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Cue mark

A cue mark, also referred to as a changeover cue, is a small visual indicator embedded in a frame of motion picture film, designed to signal the projectionist of an upcoming event such as the end of a reel during theatrical projection.^[1] These marks typically appear as a brief circle or oval in the upper right corner of the frame, lasting only a fraction of a second on screen, and were crucial for enabling seamless reel changes in pre-digital cinema setups where films were divided into multiple short reels of approximately 10 to 20 minutes each.^[2]^[3] Historically, cue marks emerged in the early 20th century alongside the standardization of 35mm film projection in theaters, where dual projectors were used to alternate between reels without interrupting the audience's viewing experience.^[2] The process involved a first cue mark prompting the projectionist to start the next reel on a second projector about 8 to 10 seconds before the current one ended, followed by a second mark triggering the actual switchover of both picture and sound.^[3] Circular marks denoted standard aspect ratio films, while oval variants were used for widescreen anamorphic formats like CinemaScope introduced in the 1950s, adapting to the elongated frame shape.^[3] In three-strip Technicolor processes, these cues sometimes took on more distinctive, colorful forms due to the film's multilayered dye-transfer system.^[3] Cue marks became largely obsolete with the introduction of single-platter projection systems in the late 1970s, which enabled continuous playback without reel changes, and were fully eliminated by the transition to digital projection in the 2000s.^[4]^[3] Nonetheless, they remain a notable artifact in restorations and home video transfers of classic films, often visible as fleeting "dots" or "burns" that inadvertently appear in the frame, serving as a reminder of analog cinema's technical intricacies.^[1] The informal term "cigarette burn" for these marks gained popular recognition through cultural references but is not the official industry nomenclature.^[5]

Overview

Definition

A cue mark, also known as a cue dot, cue blip, or changeover cue, is a visual indicator placed on analog motion picture film prints to signal transitions between reels or segments.^[1]^[6] These marks are typically small circles or shapes created by printing, scratching, or removing emulsion from the film frame, often appearing in the upper right corner.^[1] The primary purpose of a cue mark is to alert projectionists or broadcast operators to prepare for or execute a changeover, ensuring seamless playback in multi-reel formats where films were divided into shorter segments due to technological limitations of the era.^[6]^[7] In cinema, this facilitated the switch between two projectors to maintain continuous projection without interruption.^[7] An informal term for these marks, "cigarette burn," gained widespread recognition through its depiction in the 1999 film Fight Club, where it symbolizes a meta-reference to audience awareness of film mechanics.^[8] Cue marks apply to both cinema film prints and early television broadcasts, where similar dots—often generated electronically—signaled program transitions or commercial breaks, but they do not encompass digital cinema or modern streaming equivalents.^[9]

Historical Development

Cue marks trace their origins to the silent film era in the early 1900s, when feature-length films were distributed on multiple reels of approximately 1,000 feet each, requiring projectionists to manually switch between dual projectors to maintain seamless playback. These multi-reel formats, common in theaters equipped with two projectors for continuous projection, demanded precise timing to avoid interruptions, leading to the development of early signaling methods.^[10] Projectionists initially relied on informal techniques, such as using stopwatches to estimate runtime, counting feet of film via mechanical counters on projectors, or visually estimating changes at natural breaks like scene fades to black or intertitle cards that aligned the end of one reel with the start of the next.^[11] Standardized cue marks emerged in the late 1920s and early 1930s as film production and distribution practices matured, particularly with the transition to sound films that increased runtime precision needs. In 1930, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences introduced the Academy Leader, a standardized film leader incorporating cue marks to synchronize projection and reel changes, marking a key milestone in theatrical presentation uniformity. Initially, these marks were created by scratching the emulsion directly on the camera negative during post-production, allowing them to print onto release positives for visibility during projection. This method ensured consistency across prints but risked damaging the original negative.^[3] Cue marks were widely adopted in the 1930s as Hollywood features routinely spanned multiple reels, with major studios like MGM and Warner Bros. standardizing their placement through in-house laboratory practices to streamline distribution and exhibition. These studios integrated cue marks into their production pipelines to support larger audiences and more complex narratives, replacing ad-hoc projectionist markings with reliable printed signals. By the 1950s, as widescreen formats proliferated, cue marks adapted to technologies like CinemaScope, introduced in 1953; the marks were elongated into ovals on the negative to account for anamorphic squeezing and unsqueezing by projection lenses, preventing distortion in the 2.35:1 aspect ratio.^[12]^[3] In television broadcasting, electronic cue dots emerged in the mid-20th century, particularly from the 1950s onward, to signal transitions during live or taped programs and commercial breaks on networks like ITV and the BBC. In the late 1960s, production workflows shifted cue mark application from camera originals to internegatives or interpositives, improving print quality by preserving the master negative from scratches and allowing multiple high-fidelity duplicates. This change, aligned with advances in color processing and duplication techniques, enhanced consistency and reduced wear on source materials during the era's growing emphasis on optical effects and international distribution.^[13]

