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Confiteor

The Confiteor (Latin for "I confess") is a penitential prayer recited as part of the Act of Penance during the Introductory Rites of in the of the , in which the and assembly collectively acknowledge their sins committed in thought, word, deed, and omission, while seeking mercy from and from the Blessed Virgin Mary, the angels, , and one another. This communal confession, followed by the 's formula of , fosters a spirit of and , preparing the faithful for the of the Word and the , though it does not confer forgiveness. The prayer's origins date to the early Middle Ages, appearing in the oldest surviving liturgical books as a private act of contrition recited by the priest in the sacristy or at the foot of the altar before beginning Mass, likely emerging around the 10th century as a preparation for the sacred rites. By the 10th or 11th century, it had evolved into a shared recitation involving the server or congregation, reflecting the growing emphasis on communal participation in the liturgy, and it became a fixed element at the start of the Mass in the Latin Rite. The form was further developed through regional variations until standardization in the 1570 Roman Missal promulgated by Pope Pius V following the Council of Trent, which suppressed non-traditional versions and enshrined the Confiteor with its invocations to specific intercessors such as St. Michael the Archangel, St. John the Baptist, and the Apostles Peter and Paul. In the current Ordinary Form of the , revised after the Second Vatican Council, the Confiteor serves as one of three options for the (described in the first form), with a streamlined English text introduced in the translation: "I confess to almighty and to you, my brothers and sisters, that I have greatly sinned, in my thoughts and in my words, in what I have done and in what I have failed to do, through my fault, through my fault, through my most grievous fault; therefore I ask blessed ever-Virgin, all the Angels and , and you, my brothers and sisters, to pray for me to the Lord our ." Accompanied by gestures such as striking the breast during the "through my fault" repetition in traditional settings, it underscores personal responsibility for both and venial sins, while the Extraordinary Form retains the fuller pre-conciliar version with Latin invocations and mutual between and people. Beyond the Mass, the Confiteor has historically appeared in other contexts, such as monastic night prayer (), preparation for , and the rite of , highlighting its enduring role in fostering across Catholic devotional life.

Overview

Etymology and Meaning

The Confiteor derives its name from the Latin verb confiteor, the first-person singular present indicative of confiteri, meaning "I confess" or "I acknowledge." This verb is formed from the intensive con- (indicating "together" or completeness) combined with fateri (to admit or confess), signifying an open admission of faults. Theologically, the Confiteor embodies a public or private in , where the individual humbly professes sinfulness to and invokes the of the Virgin , angels, saints, and the faith community, thereby fostering a sense of shared repentance and . This prayer highlights as essential to spiritual renewal, positioning not merely as personal but as a communal acknowledgment of human frailty before the divine. Within penitential rites, the Confiteor operates as a general confession addressing overall sinfulness rather than specific transgressions, distinguishing it from the , a more individualized of sorrow typically used in . It first appeared in early monastic prayers as a preparatory for .

Text and Translations

The Confiteor, derived from the Latin verb confiteor meaning "I confess," exists in distinct textual forms across liturgical periods, with the Tridentine version emphasizing intercession by named saints and the post-Vatican II revision streamlining the structure for collective use while retaining core penitential elements.

Tridentine Form (Pre-1970)

The longer Tridentine Confiteor, as found in the 1962 , is recited individually by the and then by the ministers, invoking specific heavenly intercessors. The full Latin text is as follows:
Confiteor Deo omnipotenti,
beatae Mariae semper Virgini,
beato Michaeli Archangelo,
beato Ioanni Baptistae,
sanctis Apostolis Petro et Paulo,
omnibus Sanctis, et vobis, fratres,
quia peccavi nimis cogitatione, verbo et opere:
mea culpa, , .
Ideo precor beatam Mariam semper Virginem,
beatum Michaelem Archangelum,
beatum Ioannem Baptistam,
sanctos Apostolos Petrum et Paulum,
omnes Sanctos, et vos, fratres,
orare pro me ad Dominum Deum nostrum. .
A literal English translation renders it thus:
I confess to almighty ,
to blessed ever Virgin,
to blessed the ,
to blessed ,
to the holy Apostles and ,
to all the Saints, and to you, my brothers,
that I have sinned exceedingly in thought, word, and deed:
through my fault, through my fault, through my most grievous fault.
Therefore, I beseech blessed ever Virgin,
blessed the ,
blessed ,
the holy Apostles and ,
all the Saints, and you, my brothers,
to pray for me to the Lord our . .

