely provided selective advantages in ancestral corvid lineages, predisposing ravens to exploit diverse ecological niches through problem-solving precursors like tool use and cache protection.^[19]^[19] Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles drove the raven's Holarctic dispersal, with repeated habitat expansions favoring generalist traits such as broad dietary tolerance and climatic resilience. Phylogeographic reconstructions using mitochondrial DNA from over 1,100 ravens across Eurasia and North America indicate that the Holarctic clade experienced intermediate divergence stages during this epoch, involving population bottlenecks and secondary contacts that reinforced adaptability rather than narrow specialization.^[20]^[20] Comparative anatomical evidence from corvid phylogeny reveals evolutionary precursors to the raven's flight efficiency, including elongated primaries and robust humerus structures that support sustained soaring and agile maneuvers, traits refined from Miocene ancestors to facilitate wide-ranging foraging in heterogeneous landscapes.^[21]

Physical Characteristics

Morphology and Size Variation

The common raven (Corvus corax) exhibits a body length of 56–69 cm, a wingspan of 120–150 cm, and a mass ranging from 689 to 1,625 g in adults.^[22] ^[23] Sexual dimorphism is minimal, with females averaging slightly smaller than males in linear measurements and mass.^[2] Key morphological features include glossy black plumage with an iridescent sheen, elongated throat feathers forming hackles, a robust chisel-like bill, long pointed wings, and a distinctive wedge-shaped tail.^[1] ^[24] ^[25] The bill's structure supports forceful prying, while the tail shape aids in aerial maneuverability.^[23] ^[2] Size variation occurs along regional clines, with larger-bodied individuals in northern and high-elevation populations compared to smaller ones in southern and arid regions, aligning with Bergmann's rule of increased body size in colder climates to conserve heat.^[14] This pattern, evident across the 11 recognized subspecies, has been documented through comparative analyses of morphological traits in museum specimens.^[7]^[14]

Vocalizations and Mimicry

The common raven (Corvus corax) produces a diverse acoustic repertoire exceeding 30 distinct vocalizations, categorized through field observations and audio analyses.^[26] These include guttural croaks serving territorial advertisement and pair bonding, harsh grating knocks, and bell-like tones often emitted during flight or social interactions.^[27] Alarm calls, typically shrill and repetitive, signal threats such as predators, prompting evasive responses in nearby individuals.^[26] Ravens exhibit vocal mimicry of conspecifics, other avian species, mammalian predators, and anthropogenic noises, documented via spectrographic comparisons in captive and wild settings.^[28] Instances include imitating dog whines to deter hawks during confrontations and replicating bell or gong resonances, potentially enhancing acoustic signaling in varied environments.^[29] ^[30] Playback experiments reveal this vocal flexibility facilitates foraging deception, where ravens emit food-associated yells to recruit naive juveniles to carcasses, then dominate access through physical interference rather than direct sharing.^[31] Such manipulation exploits group dynamics, allowing callers to assess competitors and avoid predation risks by diluting individual vigilance.^[32] In territorial contexts, mimicked alarm calls from predators may confuse rivals or intruders, supporting survival via indirect deterrence without escalating physical encounters.^[28]

Distribution and Habitat Preferences

Global Range and Population Trends

The common raven (Corvus corax) maintains a broad Holarctic breeding distribution, spanning the Northern Hemisphere from Arctic tundra and boreal forests southward to montane, steppe, desert, and coastal habitats across Eurasia and North America. Its range encompasses northern Europe (including Iceland and Greenland), Siberia extending to central and western China, North Africa, and much of North America from Alaska southward to northern Mexico and Baja California. While largely resident within this core area, the species exhibits limited seasonal movements at range edges to evade harsh conditions, with vagrants documented in subtropical locales.^[33]^[34]^[7] Globally, the common raven holds IUCN Least Concern status as of 2025 assessments, underpinned by its expansive range exceeding 100 million square kilometers and a large, stable population not facing substantial threats at continental scales. In North America, Partners in Flight estimates place the mature population at approximately 8.3 million individuals across the United States and Canada, forming a significant portion of the global total.^[33]^[7] Population trends indicate overall stability or modest increases, with North American data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey showing a slightly positive annual rate. Between 1966 and 2018, abundances rose in 73% of ecoregions, driven by opportunistic exploitation of human-modified landscapes that supply carrion via roadways and waste. Christmas Bird Count records and similar citizen-science efforts further document expansions, particularly in the western United States where such subsidies have boosted densities, though localized reductions persist from predator control measures involving poisons.^[33]^[35]^[36]

