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Communion

Communion is the act of sharing intimate thoughts and feelings, or a state of fellowship and mutual participation, derived from the Latin ''communio'' meaning "sharing in common" or "union."^[1]^[2] In religious contexts, it often refers to spiritual unity with the divine or community, most prominently in Christianity as Holy Communion (also known as the Eucharist or Lord's Supper), a sacrament commemorating Jesus Christ's Last Supper where bread and wine represent his body and blood.^[3] The term extends to other faiths, modern secular usages, and cultural depictions in literature, film, music, and more, as explored in subsequent sections.

Etymology and definitions

Historical origins

The term "communion" originates from the Latin communio, denoting mutual participation or sharing, which evolved from communis, meaning "common" or "shared among many."^[1] This etymological root underscores concepts of joint involvement and communal bonds, initially applied in classical Latin to describe shared duties, resources, or social ties in Roman society. By late antiquity, communio began to extend into ecclesiastical language, reflecting both secular and emerging spiritual notions of unity. Ancient Greek influences shaped the term's conceptual development through koinōnía (κοινωνία), which signifies fellowship, partnership, or communal sharing. This word appears in New Testament writings, notably in Acts 2:42, where it describes the early Christian community's devotion to the apostles' teaching, breaking of bread, and prayers, emphasizing shared life and resources among believers. The term's usage in these texts highlights a profound sense of mutual support and spiritual intimacy, bridging social solidarity with religious practice. Early Christian adoption of "communion" is evident in patristic literature, particularly the letters of Ignatius of Antioch (c. 110 AD), where it connects to unity in the Eucharist. In his Epistle to the Philadelphians, Ignatius stresses maintaining one Eucharist as a symbol of Christ's singular flesh and blood, reinforcing ecclesiastical harmony under the bishop's authority.^[4] This linkage portrays communion not merely as a ritual but as a vital expression of communal oneness and fidelity to apostolic tradition. In medieval Latin theology, the idea of communion further matured, as articulated by Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologica (c. 1265–1274). Aquinas defines it as the sacrament signifying ecclesiastical unity, where participants mutually share in Christ's flesh and divinity, thereby achieving spiritual union with God and one another.^[5] This formulation integrates earlier patristic insights with scholastic precision, establishing communion as a cornerstone of Christian social and mystical cohesion.

Modern usages

In contemporary secular language, communion denotes the intimate fellowship or exchange of thoughts and emotions between individuals, often evoking a sense of shared connection or belonging. This usage emphasizes mutual understanding and rapport without religious connotations, as defined in the Oxford English Dictionary's entry on the term.^[6] Philosophically, the concept has been explored in existential thought, notably through Martin Buber's 1923 work I and Thou, where the "I-Thou" relation represents a dialogical communion—an authentic, reciprocal encounter between persons that transcends objectification and fosters genuine presence. Buber's framework highlights how such communion arises in direct, unmediated interactions, influencing later discussions on relational ethics and human dialogue.^[7] In social and psychological applications, communion manifests in practices like group therapy, where shared emotional experiences create a sense of unity and interpersonal bonding among participants. This draws from Émile Durkheim's concept of collective effervescence, introduced in his 1912 book The Elementary Forms of Religious Life to describe heightened group energy that reinforces social ties; modern sociologists have adapted it to secular settings, such as community-building events, to explain how synchronized emotions strengthen collective identity and cooperation. For instance, in therapeutic groups, this effervescence promotes emotional communion, enhancing empathy and group cohesion.^[8]^[9] Secular examples of communion appear in fields like ecopsychology, where it describes the reciprocal bond between humans and the natural environment, fostering psychological well-being through immersive experiences in nature. This perspective views such communion as essential for addressing modern alienation from the ecological world, promoting restorative practices like mindful walks or wilderness immersion.^[10]