Post-Vatican II Form (1970 Missal, Revised 2011)

The revised Confiteor in the 1970 (with the 2002 typical edition underlying the 2011 English implementation) omits invocations to individual saints beyond and generalizes the appeal to "all the Angels and Saints," facilitating its recitation by the entire assembly. The Latin text is:
Confiteor Deo omnipotenti
et vobis, fratres,
quia peccavi nimis
cogitatione, verbo, opere et omissione:
, , mea maxima culpa.
Ideo precor beatam Mariam semper Virginem,
omnes Angelos et Sanctos,
et vos, fratres,
orare pro me ad Dominum Deum nostrum.
The official English translation, approved by the International Commission on English in the Liturgy (ICEL) and implemented in the third edition of the in 2011, is:
I confess to almighty
and to you, my brothers and sisters,
that I have greatly sinned,
in my thoughts and in my words,
in what I have done and in what I have failed to do,
[striking the breast three times]
through my fault, through my fault, through my most grievous fault;
therefore I ask blessed ever-Virgin,
all the Angels and Saints,
and you, my brothers and sisters,
to pray for me to the Lord our .
A hallmark of both forms is the emphatic repetition of , , mea maxima culpa, underscoring the confessor's profound acknowledgment of personal fault, with the phrase literally translating to "through my fault, through my fault, through my most grievous fault" and traditionally accompanied by breast-striking gestures to signify .

Historical Development

Early Origins

The Confiteor emerged in the early medieval period as a private prayer of confession, rooted in the devotional practices of monastic and clerical communities during the . One of the earliest attestations appears in the Regula canonicorum composed around 743 by Chrodegang, Bishop of , which prescribed a structured form of self-accusation for canons before their superior as part of daily discipline. In this rule, clerics were directed to prostrate themselves humbly before and the , reciting a formula beginning with "Confiteor," acknowledging personal fault in thought, word, and deed to foster communal accountability and spiritual purity. Similarly, the Pontifical of Egbert, attributed to , , and dated to around 766, includes a concise confessional formula for private priestly use: "Say to him to whom you wish to confess your sins: through my fault, through my fault, through my most grievous fault," serving as a foundational model for individual before acts. These early forms drew influence from regional liturgical traditions, particularly the Gallican and Mozarabic rites, where analogous confessional elements prepared participants for the Eucharist. In the Gallican liturgy, prevalent in Gaul until the 8th century, preparation for Mass often incorporated a confession of sins recited by the priest and assembly, as evidenced in surviving manuscripts like the 8th-9th century Stowe Missal, which features a penitential litany and self-accusation to invoke divine mercy before the sacred mysteries. The Mozarabic rite, used in Visigothic Spain from antiquity, similarly employed confessional formulas at the outset of the liturgy, such as prayers imploring Christ to grant true confession of sins for remission and worthiness to approach the altar, reflecting a shared emphasis on ritual purification across Iberian Christian practices. By the 9th and 10th centuries, the Confiteor began evolving from strictly individual monastic devotions toward incorporation in broader communal contexts, influenced by Carolingian reforms that standardized clerical life. Ninth-century monastic revivals, including adaptations of Chrodegang's rule in chapters, promoted regular confessional recitations among communities, transitioning the from solitary priestly use to shared elements in preparatory rites, thereby enhancing collective spiritual discipline without yet achieving full liturgical integration.

Medieval Standardization

The Confiteor began to appear in Roman Rite Mass books during the 11th century, marking its transition from a private preparatory prayer of the priest to an integral part of the liturgical structure at the foot of the altar. This inclusion reflected the growing emphasis on penitential preparation in the Mass, with the prayer initially recited in a dialogical form between the celebrant and attending ministers, echoing monastic customs of mutual confession. By the mid-11th century, as evidenced in early missals such as those from the Roman curia, the Confiteor had become a standard element in the Ordinary of the Mass, recited before the Introit to foster communal contrition. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the text of the Confiteor underwent expansions, particularly through the addition of intercessory invocations to specific saints, which enriched its devotional depth and aligned it with medieval piety's focus on heavenly advocates. These developments included appeals to the Blessed Virgin Mary, St. Michael the Archangel, St. John the Baptist, the holy Apostles and Paul, and all the saints, transforming the prayer into a broader plea for alongside personal of sins in thought, word, and deed. Such elaborations appeared in various missals across , varying by region and community, but consistently emphasizing the "" threefold to underscore human frailty. These changes built briefly on earlier private prayer forms as precursors, adapting them for public liturgical use. Variations in the Confiteor emerged notably among religious orders, where missals preserved distinct forms reflecting their spiritual charisms. The Carthusian missals, rooted in the order's 11th-century foundations, featured a longer, more elaborate version recited at the side of the , with the facing the and the kneeling opposite, incorporating detailed invocations that highlighted and . In contrast, missals from the 13th century onward presented a similarly extended form but with a focus on simplicity and mobility, invoking St. Dominic alongside traditional saints and omitting certain Roman elements like the from censures, while emphasizing direct and judgment. Monastic communities, such as the , often retained simpler versions confined to essential without extensive saintly lists, prioritizing brevity in communal recitation. The Sarum Rite, the dominant medieval liturgical use in southern England from the late 11th century, integrated a characteristic Confiteor that exerted lasting influence on Western traditions, particularly through its adoption in pre-Reformation England and later shaping elements of Anglican liturgy. In this rite, the prayer involved mutual recitations between the priest and servers—each confessing to God, blessed Mary, all saints, and the other—followed by absolutions granting remission of sins and grace for repentance, underscoring communal solidarity in penance. This form, documented in Sarum missals, balanced elaboration with accessibility, invoking broad intercession while maintaining the core dialogical structure, and contributed to the rite's widespread dissemination across Britain and Ireland until the 16th century.