Habitat Adaptability and Environmental Influences

The common raven (Corvus corax) inhabits a broad spectrum of environments, ranging from Arctic tundra and boreal forests to temperate woodlands, high deserts, and Mediterranean shrublands across the Holarctic region.^[23] ^[8] This versatility stems from its opportunistic exploitation of varied terrain, favoring open landscapes for ground-based activities while utilizing elevated sites such as cliffs, conifers, or deciduous trees for nesting.^[9] In densely vegetated forests, ravens often select edge habitats or clearings to enhance visibility and access to resources.^[37] Human-modified landscapes significantly influence raven distribution, with elevated densities observed near anthropogenic food subsidies like roadkill along highways and waste at landfills, which supplement natural scavenging opportunities.^[38] ^[39] Ravens readily nest on artificial structures including power-line towers, bridges, and transmission lines, particularly in areas lacking natural cliffs, thereby expanding into urban edges and agricultural zones.^[9] ^[40] These adaptations enable population increases in proximity to human development, as evidenced by higher nesting success in subsidized environments.^[41] ^[42] Ecological studies reveal correlations between raven densities and vegetation patterns, with higher abundances in low-elevation sites featuring greener vegetation (high Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) and reduced shrub or annual grass cover, often at ecotones between native and altered habitats.^[43] ^[44] For instance, raven occurrence intensifies along edges formed by fire scars or invasive vegetation transitions, providing structural diversity for perching and foraging visibility.^[45] Habitat fragmentation exerts limited negative effects on raven populations due to their extensive dispersal capabilities and large home ranges, allowing individuals to traverse modified landscapes effectively.^[46] This resilience underscores the species' capacity to persist amid environmental perturbations, including those driven by climate variability or land-use changes.^[47]

Behavioral Ecology

Foraging Strategies and Diet

The common raven maintains an opportunistic omnivorous diet dominated by carrion, which forms the bulk of consumed biomass in many habitats, supplemented by insects, grains, fruits, small vertebrates, eggs, and garbage.^[48] Analyses of regurgitated pellets and stomach contents indicate regional and seasonal variations; for example, in a Polish fish pond region, animal matter accounted for 95% of dietary biomass, with carrion comprising the majority thereof—primarily fish (76%) and large mammal remains (17%)—while small mammals contributed only 3%.^[49] In coastal or agricultural areas, grains and berries increase during summer, reflecting availability of plant matter and invertebrates.^[50] Foraging emphasizes low-effort scavenging at predictable high-reward sources like carcasses, where ravens form temporary groups to exploit bonanzas, with non-breeders and juveniles often recruiting additional individuals through vocalizations to overwhelm competitors and divide shares.^[51] Excess food is cached by scatter-hoarding in soil or under cover to minimize pilferage risks in competitive environments, a tactic that reduces immediate waste and buffers against scarcity.^[52] Adaptation to human-modified landscapes enhances dietary flexibility, as ravens readily incorporate anthropogenic subsidies such as roadkill, refuse, and crop residues, correlating with documented range expansions—particularly eastward in North America—and population growth rates of about 1.5% annually from 1966 to 2003 in surveyed areas.^[9]^[53] This synurbic shift underscores carrion and waste as energetically efficient staples, enabling persistence in novel environments where natural prey fluctuates.^[39]