Technical Aspects

Placement Standards

Cue marks on motion picture film are positioned according to established standards set by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) to ensure reliable reel changeovers in projection systems. Prior to 2005, under SMPTE 55 (Universal Leader), the motor cue—a four-frame marker signaling the start of the second projector's motor—was placed with its first frame 200 frames before the last picture frame of the reel, while the changeover cue, also four frames long and indicating the precise moment to switch projectors, began 28 frames before the end (accounting for the cue duration and 24 subsequent picture frames).^[14] In 2005, SMPTE updated these specifications in ST 301 (Projection Leader), shifting the motor cue to start 198 frames before the end and the changeover cue to 22 frames before, with 18 picture frames following the latter to better accommodate modern projector mechanics. These timings reflect the onset of each four-frame cue sequence and are measured from the base side of the film opposite the soundtrack.^[14] The standard placement of cue marks occurs in the upper right corner of the frame, within the perforation area, to prevent any obstruction of the projected image content.^[7] This positioning ensures the marks are visible to the projectionist without impinging on the visual field, and they span exactly four frames each for consistent detection.^[14] The dual-cue system employs the motor cue first to initiate the second projector's motor approximately 8 seconds before the changeover, allowing time for the mechanism to reach operational speed, followed by the changeover cue to execute the reel switch and provide brief overlap (approximately 0.75 seconds) between projectors for seamless playback.^[14] This interval—168 frames of picture between the end of the motor cue and start of the changeover cue pre-2005, or 172 frames post-2005—accounts for the typical ramp-up time in analog projection equipment.^[14] These placements were designed for standard 35 mm film reels, typically 2,000 feet in length and lasting about 20-22 minutes at 24 frames per second, incorporating allowances for projector threading and synchronization delays.^[14] While primarily standardized for 35 mm theatrical releases, similar guidelines apply to the 16 mm format, using the same frame spacings.

Visual Characteristics

Cue marks are typically circular in shape for flat, non-anamorphic film prints to ensure visibility without obstructing the image.^[3] For widescreen anamorphic formats, such as those used in Cinemascope, the marks adopt an oval shape to compensate for the squeezed image ratios during projection.^[3] On color film, these marks appear as black circles due to the removal or scratching of the emulsion layer, creating high contrast against the surrounding picture for clear visibility.^[15] In contrast, on black-and-white film or show prints intended for exhibition, the marks are often white dots achieved by scratching through the emulsion to expose the clear base, or occasionally inked for added prominence.^[16] Creation of cue marks primarily involves scratching or punching a small hole into the film emulsion using a specialized cue marker tool, which removes the light-sensitive layer to form the indicator.^[3] Alternatively, marks can be superimposed optically during the printing process onto the release print stock, integrating them seamlessly without physical alteration to the base film.^[17] When projected, cue marks manifest as a brief flash lasting 4 frames (approximately 0.17 seconds at 24 fps) in the upper right corner of the frame, often perceived as a fleeting "dot" or subtle "burn" that contrasts sharply with the ongoing image.^[15] Their design emphasizes durability, with the etched or punched construction allowing the marks to endure hundreds of projections in theater runs without significant fading or degradation.^[3]