Post-Tridentine Reforms

The promulgated in 1570 by Pope St. Pius V following the established a standardized form of the Confiteor to promote liturgical uniformity throughout the . In this Tridentine , the prayer was recited in its extended version at the start of , first by the confessing to the servers and then by the servers—representing the faithful—confessing to the , accompanied by mutual formulas and gestures such as striking the breast three times during the . This structure, which drew from medieval practices for its core text and rubrics, remained consistent in subsequent editions of the through the early . Liturgical reforms in the mid-20th century began to alter the placement and recitation of the Confiteor. The 1962 edition of the , issued by Pope St. John XXIII, eliminated the second recitation of the Confiteor by the ministers immediately before their reception of Holy Communion, a change aimed at streamlining the rite while preserving its penitential essence; this pre-Communion Confiteor had previously been obligatory except on certain feasts. The Second Vatican Council, through its Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy (1963), called for a simplification of rites to enhance active participation and communal aspects of worship, influencing major revisions to the penitential elements of the . The 1969 Missal of Pope St. VI (the Novus Ordo Missae) integrated the Confiteor into a broader Act of Penitence at the beginning of , shortening its text by omitting invocations to specific saints (such as the Blessed Virgin Mary, St. Michael, and the apostles and ) and emphasizing collective confession by both priest and assembly. In this form, the Confiteor became one of three optional formats for the Act of Penitence, recited communally after a , followed by a non-sacramental . The third typical edition of the Roman Missal, promulgated in 2002 and implemented in English-speaking regions in 2011, introduced minor textual adjustments to the Latin for precision and retained the Confiteor's optional status within the Ordinary Form. The revised English translation adopted a more literal rendering, such as "I have greatly sinned" instead of "I have sinned" and the triple repetition of "through my fault, through my fault, through my most grievous fault" to reflect the Latin mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa, enhancing emphasis on personal responsibility. In contrast, the full traditional text and rubrics of the Confiteor from the 1962 Missal, including its dual recitation and saintly intercessions, continue to be used unchanged in the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite, as authorized by Pope Benedict XVI's motu proprio Summorum Pontificum (2007) to foster appreciation of liturgical tradition.

Catholic Usage

In the Mass

In the Ordinary Form of the , as revised following the Second Vatican Council, the Confiteor forms one of the options for the within the Introductory Rites of the , positioned immediately after the priest's and a period of silence. This act serves to foster a sense of communal repentance, preparing the assembly to receive the Word of and the by acknowledging sins and seeking reconciliation. The priest initiates the rite with an invitation such as "Brethren (brothers and sisters), let us acknowledge our sins," after which the congregation recites the Confiteor as a formula of general confession, confessing sins to , the Blessed Virgin , the angels and , and one another. The priest then imparts an , which, while expressing the Church's desire for 's forgiveness, does not confer sacramental absolution. The Confiteor is typically employed as the first option (Penitential Act A) in the , particularly on weekdays, during and outside the first Sunday, or when another penitential rite—such as the eleison troparia or a litany-style —does not suit the liturgical context. On Sundays outside and , or during Time, the may instead consist of the blessing and sprinkling of water, omitting the Confiteor. The 2011 English translation of the Missal provides the current form of the text, which is recited collectively by the assembly in the first person plural. In contrast, the Extraordinary Form of the , as codified in the 1962 Missale Romanum, includes the Confiteor at the foot of the altar during : the recites it privately before ascending, followed by the servers reciting it on behalf of the congregation with the priest responding. The pre-Communion Confiteor, recited by the servers before the distribution of Holy Communion, is omitted from the general rubrics but may be used optionally in some celebrations. This structure, a hallmark of the Tridentine tradition from the onward, emphasizes preparation for worship and sacramental reception, differing from the single, optional use in the post-1969 Ordinary Form.