Predation Tactics and Ecological Impacts

Common ravens exhibit opportunistic predation, targeting eggs, nestlings, and vulnerable juveniles across diverse taxa, including birds, mammals, and reptiles. Pairs often coordinate distractions, such as one raven drawing away defending adults while the other accesses nests to consume eggs or young, enabling efficient exploitation of seabird colonies and other avian breeding sites.^[54] They also attack weakened or newborn prey, such as lambs in pastoral areas and soft-shelled juvenile desert tortoises, which are ambushed in open habitats with sparse cover where escape is limited.^[2]^[55] In ecosystems, ravens serve as predators that help regulate small mammal populations, including rodents and agricultural pests, through direct consumption observed in diet analyses from regions like Algeria.^[56] This scavenging and hunting role can mitigate pest outbreaks, providing indirect benefits to human-managed landscapes. However, raven predation intensifies pressures on endangered species; for example, it accounts for substantial juvenile mortality in Mojave desert tortoises, where low-vegetation areas see elevated attack rates on hatchlings under 75 mm carapace length.^[55]^[57] Human subsidies, including food waste, roadkills, and transmission lines for nesting, have driven raven population surges—over 700% in the Mojave since the 1970s—creating hyperpredation dynamics that sustain high consumption of native prey without density-dependent limits.^[36]^[58] This amplification contributes to reproductive failures in sensitive taxa, such as sage-grouse nests depredated at rates exceeding 80% in some cases attributable to ravens.^[59] Studies from 2024–2025 in the Mojave identify raven predation as a top stressor for tortoise persistence, underscoring how subsidized expansions exacerbate declines beyond natural equilibria.^[60]^[61]

Reproduction and Parental Care

Common ravens form long-term monogamous pairs that often last until the death of one partner, with breeding typically occurring once per year from mid-February to May in northern regions, though timing varies by latitude and local conditions.^[9]^[2] Pairs select nest sites on cliffs, trees, or human structures, reusing them across seasons when successful. Clutch sizes range from 3 to 7 eggs, averaging 3 to 6, with eggs laid at intervals of 1-2 days.^[9]^[3] Incubation lasts 18-25 days, primarily performed by the female while the male provisions her with food, ensuring her sustained presence on the nest. Both parents feed the altricial young, which hatch asynchronously and remain in the nest for about 40 days until fledging. Post-fledging, juveniles depend on parents for several months, receiving food and protection as they develop flight and foraging skills.^[9]^[3]^[62] Reproductive success averages 1-2 fledglings per breeding attempt annually, influenced by factors such as territory quality, food availability, and predation pressure; for instance, studies in Wyoming reported 1.7 fledglings per nest, while others in Idaho found 1.12. Breeding status affects parental movement patterns, with incubating or fledging pairs reducing home range sizes compared to non-breeders to focus on nest defense and provisioning. In some populations, non-breeding ravens may assist kin in care, though biparental investment remains primary.^[63]^[64]^[65] Common ravens (Corvus corax) exhibit fission-fusion social structures, where non-breeder groups form and dissolve dynamically over large distances, allowing individuals to join or leave based on resource availability and social opportunities.^[66] These dynamics facilitate complex interactions, including the formation of short-term alliances and third-party interventions in conflicts, observed in wild populations where ravens intervene in both agonistic and affiliative disputes to influence outcomes.^[67] Kin recognition plays a role in these societies, with ravens distinguishing relatives through familiarity and olfactory cues, influencing affiliation and conflict avoidance, though empirical field data emphasize learned associations over innate mechanisms.^[68] Raven intelligence manifests in adaptive behaviors tied to ecological pressures, such as tool use where individuals modify sticks or other objects to access food, demonstrated in captive and field observations.^[69] They demonstrate causal reasoning in tasks requiring inference of physical properties, like dropping stones to displace water for rewards in modified Aesop's fable paradigms adapted for corvids, though performance aligns more with associative learning reinforced by survival needs than abstract comprehension rivaling primates.^[70] Caching behaviors highlight social cognition, as ravens recache food in response to observed pilferers, indicating awareness of others' potential knowledge states derived from visual cues during hiding, which supports the social intelligence hypothesis through field data on dominance hierarchies and conflict resolution.^[71]^[72] Claims of human-like theory of mind in ravens are overstated, as empirical tests reveal limits: ravens fail mirror self-recognition tasks, failing to remove marks visible only in reflection, unlike some corvids such as Eurasian magpies.^[73] While they track social ranks and intervene strategically, this reflects evolved mechanisms for navigating fission-fusion hierarchies and resource defense rather than full mental state attribution, corroborated by 2023 field studies emphasizing dominance and reciprocity over anthropomorphic interpretations.^[71] Such abilities parallel great apes in subadults for physical and social tasks but are causally linked to corvid-specific pressures like pilfering defense, not generalizable "genius."^[74]