Religious contexts

In Christianity

In Christianity, communion, also known as the Eucharist or the Lord's Supper, is a central sacrament commemorating the Last Supper of Jesus Christ with his disciples. According to the New Testament accounts, Jesus instituted this rite during the Passover meal, taking bread and saying, "Take, eat; this is my body," and taking a cup of wine, saying, "Drink from it, all of you; for this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins."^[11] Similar descriptions appear in the Gospels of Mark (14:22-24), Luke (22:19-20), and 1 Corinthians (11:23-25), where the elements symbolize Christ's body and blood, sacrificed for humanity's redemption. This act serves as a memorial of Christ's death and resurrection, fostering unity among believers as the body of Christ. Doctrinal interpretations of the Eucharist vary significantly across Christian traditions. In Roman Catholicism, the doctrine of transubstantiation holds that the substance of the bread and wine is wholly converted into the body and blood of Christ, while the appearances (accidents) remain, as defined by the Council of Trent in 1551.^[12] Eastern Orthodox theology views the Eucharist as the real presence of Christ's body and blood through a mystical change, emphasizing it as the source of divine life without employing the philosophical terminology of transubstantiation.^[13] Lutheran theology affirms the real presence through sacramental union, where Christ's body and blood are truly present "in, with, and under" the bread and wine, without altering their substance, as articulated in the Formula of Concord (1577).^[14] In contrast, many Reformed and Protestant traditions, following Ulrich Zwingli's views from the 1520s, regard the Eucharist as a symbolic memorial, where the bread and wine represent Christ's sacrifice but do not convey his literal presence, emphasizing spiritual nourishment through faith.^[15] Liturgical practices of the Eucharist differ by denomination in frequency, elements, and participation policies. Catholics celebrate the Mass daily, with weekly attendance encouraged as a precept of the Church, using unleavened wheat bread and fermented grape wine as essential matter.^[16] Anglicans and many Lutherans observe it weekly on Sundays, while Methodists and some Baptists typically hold it monthly or quarterly.^[17] The elements include bread—unleavened in Roman Catholic rites, leavened in Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic rites, and either leavened or unleavened in Protestant contexts depending on the tradition—and wine, though many Protestant churches, influenced by the 19th-century temperance movement, substitute unfermented grape juice to avoid alcohol.^[18]^[19] Communion policies range from closed practices, restricting participation to confirmed members of the same denomination (e.g., in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and Catholicism, to ensure doctrinal unity), to open communion, inviting all baptized believers (common in Baptist and some evangelical churches).^[20] Historically, early Christian Eucharist celebrations in the 2nd century often integrated with agape feasts—communal love meals fostering fellowship—but by the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries, these separated, with the Eucharist evolving into a distinct sacramental rite focused on thanksgiving and consecration, as evidenced in texts like the Apostolic Tradition.^[21] This development addressed issues of order and abuse, as noted by early writers like Tertullian. Ecumenical efforts in the 20th century, such as the World Council of Churches' 1982 Lima Document on Baptism, Eucharist, and Ministry, sought convergence by affirming the Eucharist as a thanksgiving meal, anamnesis of Christ's sacrifice, invocation of the Spirit, and sign of unity, despite remaining differences.^[22] In modern contexts, the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022) prompted adaptations to Eucharistic practices, including streamed Masses without physical distribution, as the Vatican emphasized that virtual participation cannot substitute for in-person reception of the sacrament, prioritizing health while maintaining its communal essence.^[23]

In other faiths

In Judaism, the Kiddush ritual involves the sanctification of wine during Shabbat and major holidays, serving as a communal blessing that declares the holiness of the day and fosters unity among participants.^[24] Recited over a cup of wine at the onset of Shabbat on Friday evenings and before meals on holidays, it draws from biblical verses in Genesis and expresses gratitude for the divine selection of the Jewish people.^[24] This practice originates in the Talmud, compiled between approximately 200 and 500 CE, where verbal sanctification of Shabbat is established as a mitzvah, emphasizing shared spiritual elevation within the household or community.^[24] In Islam, the iftar meal marks the breaking of the daily fast during Ramadan, highlighting communal sharing that strengthens spiritual bonds among believers.^[25] These gatherings, often held in homes, mosques, or public spaces, promote a sense of belonging and collective effervescence, integrating participants into a shared cultural and spiritual experience.^[25] The Qur'an underscores this through Surah Al-Hujurat 49:10, stating, "The believers are but one brotherhood, so make peace between your brothers," which emphasizes reconciliation and unity as core to the faith's communal ethos during such rituals.^[26] In Hinduism, the distribution of prasad in temples represents the sharing of divine grace, where food offered to deities is returned to devotees as a blessed remnant.^[27] This practice symbolizes equality and communal harmony, transcending social divisions as the sanctified items—often sweets, fruits, or grains—are distributed equally among worshippers.^[27] It aligns with the Bhagavad Gita 4:11, where Krishna declares, "In whatever way people surrender unto Me, I reciprocate accordingly," illustrating participatory devotion through which the divine responds to human offerings, fostering a reciprocal spiritual connection.^[28] In Buddhism, communal meals within the Sangha, as outlined in the Vinaya texts compiled around the 5th century BCE, promote interdependence and harmony among monastics by relying on alms offered by lay supporters.^[29] These shared repasts, received without preparation by the monks, reinforce the community's collective discipline and mutual reliance.^[30] In Vajrayana traditions, tsok offerings extend this through ritual feasts on specific lunar days, such as the 10th and 25th, where participants gather to offer and partake in purified foods, invoking deities and confessing vows to cultivate interconnectedness with the sacred mandala realm.^[31] Among Indigenous traditions, such as those of the Lakota people, vision quests (Haŋbléčeyapi) involve communal rituals that support individual spiritual seeking for harmony with the Great Spirit and all creation.^[32] Preparation includes helpers establishing a sacred site and conducting purification ceremonies like the Inípi sweat lodge, while post-quest sharing of visions occurs in communal settings for interpretation by elders.^[32] These practices, documented in 19th-century ethnographies by figures like James R. Walker, integrate personal visions into the tribe's collective sacred knowledge and kinship system.^[33]