In Other Liturgies

In the Tridentine rite, the Confiteor was recited by the servers or immediately before the distribution of Holy Communion to the faithful, a practice derived from the ritual for administering Communion outside of Mass and intended to prepare the recipients penitentially. This pre-Communion Confiteor was suppressed in the edition of the under for the servers' recitation, with further elimination in the 1970 Roman Missal's revised Order of Mass. In communities celebrating private Masses according to the as permitted by current authority, the pre-Communion Confiteor remains an optional element to foster immediate before reception. Within the sacraments, the Confiteor functions as a suggested formula for expressing sorrow in the , particularly during communal services where a general precedes individual confessions. In traditional settings, it aids preparation for the by acknowledging sins collectively before the priest's . Similarly, in the , the penitential rite—conducted at the liturgy's outset—incorporates the Confiteor as one of its forms (Form A), allowing the sick person and those present to confess sins humbly after a , thereby seeking God's mercy amid illness or suffering. Beyond contexts, the Confiteor appears in as a standalone of , often recited during novenas to invoke while confessing faults, or integrated into the as a preparatory act before meditating on Christ's . It also serves as a personal before receiving the outside formal , emphasizing self-examination and reliance on the saints' prayers for . In these devotional uses, a traditional longer version of the text, naming specific intercessors like the Blessed Virgin , St. , and the Apostles and , is commonly employed.

Accompanying Practices

In , the Confiteor is accompanied by specific gestures that emphasize personal . During its recitation, the faithful strike their breast three times at the words mea , mea , mea maxima , a practice prescribed in the of (1570) to signify sorrow for sins and before . This gesture is retained in the Extraordinary Form of the , where it is explicitly rubrical, while in the Ordinary Form, a single strike suffices to fulfill the liturgical norm. Following the Confiteor, the priest offers two absolution prayers: the Misereatur, which invokes God's and of sins to lead the faithful to eternal life, and the Indulgentiam, a general pronounced while making the over the assembly. These prayers, recited in the plural form to include all present, complete the and prepare the community for the . The recitation of the Confiteor, particularly in preparation for the , carries a partial according to the fourth edition of the Indulgentiarum (1999), remitting some temporal punishment due to through acts of and devotion. No major revisions to this grant have occurred since 1999, maintaining its role in fostering spiritual renewal. These accompanying practices highlight the Confiteor's role in promoting and communal , inviting participants to acknowledge shared fault and seek collective pardon within the Eucharistic celebration or Divine Office.

Usage in Other Traditions

In Lutheran worship, the Confiteor is adapted as a general confession of sins, recited corporately at the start of the Divine Service and individually in the office of , to acknowledge sinfulness and invoke God's through Christ alone. This form draws briefly from the traditional Catholic Confiteor as a model but is streamlined to emphasize Protestant confessional principles, particularly the doctrine of justification by faith alone (), by directing repentance solely toward God without invoking saints or other mediators. The Lutheran Service Book (2006), the official hymnal of the and published by Concordia Publishing House, includes the corporate confession in its Divine Service settings (Settings One, Three, and Four), where the assembly confesses: "Most merciful God, we confess that we are by nature sinful and unclean. We have sinned against You in thought, word, and deed, by what we have done and by what we have left undone. We have not loved You with our whole heart; we have not loved our neighbors as ourselves. We justly deserve Your present and eternal punishment. For the sake of Your Son, Jesus Christ, have mercy on us. Forgive us, renew us, and lead us, so that we may delight in Your will and walk in Your ways to the glory of Your holy name. ." This text highlights the theological focus on and received through , culminating in the pastor's pronounced in Christ's name, which assures forgiveness as a divine promise rather than a human merit. In the same hymnal's order for (pp. 253–255), an individual form of the confession is used, drawing from the traditional Confiteor: "I confess to Almighty, before the whole company of and to you, my brothers and sisters, that I have sinned in thought, word, and deed by my fault, by my own fault, by my own most grievous fault; wherefore I pray Almighty to have mercy on me, forgive me all my sins, and bring me to everlasting life. ." This version maintains a of communal witness while reinforcing through its exclusive reliance on 's mercy, without reference to saintly . An additional daily follows: "Holy and gracious , I confess that I have sinned against You this day. Some of my sin I know—the thoughts and words and deeds of which I am ashamed—but some is known only to You. In the name of Christ I ask forgiveness. Deliver and restore me that I may ." Earlier Lutheran hymnals, such as the Service Book and Hymnal (1958, building on the 1941 Common Service tradition), featured a comparable confession in the Holy Communion rite: "O almighty God, merciful Father, I, a poor, miserable sinner, confess unto You all my sins and iniquities, with which I have ever offended You; and I justly deserve Your temporal and eternal punishment. But I am heartily sorry for them, and sincerely repent of them, and I pray You of Your boundless mercy, and for the sake of the holy, innocent, bitter sufferings and death of Your beloved Son, Jesus Christ, to be gracious and merciful to me, a poor, sinful being." Like its successor, this form underscores corporate sin and absolution by grace, aligning the rite with the Augsburg Confession's teaching on repentance as faith turning to God's promise of forgiveness (Article XII).