Play Behavior and Cognitive Experiments

Common ravens (Corvus corax) display aerial play behaviors, including rolls, somersaults, and inverted flight, documented in wild populations across various habitats.^[5] One individual was observed sustaining upside-down flight for more than 0.5 miles (0.8 km), indicating advanced aerobatic capabilities that extend beyond juveniles into adulthood.^[5] These maneuvers, while sometimes associated with courtship, occur independently and may refine flight precision essential for foraging and evasion tactics.^[75] Object manipulation constitutes a prominent form of play, involving non-food items such as sticks, bark, or anthropogenic debris. In 2024, camera trap footage captured ravens perforating aluminum cans, a novel behavior selectively applied to containers perceived as food sources, with beer cans targeted most frequently.^[76] Such interactions persist beyond juvenility, potentially sharpening beak dexterity and problem-solving for cache access or prey handling.^[77] Longitudinal observations of free-flying ravens in the Austrian Alps revealed that object play frequency declines with age class, from high rates in fledglings to minimal in adults, correlating with motor skill maturation.^[78] This ontogenetic pattern supports a functional role in developing coordination for survival activities like predation and scavenging, rather than undirected recreation. Cognitive experiments highlight behavioral plasticity tied to play-like adaptability. In 2025 field tests, raven families exhibited context-dependent mobbing of predators, with adults intensifying responses early in encounters and juveniles showing rapid learning to discriminate threats, aiding anti-predator preparedness.^[79] Juvenile social attention studies demonstrated that brood size influences cue responsiveness, with larger groups fostering greater sensitivity to conspecific signals during interactive behaviors.^[80] These findings underscore causal mechanisms where play-derived skills enhance foraging efficiency and social coordination in variable environments.^[81]

Interactions with Humans

Cultural and Historical Representations

In Norse mythology, the common raven is prominently featured as the companions of Odin, the chief god, in the form of Huginn ("thought") and Muninn ("memory"), who fly across the world each day to gather intelligence and report back to him, symbolizing wisdom and foresight.^[82] These ravens embody Odin's intellectual faculties, with their potential disappearance evoking concerns over the loss of knowledge, as referenced in the Poetic Edda.^[83] Among Pacific Northwest Native American cultures, such as the Haida and Tlingit, the raven serves as a trickster and creator figure who shapes the world, steals the sun to bring light to humanity, and acts as a transformer of landscapes and resources, reflecting both benevolence and mischief.^[84] This duality portrays the raven as a revered entity capable of cunning feats, including provisioning daylight and freshwater, though its self-serving antics underscore a pragmatic realism in folklore.^[85] In medieval European folklore, particularly Celtic traditions, ravens were often linked to death and battlefield omens due to their scavenging habits, yet they also signified prophecy and insight, as seen in tales connecting them to warriors' fates or divine messages.^[86] Archaeological evidence from Gravettian sites in southern Moravia, dating to over 30,000 years ago, reveals abundant raven bones alongside human remains and food waste, indicating early synanthropic attraction to hunter-gatherer refuse rather than any inherent malevolence, with stable isotope analysis showing dietary overlap with human-provisioned resources.^[87] This prehistoric coexistence challenges later symbolic associations of doom, highlighting empirical patterns of opportunistic interaction. In 19th-century American literature, Edgar Allan Poe's 1845 poem "The Raven" depicts the bird as an embodiment of perpetual grief and irremediable loss, perching as a non-reasoning harbinger whose repetitive "Nevermore" refrain evokes unending mourning for the deceased Lenore, drawing on traditional connotations of death without implying supernatural agency.^[88] Across these representations, the raven's intelligence and adaptability inspired reverence for its problem-solving prowess, balanced against fears of its carrion-feeding as an ill omen, though no evidence supports attributions of intrinsic evil.^[89]