Arts and media

Literature and books

Whitley Strieber's 1987 non-fiction work Communion: A True Story recounts the author's alleged encounters with extraterrestrial beings, framing them as a profound, if unsettling, form of "communion" between humans and an otherworldly intelligence. Published by Beech Tree Books, the book details Strieber's experiences of abduction and hypnosis sessions that revealed fragmented memories of interactions with non-human entities, blending personal memoir with broader speculations on consciousness and contact. It achieved significant commercial success as a New York Times bestseller and sparking widespread debate in ufology and popular culture.^[34] In fictional literature, the theme of communion manifests in explorations of intimate bonds and mystical unions. T.S. Eliot's Four Quartets (1943), published by Harcourt, Brace & Company, weaves poetic reflections on time, eternity, and divine connection, with "communion" emerging as a motif for spiritual reconciliation amid worldly fragmentation. In sections like "Little Gidding," Eliot evokes a "deeper communion" through imagery of fire and purification, drawing on Christian mysticism to depict transcendence beyond isolation. Similarly, Graeme Gibson's 1971 novel Communion, published by House of Anansi Press, continues the surreal narrative of protagonist Felix Oswald from Five Legs, using dreamlike encounters to probe themes of alienation and fleeting interpersonal sharing in a fragmented modern world.^[35]^[36] The motif of communion recurs in Romantic poetry as a pathway to transcendence, particularly through harmony with nature. William Wordsworth's contributions to Lyrical Ballads (1798), co-authored with Samuel Taylor Coleridge and published anonymously, emphasize this ideal in poems like "Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey," where the speaker describes a restorative "communion" with natural landscapes that elevates the soul and fosters moral insight. Wordsworth posits nature as a living teacher, enabling a pantheistic union that counters urban disconnection and reveals eternal truths. This Romantic emphasis on intimate, empathetic sharing with the environment influenced later literary traditions, prioritizing emotional and spiritual elevation over rational detachment.^[37]^[38]

Film and television

The 1989 American science fiction horror film Communion, directed by Philippe Mora, adapts Whitley Strieber's 1987 memoir of the same name, depicting a writer's encounters with extraterrestrial beings during a family vacation.^[39] Starring Christopher Walken as Strieber, the film premiered on November 10, 1989, and explores themes of alien abduction and psychological trauma through a mix of horror and dark comedy elements.^[40] It received mixed critical reception, with a 46% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 13 reviews, praised for Walken's eccentric performance but criticized for its uneven tone and lack of narrative cohesion.^[39] Commercially, it underperformed, grossing $1.9 million at the North American box office against a modest budget.^[39] In 2012, British-Irish director Shimmy Marcus released the short film Hannah Cohen's Holy Communion, a 15-minute drama set in 1970s Dublin that centers on a seven-year-old Jewish girl eager to participate in the Catholic rite of First Holy Communion despite her family's faith.^[41] The film, written by Lana Citron and featuring Elaine Cassidy and Jim Sheridan, blends humor and poignancy to examine cultural clashes and the allure of religious rituals in a multicultural urban environment.^[41] It premiered at film festivals, including the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival, and earned acclaim for its heartfelt portrayal of childhood innocence amid interfaith tensions, securing nominations for awards like the Irish Film and Television Academy's short film category. Television has featured "Communion" as an episode title in several series, often tying into themes of spiritual or communal connection. In the 2013 medical drama Monday Mornings (Season 1, Episode 9), directed by Colin Bucksey, the plot revolves around a stabbing victim whose emergency treatment prompts reflections on end-of-life rituals and ethical dilemmas in healthcare, earning an 8.8/10 rating on IMDb for its intense character-driven narrative.^[42] Similarly, the 2007 episode "Communion" from the British series Casualty (Season 21, Episode 31), directed by Simon Massey, follows hospital staff navigating personal crises intertwined with religious observances, highlighting the intersection of medicine and faith in everyday life.^[43] Documentaries have also addressed the concept, such as the 2011 PBS-aired episode "A Vast Company of Witnesses – The Communion of Saints" from Fr. Robert Barron's Catholicism series, which examines the Catholic doctrine of the communion of saints as a spiritual bond linking the living and the deceased, drawing on theological and historical insights. Beyond direct titles, "communion" motifs appear in science fiction narratives emphasizing extraterrestrial or transcendent connections. The 1997 film Contact, directed by Robert Zemeckis and based on Carl Sagan's novel, portrays astronomer Ellie Arroway's (Jodie Foster) pursuit of interstellar communication, symbolizing a profound "communion" between humanity and potential alien intelligence through radio signals and a wormhole journey. This thematic use underscores broader sci-fi explorations of ritualistic contact, though the film focuses more on scientific validation than overt religious ritual.