Anglicanism

The Confiteor has deep roots in pre- English liturgy through the Sarum Rite, which was the predominant use in before the and heavily influenced the 1549 . In the Sarum tradition, the Confiteor served as a penitential within the Mass, often incorporated into and Primers alongside , emphasizing communal confession of s. Thomas adapted this structure into the English-language General Confession, a shorter communal recited in Morning and Evening as well as before Holy Communion, stripping away invocations to and medieval embellishments while retaining the core theme of acknowledging and seeking . In modern , particularly within high-church Anglo-Catholic traditions, the Confiteor retains influence through the continued use of the 1928 , where the General Confession appears in the Holy Communion service as a kneeling act of penitence led by the priest and congregation. Some Anglo-Catholic Masses incorporate the traditional Latin Confiteor verbatim before the service or as part of preparatory rites, invoking intercession from the Virgin and to align with pre-Reformation ceremonial practices. The 1979 introduces variations in Rite II, where a Penitential including a revised General Confession is optional at the , allowing flexibility for while emphasizing communal without saintly invocations. This form focuses on sins "in thought, word, and deed" and "by what we have done, and by what we have left undone," promoting a of fault followed by the priest's declaration of .

Musical and Cultural Aspects

Liturgical Chant and Polyphony

The Confiteor prayer is traditionally recited in during the Solemn High in the , where it is sung recto tono—a simple recitation on a single pitch—by the servers, followed by the priest's , all in a low voice to maintain solemnity. This practice is outlined in the , the standard collection of Gregorian chants compiled by the Solesmes monks, which specifies the Confiteor to be performed entirely recto tono before the Introit. The notation appears in the book's Toni Communes section on page 110, using a basic recitation tone without melismas to emphasize textual clarity and penitential humility. The Confiteor prayer was traditionally not set to in the Mass, as it was recited rather than sung in elaborate forms, though simple tones were used in high liturgical celebrations.

Modern Adaptations

In the 20th and 21st centuries, the Confiteor has inspired a range of musical adaptations that blend traditional liturgical elements with modern compositional techniques, often expanding its role beyond spoken recitation in the to include choral, orchestral, and formats. These works reflect evolving liturgical practices post-, where the prayer's text is sometimes set for congregational singing or elaborate polyphonic arrangements suitable for sacred concerts or . Composers have drawn on the Confiteor's themes of and communal to create pieces that resonate in both and secular contexts, prioritizing accessibility while preserving its penitential depth. One seminal example is Leonard Bernstein's Mass: A Theatre Piece for Singers, Players, and Dancers (1971), which incorporates the as the opening of its "Confession" section, setting the Latin text for amid a dramatic, eclectic score blending classical, , , and gospel influences. Commissioned for the opening of the Center for the , this adaptation transforms the prayer into a theatrical , with the Celebrant leading a in a stark, rhythmic that critiques institutional while echoing the original's humility. The work's innovative structure, including tropes interrupting the Confiteor, has influenced subsequent liturgical theater and remains a high-impact contribution to modern sacred music, performed worldwide in both and versions. Contemporary choral settings continue this tradition with more intimate, polyphonic approaches. Irish composer Patrick Cassidy's The Mass (2020) features a Confiteor section for mixed and , rendered in a minimalist style that emphasizes the text's rhythmic flow and emotional introspection, suitable for use in the Roman Rite's . Released on the Supertrain Records label and performed by ensembles like Laude, this setting integrates seamlessly into modern Catholic liturgies, highlighting Cassidy's focus on sacred minimalism to foster contemplative prayer. Similarly, American composer Kevin Allen's SATB arrangement of the Confiteor Deo Omnipotenti (2023), commissioned for the service at the Sacred Music , employs lush, harmonies to evoke a "hauntingly gorgeous" atmosphere, diverging from the traditional recitation and earning praise for its suitability in monastic and settings. These adaptations collectively demonstrate the Confiteor's enduring versatility, sustaining its cultural relevance through diverse musical expressions.

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