Primary Applications

Role in Film Projection

In traditional cinema projection, cue marks played a critical role in facilitating seamless transitions between reels in dual-projector setups, which were standard in pre-digital theaters to enable continuous playback of multi-reel films. These systems employed two synchronized projectors that alternated reels, with the projectionist threading the incoming reel onto the second machine in advance while the first projector ran. This integration allowed for uninterrupted screening of feature-length films, typically divided into 20-minute reels, without requiring platter systems or automation.^[18]^[19] The operational workflow relied on the projectionist's vigilant monitoring of the screen for cue marks, which appeared as brief on-screen flashes in the upper right corner. Upon spotting the first cue mark—positioned approximately 8 seconds before the reel end—the projectionist would activate the motor on the second projector, allowing sufficient time for the machine to warm up, achieve proper speed, and synchronize with the ongoing footage. This step was essential to prepare the alternate projector without visible delay.^[19]^[20] The second cue mark, appearing about 7 seconds after the first and roughly 1 second before the reel's black leader, triggered the immediate changeover to prevent any blackout or interruption. At this signal, the projectionist simultaneously switched the lamp, sound amplifier, and image source to the second projector, often using a changeover pedal or switch for precision. This procedure demanded split-second timing, with the projectionist positioned between the machines to execute the transfer smoothly.^[19]^[20] Synchronization during these switches was paramount to maintain audio-video alignment, as misalignment could result in lip-sync errors or jarring visual jumps. Cue marks were strategically placed to coincide with dissolve effects or scene transitions edited into the film print, further concealing the reel change and preserving narrative flow. In setups with optical soundtracks, the projectionist also verified that the sound drum tension remained consistent across projectors to avoid warbling or distortion post-changeover.^[18]^[20] By standardizing reel-end timing, cue marks addressed key challenges in non-automated projection booths, where human error—such as misjudging reel length or delayed motor starts—could lead to visible gaps or audio dropouts. Skilled projectionists mitigated these risks through pre-show inspections of leader lengths and cue positions, adjusting threading (e.g., aligning the number "8" or "9" on the leader in the film gate) based on each machine's motor acceleration characteristics. This manual process underscored the projectionist's expertise in older theaters lacking automated cue readers.^[19]^[18] Cue marks were ubiquitous in feature films produced from the 1930s to the 1990s, including restored prints of 1940s classics, where they can still be observed during reel transitions in archival screenings.^[18]

Usage in Television Broadcasting

In television broadcasting, cue marks, commonly known as cue dots, functioned as visual indicators for control room operators to prepare for transitions such as commercial inserts, station identifications, or scene changes during pre-digital eras. These marks were generally smaller and less obtrusive than those used in film projection, often appearing as static shapes or striped patterns in the upper corner of the frame to ensure visibility against varying backgrounds without significantly disrupting viewer experience.^[21]^[22] In the United Kingdom, cue dots followed regional standards established by the BBC and the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) for commercial television. On ITV and Channel 4, a distinctive rectangle of vertical black and white stripes typically appeared in the top right corner approximately one minute before a commercial break and disappeared five seconds prior to its start, which standardly lasted 30 seconds to accommodate ad slots. The BBC employed simpler static cue marks, often in the top left or right, to signal the onset of subsequent programs from studios or outside broadcasts, aiding manual coordination in presentation areas.^[21]^[22] In the United States, visual cue dots were not as uniformly adopted but were visible in network feeds derived from telecine transfers of film, where original film cue marks inadvertently appeared on screen during broadcasts. More commonly, audio cue tones—such as DTMF signals—alerted affiliates that a commercial break would commence in 5 to 8 seconds, enabling local ad insertions; these tones sometimes supplemented visual cues in mixed analog systems.^[23]^[24] Cue dots were implemented by overlaying them electronically during live production, printing them directly onto video tapes for playback, or inheriting them from telecine processes converting film to video. Early television relied on manual tape rolling by operators responding to these visual prompts, whereas later analog setups introduced partial automation for precise timing. Distinct from film applications, television cues varied in advance warning duration by system and region, such as up to one minute for UK ITV visual cues or 5-8 seconds for US audio tones, to suit the single-playback format of tapes or live streams, and audio tones frequently accompanied visuals for redundancy in control rooms.^[21]^[22]^[23] These signals were particularly prominent in 1970s-1990s programming, including sitcoms and news broadcasts, where they ensured smooth transitions in analog workflows; archived footage from this period, such as BBC productions, often preserves visible examples from telecine segments. By the 2000s, analog cue dots were largely replaced by digital standards like SCTE-35 for ad insertion signaling.^[22]^[21]