Music

In the realm of music, "Communion" has inspired various compositions and recordings that explore themes of unity, spiritual connection, and shared intimacy, often drawing from religious or emotional contexts. One prominent example is the song "Communion" by the Christian rock band Third Day, featured on their 2005 album Wherever You Are. This worship track emphasizes Christian fellowship through lyrics reflecting on the Eucharist as a symbol of communal love and sacrifice, with lines like "This is the body / This is the blood / Broken and poured out for all of us," fostering a sense of collective spiritual bonding during live performances and recordings.^[44]^[45] The alternative rock band The Prayer Chain released an album titled Communion in 1994, later reissued and remastered as part of their influential work leading to the 1995 album Mercury. This collection delves into emotional and spiritual intimacy through shoegaze-influenced soundscapes, with a tracklist including "Humb," "Creole," "Waterdogs," "Grylliade," "Chalk," "Shiver," and additional pieces that blend hazy guitars and introspective lyrics to evoke a sense of transcendent unity. Critics have praised its raw, atmospheric production for capturing the struggles and joys of relational and faith-based communion, marking it as a cornerstone of 1990s Christian alternative music.^[46]^[47] In classical music, Olivier Messiaen's organ piece "Première communion de la Vierge" (The Virgin's First Communion), the ninth movement from his 1935 cycle La Nativité du Seigneur, portrays a profound spiritual union through meditative, ethereal harmonies and birdsong-inspired motifs, symbolizing the intimate divine connection in the Nativity narrative. Similarly, the fourth movement "Communion (Les oiseaux et les sources)" from Messiaen's Messe de la Pentecôte (1949–1950) integrates natural sounds with sacred chant-like lines to evoke communal worship and renewal, reflecting the composer's Catholic mysticism.^[48]^[49] Jazz offers notable instances as well, such as Don Cherry's seminal 1966 album Complete Communion, which revolutionized ensemble playing through multi-part suites designed for collective improvisation, promoting a sense of musical and humanistic unity among performers like Gato Barbieri on tenor saxophone and Henry Grimes on bass. The album's title track and overarching structure highlight shared creativity as a form of spiritual dialogue, influencing free jazz's emphasis on group oneness.^[50]