Agricultural and Wildlife Conflicts

Common ravens (Corvus corax) prey on newborn livestock, particularly lambs, calves, and goat kids, often targeting vulnerable individuals during lambing or calving on pasture, which can result in direct mortality or injuries requiring veterinary intervention.^[54]^[90] In Ontario, such predation predominantly occurs outdoors, with indoor lambing reducing losses, as documented on farms where pasture exposure led to higher raven attacks on neonates.^[91] Ravens attack soft tissues like eyes, tongues, or navels immediately after birth, exacerbating losses in regions with inclement weather or large flocks.^[92] Ravens also cause limited agricultural damage by consuming newly planted seeds, early crops such as grains, corn, or fruits like cherries and apples, though their impact is generally less severe than that of other corvids.^[93]^[94] In urban and suburban settings, raven flocks generate noise disturbances through loud croaks and calls, scatter garbage while scavenging, and deposit droppings that foul infrastructure and spread pathogens.^[94]^[95] Ravens impact wildlife by predating nests of ground-nesting birds, including threatened species like western snowy plovers, and consuming eggs, nestlings, or adults when opportunities arise.^[96] They kill juvenile desert tortoises by fracturing shells to access soft tissues and prey on small mammals, herpetofauna, and insects, with predation rates elevated near human subsidies such as roads and landfills that boost raven populations.^[54]^[97] In southern Nevada, the 2025 Common Raven Management Plan targets these subsidies— including waste at landfills and roadkill— to curb raven increases that intensify conflicts with endangered species like tortoises, emphasizing removal of anthropogenic food sources over broad culling.^[98] Management responses include lethal methods like shooting adults or poisoning with DRC-1339 baited in eggs, alongside nonlethal approaches such as nest destruction and egg oiling with food-grade corn oil to asphyxiate embryos and suppress reproduction.^[54]^[99] Drones equipped with sprayers have been tested for efficient egg oiling in remote areas.^[54] While ravens ecologically serve as scavengers, reducing carrion and aiding nutrient cycling, human landscape alterations—via subsidies—disrupt balances, prompting targeted interventions to mitigate localized excesses without eradicating the species.^[100]^[98]

Conservation Efforts and Population Management

The common raven (Corvus corax) is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, reflecting its vast global distribution spanning the Holarctic region and a population estimated in the millions with stable to increasing trends.^[33] In North America, breeding bird surveys indicate a mean annual population growth rate of approximately 1.5% from 1966 to 2018, contributing to an overall continental expansion.^[101] This resilience stems from the species' broad dietary flexibility and habitat tolerance, rendering it impervious to large-scale threats.^[9] Global conservation measures are negligible, as no interventions target broad population support; habitat protections benefiting ravens occur incidentally through efforts for other taxa.^[102] Localized management predominates, emphasizing conflict resolution via targeted controls rather than preservation. In the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issues depredation permits under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, authorizing lethal take, egg addling, or nest removal to address site-specific impacts on agriculture or wildlife without pursuing eradication.^[103] Similarly, the USDA supports non-lethal and lethal strategies calibrated to empirical data on local abundances driven by anthropogenic subsidies like waste and carrion from human activity.^[100] In the Mojave Desert, egg oiling—coating eggs with mineral oil to prevent hatching—has demonstrated efficacy in curbing raven reproduction and mitigating predation on threatened desert tortoises, with 2023 assessments confirming reduced nest success and localized population stabilization.^[98] These data-driven applications underscore that while human-facilitated booms occur in altered landscapes, the raven's generalist adaptations preclude vulnerability, favoring monitoring-based adjustments over alarmist restrictions.^[104]