Evolution and Current Status

Persistence in Legacy Systems

Despite the widespread adoption of digital projection, cue marks continue to play a functional role in legacy analog systems, particularly in platter-based setups where films are divided into segments for continuous playback. In modern art-house cinemas equipped with 35mm platter systems, such as the Landmark Midtown Art Cinema in Atlanta, projectionists rely on these marks to synchronize reel changes during extended screenings, ensuring seamless transitions without interrupting the audience experience.^[25] This persistence stems from the mechanical limitations of platters, which splice multiple reels into a single large loop but still require precise timing cues to manage segment handoffs, especially in non-automated configurations.^[26] In archival and restoration contexts, cue marks are deliberately preserved on 35mm prints to maintain historical authenticity during screenings of restored classics. Archival organizations emphasize retaining original projection elements as part of the film's integrity. For instance, restored films screened at venues like the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, utilize 35mm projections to reflect mid-20th-century cinema technology.^[27] Similarly, in digital restoration workflows, cue marks are often respected as historically significant defects rather than removed, ensuring their presence in analog-derived presentations.^[28] Niche applications further sustain cue marks among independent filmmakers, film festivals, and educational programs utilizing analog equipment. Independent productions shot on 35mm, such as those screened at events hosted by art-house theaters like the Enzian Theater in Orlando, incorporate cues for authentic distribution on film reels, appealing to enthusiasts of traditional workflows.^[29] Educational projections, facilitated by resources like Sprocket School, demonstrate cue mark usage to train aspiring projectionists on manual techniques, emphasizing their role in timing reel changes during hands-on workshops.^[14] Projectionists in these settings receive training to verify cue positions for manual operations, even in partially automated systems, to prevent misalignment during live presentations.^[18] Specific examples of ongoing use include the Tara Theatre in Atlanta, where 35mm screenings of contemporary films like Anora occurred in March 2025, involving analog projection practices that typically include cue marks for reel changes.^[30] As of November 2025, venues like the AFI Silver Theatre and Cultural Center continue to feature 35mm revivals, where cues remain integral to the analog projection process for classic and restored titles.^[31] These practices highlight cue marks' enduring utility in preserving the tactile, skill-based aspects of film exhibition amid a digital-dominated landscape. As of November 2025, analog film projection persists in limited art-house and archival settings, though the number of equipped venues continues to decline.

Decline with Digital Cinema

The advent of Digital Cinema Packages (DCPs) in the early 2010s marked a pivotal shift in film exhibition, as theaters transitioned from physical film reels to server-based digital playback systems, rendering traditional cue marks obsolete by eliminating the need for manual reel changes.^[32] This changeover accelerated with widespread adoption, reaching approximately 99% of U.S. theaters by 2023 and similar levels in major global markets, driven by cost efficiencies and improved image quality.^[33] By the mid-2020s, major cinema chains had fully embraced digital projection, with physical film prints largely confined to archival or specialty screenings.^[34] In digital systems from manufacturers like Dolby and Barco, automated playlists and metadata embedded within DCPs handle seamless content transitions, supplanting visual cue marks entirely.^[35] These integrated media processors, such as Barco's Alchemy ICMP or Dolby's IMS2000 servers, use XML-based composition playlists (CPLs) to synchronize audio, video, and subtitles without projectionist intervention, ensuring precise timing through software automation rather than on-screen indicators.^[36] The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) standards, including ST 429 for DCP core elements, further standardize this metadata-driven workflow, phasing out analog cue-based practices in training and operations by 2025 as digital protocols dominate.^[37] Cue marks occasionally persist as artifacts in digital transfers of legacy films, particularly when sourced from telecine scans of original prints. In modern DCPs for new releases, such markers are absent, as production workflows generate content natively in digital formats without reel segmentation. This transition has significantly reduced the role of projectionists, with automation leading to widespread job losses; for instance, thousands of positions vanished as theaters adopted digital servers, shifting duties to basic IT maintenance.^[38] Environmentally, the shift minimizes film waste, as digital distribution via satellite or hard drives replaces shipping thousands of physical prints per release, cutting plastic and chemical disposal associated with analog stock.^[39] Cultural echoes of cue marks endure in nostalgic homages, such as the deliberate insertion of simulated "cigarette burns" in David Fincher's Mank (2020), which evoke 1940s reel changes to enhance the film's vintage aesthetic despite its all-digital production.^[40] While non-digital niches maintain limited analog use, the broader industry's digital pivot has solidified cue marks as a relic of pre-2010s cinema.^[34]