References

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The Purpose of Holy Communion | GCU Blog
Sep 28, 2022 · Communion, also known as the Lord's Supper, is a practice that the whole church observes in remembrance of Christ's sacrifice.
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Why Is the Lord's Supper Significant in the Bible? - The Bible Project
Oct 18, 2021 · Followers of Jesus take part in the Lord's Supper (or Communion/Eucharist) regularly to remember and participate in the power of Jesus' life.
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Why Communion matters in Catholic life - University of Dayton
Jul 6, 2021 · One of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, the Eucharist is a ritual in which, according to Catholic theology, bread and wine blessed ...Missing: sources | Show results with:sources<|control11|><|separator|>
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see common entry 1. First Known Use. 14th century ...
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Take ye heed, then, to have but one Eucharist. For there is one flesh of our Lord Jesus Christ, and one cup to [show forth ] the unity of His blood; one altar; ...
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It seems that the Eucharist is not a sacrament. For two sacraments ought not to be ordained for the same end, because every sacrament is efficacious in ...
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Aug 30, 2021 · Collective effervescence is the feeling of energy and harmony when people are engaged in a shared purpose.
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Jan 1, 2011 · Ecopsychologists view the relationship between humans and nature as a deeply bonded and reciprocal communion or union between humans and nature.
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This sacred and holy Synod delivering here, on this venerable and divine sacrament of the Eucharist, that sound and genuine doctrine.
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322. The wine for the celebration of the Eucharist must be from the fruit of the vine (cf. Lk 22:18), natural, and unadulterated, that is, without admixture of ...Missing: elements | Show results with:elements
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Jun 28, 2016 · Desiring to fill the communion chalice with an unfermented wine substitute, a Methodist Episcopal communion steward launched a grape juice ...
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ANSWER: We commend you for your integrity in representing properly the close[d] Communion policy that is followed by our church. Perhaps no other question ...
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second century Eucharist and agape were distinct rites. In the first and second centuries, up to and including Tertullian's days, the weekly communal supper ...
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The Hebrew word kiddush translates as “sanctification” or “separation.” Kiddush refers to a brief text, recited while holding a goblet of wine on Shabbat ...Missing: sources | Show results with:sources
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A person elects to go on a vision quest to pray, communicate with spirits, and attempt to gain knowledge, strength, and understanding.Missing: communal 19th- century ethnographies
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Mar 15, 1987 · COMMUNION A True Story. By Whitley Strieber. 299 pp. New York: Beech Tree Books/ William Morrow & Company. $17.95.Missing: confirmation | Show results with:confirmation
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Dec 6, 2006 · Publication date: 1913. Publisher: London : Methuen. Collection: kellylibrary; toronto; university_of_toronto.Missing: spiritual communion
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There is an uneasy current of opinion about Four Quartets, suggesting that they are dogmatic, and consequently Christian readers are drawn to them, ...
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Rating 46% (13) Philippe Mora. Director. Christopher Walken thumbnail image. Christopher Walken ... Box Office (Gross USA): $1.9M. Runtime: 1h 43m. Sound Mix: Surround ...
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Rating 5.5/10 (8,561) Director Phillipe Mora successfully creates a "you-are-there" atmosphere, letting the actors improvise a lot of their dialogue.Full cast & crew · User reviews · Communion · PlotMissing: critical reception
[43]
Hannah Cohen's Holy Communion (Short 2012) - IMDb
Rating 7.7/10 (48) Hannah Cohen's Holy Communion: Directed by Shimmy Marcus. With Lucy Sky Dunne, Elaine Cassidy, Jim Sheridan, Susie Power. A spirited 7-year-old, ...Missing: 2013 | Show results with:2013
[44]
"Monday Mornings" Communion (TV Episode 2013) - IMDb
Rating 8.8/10 (57) Communion: Directed by Colin Bucksey. With Ving Rhames, Jamie Bamber, Jennifer Finnigan, Bill Irwin. When paramedics rush in with a stabbing victim, ...
[45]
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Communion: Directed by Simon Massey. With Ben Price, Peter O'Brien, Ian Bleasdale, Susan Cookson. Nathan's ambition of getting Stich's resignation is ...Missing: titled | Show results with:titled
[46]
Communion – Third Day Lyrics and Chords | Worship Together
Free chords, lyrics, videos and other song resources for "Communion – Third Day" by Third Day.<|control11|><|separator|>
[47]
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Listen to Wherever You Are on Spotify · album · Third Day · 2005 · 13 songs. ... Communion · Third Day · Carry My Cross · Third Day · How Do You Know · Third Day.
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Communion by The Prayer Chain, released 31 August 1994 1. Humb [C] 2. Creole [C] 3. Waterdogs [C] 4. Grylliade [C] 5. Chalk [C] 6. Shiver [C] 7.Missing: Boat 1995
[49]
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Dec 1, 1993 · Indeed, many of the Prayer Chain's songs deal, in varying degrees of opacity, with the struggles of developing a fulfilling relationship with ...
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Aug 3, 2017 · Olivier Messiaen - Premiere communion de la Vierge - Copenhagen Summer Festival 2017. 810 views · 8 years ago ...more ...
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Sep 16, 2023 · Olivier Messiaen - Messe de la Pentecôte, IV. Communion (Les oiseaux et les sources) Written in 1950, Messiaen's Pentecost Mass is a ...
[52]
Complete Communion - Wikipedia
Complete Communion is a 1966 album by American jazz composer Don Cherry, his debut as a bandleader and his first release on Blue Note Records.
[53]
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Nov 6, 2021 · Complete Communion includes the Argentine jazz tenor saxophonist Gato Barbieri and Symphony For Improvisers adds German pianist and vibraphonist Karl Berger.