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Common ravens are highly adaptable birds - Facebook
Apr 14, 2022 · Common ravens prefer open habitats with cliffs or other high places to nest, but they can adapt to broadleaf and coniferous forests. They form ...Distinguishing Ravens from Crows based on Physical and ...Intelligent Common Raven Bird Species in Canyonlands National ...More results from www.facebook.com
[38]
Common ravens in the central Mojave Desert, California
corax is a subsidized predator (Boarman, 2003; Soulé, 1988). It benefits from anthropogenic resources such as food, particularly in the form of garbage and ...Missing: influences | Show results with:influences
[39]
The spatial and temporal exploitation of anthropogenic food sources ...
Aug 25, 2022 · AFSs are exploited extensively by common ravens, Corvus corax. Understanding how raven populations use AFSs can provide insight into their ecological responses ...
[40]
"Common Raven Nesting and Spatial Distancing on Power Lines in ...
Dec 22, 2022 · When these structures transect landscapes where natural nest substrates are limited, they may facilitate raven predation on eggs and juveniles ...
[41]
Effects of anthropogenic developments on common raven nesting ...
Subsidized predators may affect prey abundance, distribution, and demography. Common Ravens (Corvus corax) are anthropogenically subsidized throughout their ...Missing: influences | Show results with:influences
[42]
EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC DEVELOPMENTS ON COMMON ...
Sep 1, 2007 · Subsidized predators may affect prey abundance, distribution, and demography. Common Ravens (Corvus corax) are anthropogenically subsidized ...Missing: influences | Show results with:influences
[43]
The effects of breeding status on common raven movement, home ...
Mar 31, 2025 · Our findings suggest that raven management could be more effective if it targeted areas with high NDVI and low annual grass and shrub cover, ...
[44]
[PDF] Factors Influencing Common Raven Occurrence and Density Across ...
Natural landscape characteristics included lower elevations with greener vegetation (NDVI), greater stream and habitat edge densities, and lower percentages of ...
[45]
[PDF] Nevada Common Raven Management:
Raven occurrence increased with greater length of edge formed where big sagebrush and non-native vegetation met (e.g., fire scar). Shrub cover influences ...<|separator|>
[46]
[PDF] Space Use and Nesting Ecology of Common Ravens (Corvus Corax ...
The number of anthropogenic subsidies available and the spatial distribution of these resources likely influence raven population size and the geographic area ...
[47]
Common Raven (U.S. National Park Service)
Jan 31, 2023 · Habitat. Ravens occur year-round in a wide variety of landscapes wherever food and a suitable nesting platform can be found. · Diet and Foraging.
[48]
Diet and Foraging - Common Raven - Corvus corax
Commonly associated with carrion, but not limited to scavenging. A generalist omnivore eating live meat, eggs, insects, grains, fruit, garbage, and carrion.Missing: composition | Show results with:composition<|separator|>
[49]
The diet of Raven Corvus corax in the fish pond area near Jelenia ...
The animal food was dominated by carrion (95% of total biomass), especially fish (76%) and large mammals carrion (17%). Small mammals constitute 3% of biomass, ...
[50]
[PDF] Spatial and Temporal Patterns in the Diet of Common Ravens in ...
May 1, 1989 · Insects were most numerous in summer and fall pellets, and cattle and bird remains were most abundant in spring pellets. Between years ...
[51]
Decision time modulates social foraging success in wild common ...
Common ravens Corvus corax are scavengers, which form temporary foraging groups at food bonanzas such as carcasses or kills (Heinrich, 1988) as well as at ...
[52]
Observational learning and the raiding of food caches in ravens ...
Aug 8, 2025 · Group-foraging ravens scatter-hoard when they are competing for food and, to some extent, also raid the caches made by others. We ...
[53]
[PDF] Human Food Subsidies and Common Raven Occurrence in ...
noted for their opportunistic nature and adaptability to diverse habitats, ravens thrive in developed areas and respond favorably to human transformation of ...
[54]
[PDF] Common Ravens - usda aphis
Common ravens are native, intelligent birds with a wedge-shaped tail. They damage agriculture, prey on livestock, and can be aggressive at nests. They also ...<|separator|>
[55]
Predation of young tortoises by ravens: the effect of habitat structure ...
Feb 5, 2020 · The results showed a high level of predation on young tortoises (<75 mm carapace length) attributed to ravens in areas with low vegetation cover.
[56]
(PDF) Role of common raven, Corvus corax, in reducing crop pests ...
PDF | Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate through diet analysis, how common raven contribute to control some crop pests in two regions.
[57]
Reducing Common Raven Predation on Desert Tortoises
Aug 7, 2025 · In the Mojave Desert, common ravens (Corvus corax) have benefited from human-provided resources to increase in population size precipitously in ...<|separator|>
[58]
Raven Management for Desert Tortoise Recovery