References

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cue mark - Dictionary of Archives Terminology
cue mark. n. A mark made in a frame of a motion picture that is used to signal an upcoming event, such as the end of a reel.
[2]
Archive Senior Studio Projectionist Jim Smith Retires
Aug 9, 2023 · Changeover cues [marks on a film that indicate when a reel is about to end] last a blink of an eye. Another challenge is in aligning three film ...
[3]
DVD Savant: Changeover cues: trivial marks or strange phenomena?
Changeover cues are marks used by projectionists to switch film reels. Circular marks indicate flat pictures, while oval marks indicate anamorphic lenses.
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What's the significance of "cue marks" in Mank?
Jan 7, 2023 · “cigarette burns” are an industry term for the holes punched in film to indicate timing for reel changes. Those are the circles being asked about.
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A small mark made in the frame of a motion picture, usually in the upper right-hand corner, signaling the projectionist to be prepared to change to another ...Missing: film | Show results with:film
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Jul 16, 2021 · Change-over cue is the small dot, oval, or mark on the top-right corner of a film frame. It signals to the projectionist to change over from one projector (or ...
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Cue-dot generator by Alpha Television Services, 1961
A cue dot is a small circle or square usually in the top right-hand corner of the picture used to signal to a control room that a transition of some sort is ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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A cue mark, also known as a cue dot, a changeover cue or simply a cue is a visual indicator used with motion picture film prints, usually placed on the right- ...
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Motion-picture technology - Projection, Cinematography, Editing
Circular cue marks printed in the upper right corner of the picture indicated when each changeover should take place. Today the 2,000-foot reel is used ...
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May 15, 2017 · Many films though the 1930's had the cue marks printed in at the end of each 10 minutes section. Since the cue marks were scratched into the ...
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There were four main stages in the evolution of film leader standards in the US: Academy (1930/1947); Society (1951); Universal (1965/1966); and, Projection ( ...Missing: marks | Show results with:marks
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Feb 9, 2010 · The negative was scribed with a different kind of cue mark, created at the start of each 2000-ft reel. Similar in shape to an F, the cue ...
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A cue mark, also known as a cue dot, a changeover cue or simply a cue is a visual indicator used with motion picture film prints, usually placed on the right- ...
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between black and white, confusing the apparently stable hierarchies of race that were ... cue mark, a black or white dot, which appeared briefly in the top right ...
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The Cue Mark comes from film history, the machinery of cinema, the physical ... Sometimes rougher Cue Marks were superimposed as projectionist's marks, creating a ...
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[PDF] A Guide to Best Practices in Film Handling
If it is necessary to mark visible motor and changeover cues, it should be done by temporary means such as a china marker, rather than scribing or scratching a ...
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2 so that "8" on the leader is close to the film gate. Remember the changeover cues take the form of black dots in the upper right hand corner of the screen.
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None
### Summary of Changeover Cues, Projectionist Workflow, Dual Projectors, and Sync Aspects
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Nov 19, 1994 · ... TV screens on ITV and. Channel 4 just before commercial breaks are called cue dots. They consist of vertical black and white stripes, to make ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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In order that the tests were fair, two of the cameras had a cue dot superimposed in the top left or right of the frame. ... BBC programmes. This was one ...
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Glossary of Terms | Effective Media Services
Cue Tone. A DTMF signal in the broadcast stream that indicates that an affiliate commercial time will begin in 8 seconds. Cume/Reach/Unduplicated Audience.
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[6] The current SMPTE standard for digital projection allows for rates of: 24, 25, 30, 48, 50, and 60 frames per second. Also note SMPTE standard ST 428-21:2011 ...
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'Anora' screens on 35 mm film at Atlanta's Tara Theatre
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Silent Cinema Showcase. Silent Cinema Showcase. Through November 15 ; FRANKENSTEIN. FRANKENSTEIN (2025) in 35mm. Returns Nov. 10 ; IT WAS JUST AN ACCIDENT. IT WAS ...Series & Events · Films by Title · AFI European Union Film... · Silver Cinema Club
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Dolby Atmos can automatically create 5.1 and 7.1 deliverables. A single Digital Cinema Package (DCP) inventory simplifies distribution. Follows existing ...
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When an old movie is converted to digital format, does it include the ...
Jun 17, 2020 · The marks are called “cue marks”, and they were scratched onto the film itself or punched out. The practice of using cue marks extended onto ...In the days of film projected movies, it was common to splice ... - QuoraBack in the days when movies were on reels of film, and distributed ...More results from www.quora.com
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