Ravens in the Mojave have increased their population by over 700% in the past 40 years. This explosive growth is detrimental to the federally threatened Mojave ...Missing: studies | Show results with:studies
[59]
Isotopic analysis reveals landscape patterns in the diet of a ...
Aug 12, 2021 · Predation can account for as much as 82.5%–94.0% of sage-grouse nest failures. (Lockyer et al., 2013; Moynahan et al., 2007), and ravens ...
[60]
Applying knowledge co‐production to identify Mojave desert tortoise ...
May 30, 2025 · We co-produced a list of priority stressors that included Common Raven (Corvus corax) predation, roads, climate change/drought, wildfires, and ...
[61]
Mojave National Preserve saves desert tortoises from cars and ravens
Oct 18, 2024 · ” Raven populations are thriving in the Mojave Desert; juvenile desert tortoise in particular are susceptible to predation by ravens as ...Missing: studies | Show results with:studies
[62]
[PDF] Parental Care in Common Ravens - PHAIDRA
My results suggest that in common ravens, offspring body mass serves as a signal in father-offspring interactions. Keywords: Common raven, Parental care, Parent ...
[63]
Demography and Populations - Common Raven - Corvus corax
Population Spatial Metrics; Population Status; Population Regulation. Conservation and Management · Conservation Status · Effects of Human Activity · Management.
[64]
[PDF] nesting and post-fledging ecology of the common raven
Often, more experienced breeders nest earlier, have larger clutch sizes, and experience higher reproductive success (Finney and Cooke 1978; Perrins and McClery ...
[65]
Common raven movement and space use: influence of ...
Jul 10, 2018 · A raven was considered as breeding beginning six days pre-incubation until either 14 d post-fledging or 1 d post-nest failure. Incubation and ...Missing: clutch | Show results with:clutch
[66]
Fission-fusion dynamics over large distances in raven non-breeders
Mar 23, 2017 · High fission-fusion dynamics may thus not hinder but shape the social complexity of ravens and, possibly, other long-term bonded birds.
[67]
Third-party interventions of common ravens, Corvus corax
We studied third-party interventions in wild raven interactions. These were relatively common in both positive and negative interactions.Missing: recognition | Show results with:recognition
[68]
Testing the effects of kinship, reciprocity and dominance on ...
Nov 1, 2023 · We investigated whether kinship, reciprocity and dominance affected food provisioning in the group service paradigm in three corvid species.
[69]
Tool use and tooling in ravens (Corvus corax): A review and novel ...
Dec 20, 2022 · Here, we review the literature on tool use and tooling in common ravens, including assigning tool modes to published observations that were not ...
[70]
Using the Aesop's Fable Paradigm to Investigate Causal ...
Mar 26, 2014 · In the current study we used the Aesop's fable paradigm to examine causal understanding in NC crows, producing a series of tasks to tap the ...Missing: intelligence | Show results with:intelligence
[71]
Why are ravens smart? Exploring the social intelligence hypothesis
Oct 4, 2023 · During feeding, ravens repeatedly get into conflicts with each other, whereby they show a clear dominance rank hierarchy despite regular changes ...
[72]
Social cognition in ravens - PMC - NIH
These findings support the hypothesis that ravens can remember who was visually present at which caching events and that they can relate the presence at ...
[73]
(PDF) A comparative study of mirror self-recognition in three corvid ...
Sep 3, 2022 · In this study, we (1) present new results on the self-recognition abilities of common ravens, (2) replicate results of azure-winged magpies, and (3) compare ...
[74]
Ravens parallel great apes in physical and social cognitive skills
Dec 10, 2020 · Subadult ravens' cognitive performance appearing very similar to that of adult apes in tasks of physical (quantities, and causality) and social cognition.Missing: recognition | Show results with:recognition
[75]
ravens play | - Corvid Research
Mar 16, 2015 · Here are the big 7: Object play (manipulating things for no reason); Play caching (hiding inedible objects); Flight play (random aerial ...
[76]
Identification of Novel Can Manipulation Behaviour in the Common ...
Mar 8, 2024 · This explanatory study reports a novel behaviour, aluminium can perforation, presented by the common raven (Corvus corax) captured using camera trap technology ...
[77]
Patterns of object play behaviour and its functional implications in ...
Jan 2, 2025 · We investigated the patterns and characteristics of object play in individually marked free-flying ravens in the Austrian Alps.
[78]
Patterns of object play behaviour and its functional implications in ...
Jan 2, 2025 · The decrease in object play with age class and the preference to play ... Play in common ravens (Corvus corax). in Animal play: Evolutionary ...Missing: declines | Show results with:declines
[79]
When to mob? plasticity of antipredator behavior in common ravens ...
Jul 3, 2025 · We found that (i) adults mobbed significantly more during the early test period and (ii) offspring were less likely to ignore the DH and showed increased ...
[80]
Early social environment affects attention to social cues in juvenile ...
Jun 29, 2022 · We here tested in ravens whether growing up in families of different sizes affects the chicks' responsiveness to social information. We ...
[81]
[PDF] An Exploration of Play Behaviors in Raven Nestlings
May 6, 2014 · there is a glaring sensorimotor difference in object manipulation between chimpanzees and ravens: the ape must coordinate its hands and eyes ...<|separator|>
[82]
Hugin and Munin - Norse Mythology for Smart People
Hugin and Munin are two ravens, helping spirits of Odin, who fly the world to bring him news. They are also his intellectual capabilities.
[83]
[PDF] Hugin and Munin: Odin's Ravens - National Museum of Ireland
Hugin and Munin are Odin's ravens, who fly the world, tell him what they see, and represent memory and thought. They have special powers and are very observant.
[84]
Native American Raven Mythology
He is a revered and benevolent transformer figure who helps the people and shapes their world for them, but at the same time, he is also a trickster character ...
[85]
The Raven in Native American Mythology | Judson L Moore
Apr 28, 2004 · The raven is a very important figure in most Native American cultures. It is seen as the creator of light and as a trickster figure.
[86]
Ravens in Celtic Mythology - Aves Noir
Ravens figure heavily in Celtic mythology and legend. They were linked to darkness and death – especially the death of warriors in battle.
[87]
Study reveals that ravens were attracted to humans' food more than ...
Jun 22, 2023 · Their bones were discovered in large numbers at the archaeological sites of Předmostí, Pavlov I, and Dolní Věstonice I in southern Moravia. " ...
[88]
The Raven: Symbols - SparkNotes
The titular raven represents the speaker's unending grief over the loss of Lenore. Ravens traditionally carry a connotation of death.
[89]
Understand The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe - Poem Analysis
The raven is the most important symbol in this poem, which explains the title. This raven is signifying the loss that the character has suffered. Through the ...
[90]
Raven predation on sheep and beef farms in Ontario
Sep 1, 2023 · The majority of raven predation occurs during pasture lambing and calving. However, ravens will come into barnyards or barns and predate ...Missing: historical bounty 19th century
[91]
[PDF] Raven Predation in Ontario
Aug 11, 2020 · One farm experienced a high number of losses from ravens killing lambs on pasture. In 2019 the farm lambed ewes in barns, therefore the rate of ...
[92]
Ravens suspected of killing lambs in northern Michigan
“Ravens target lambs in vulnerable moments, even striking the very moment they are born, and the loss of a tongue or an eye is a terrible way for these young ...
[93]
[PDF] Crows and Ravens
Commonly impacted crops: Crow and raven damage to agriculture includes feeding on corn and other grains, damage to fruit such as cherries, apples or melons, ...
[94]
https://birdbarrier.com/raven-control/
[95]
Raven & Crow Control | Ehrlich Pest Control
They are common in urban and suburban environments and are known for their loud calls and scavenging habits.
[96]
[PDF] Common Raven Impacts on Nesting Western Snowy Plovers
In recent years, common ravens (Corvus corax; ravens) have become the most common and pervasive predators of plover nests and chicks, especially in areas with.
[97]
Novel management tools for subsidized avian predators and a case ...
Oct 9, 2019 · Ravens are known to depredate nests of other birds, prey on small animals such as young birds, herpetofauna, small mammals, and insects, and ...
[98]
[PDF] SOUTHERN NEVADA COMMON RAVEN MANAGEMENT PLAN 2025
This plan for common raven (Corvus corax: raven) management is an attempt to eliminate, to the extent practicable, the subsidies human development provides ...Missing: mobbing | Show results with:mobbing
[99]
Coat the ravens evermore? To protect tortoises, officials test ...
Jun 17, 2019 · The layering of oil would have prevented oxygen from permeating the shells, slowly suffocating the embryos within.
[100]
[PDF] Management of Conflicts Associated with Common Ravens in the ...
Ravens are remarkably adaptable and able to easily exploit resources made available due to human modifications to the landscape and the generated products ...Missing: adaptation | Show results with:adaptation
[101]
"Estimating Trends of Common Raven Populations in North America ...
Over the last half century, common raven (Corvus corax; raven) populations have increased in abundance across much of North America.
[102]
Conservation and Management - Common Raven - Corvus corax
Not globally threatened. Common to locally abundant. Occurs in widely distributed, low-density, and self-sustaining populations across most of its range; ...
[103]
[PDF] Draft Environmental Assessment - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
of Agriculture-Wildlife Services for addressing raven damage (EPA Special Local Need No. ... Agricultural damage is damage or loss to commercial agriculture ...
[104]
"Efficacy of Manipulating Reproduction of Common Ravens to ...
The third case study uses Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii; tortoise) decoys to examine effects of oiling raven eggs on depredation rates of juvenile ...