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Cyclone Phailin

Cyclone Phailin was a very severe cyclonic storm that developed over the northern in early October 2013, intensifying rapidly before making landfall near Gopalpur in , , on 12 October as one of the strongest cyclones to strike the region in over a decade. Originating from a over the Tenasserim coast on 6 October that moved into the , the system organized into a depression by 08:30 IST on 8 October at approximately 12.0°N, 96.0°E, and was named Phailin when it reached cyclonic storm strength on 9 October. It tracked northwestwards, escalating to severe cyclonic storm status by 10 October morning and very severe cyclonic storm by midday, with maximum sustained winds peaking at 215 km/h (115 knots) and a minimum central pressure of 940 hPa near landfall. At its peak, the cyclone's expansive structure—spanning about 500 km in diameter—generated gale-force winds over a wide area, accompanied by a of 2–2.5 meters above astronomical tide that inundated coastal regions up to 1 km inland in . The storm crossed the and northern coasts around 22:30 IST on 12 October, weakening progressively inland to a severe cyclonic storm by the next morning and dissipating over southwest by 14 October. Meteorological impacts included extremely heavy rainfall, with a recorded maximum of 380 mm in 24 hours at Banki in , , leading to widespread flooding across 17 districts in and 16 in . Humanitarian and economic consequences were severe but mitigated by proactive measures; the cyclone affected over 13 million people, damaging or destroying more than 419,000 houses, 668,000 hectares of crops, and like , power lines, and in Odisha alone. Casualties totaled 39, with 38 deaths in (21 directly from the cyclone and 17 from related floods) and 1 in , a stark contrast to the 1999 Odisha super cyclone's toll of nearly 10,000 lives. This lower death count resulted from one of India's largest peacetime evacuations, with over 1.2 million people—over 1.1 million from (including cyclone and flood-related) and 134,426 from —relocated to shelters in just 48 hours, supported by accurate four-to-five-day forecasts from the that pinpointed the location within 3–13 km and time within 1–3 hours.

Background

Naming

The name "Phailin" for the cyclone was contributed by as part of the standardized naming system for tropical cyclones in the North Indian Ocean basin, established by the (WMO) and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) on Tropical Cyclones. This panel maintains a rotating list of pre-approved names to facilitate clear communication and public awareness during cyclone events, with each country submitting suggestions that are culturally significant, easy to pronounce, and non-offensive. The names are assigned sequentially based on the order of the contributing ' lists. In 2004, the system was initiated with 8 contributing countries—, , , , , , , and —each providing 8 names to form an initial list of 64. "Phailin" was the final name from 's submissions in this original list, used during the 2013 season. The panel expanded the contributing countries to 13 in 2018, with each providing 13 names. In the , "Phailin" translates to "," evoking the gemstone's deep blue hue, which aligns with the panel's guidelines for names that carry positive or neutral connotations. This naming practice, initiated in , replaced the earlier ad-hoc system and has been instrumental in reducing confusion in multilingual regions affected by these storms.

2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

The 2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an above-average period of activity, producing 11 cyclonic disturbances, including 9 that intensified into depressions, 5 that reached cyclonic storm strength, and 3 that developed into severe cyclonic storms. This exceeded the long-term average of about 5 depressions and 2–3 cyclonic storms per year in the basin, which encompasses the and . The season's heightened activity was supported by warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures across the region, which provided favorable energy for cyclone formation and intensification, alongside reduced vertical wind shear during the post-monsoon period. Emerging La Niña conditions in late 2013 further contributed by enhancing low-level convergence and moisture influx over the , promoting cyclone genesis in the basin. Activity commenced in the pre- phase with Cyclonic Storm Viyaru forming over the in early May, marking the season's initial named system before dissipating near the coast. A prolonged lull followed during the summer , with no significant systems until the post-monsoon surge in October–December, when four named cyclones emerged—the highest number in a single post-monsoon season since 1992. These included Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Phailin in early October, Severe Cyclonic Storm Helen and Severe Cyclonic Storm Lehar in late November, and Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Madi in early December. Phailin stood out as the season's most intense post-monsoon , reaching peak winds of 140 knots and exemplifying the basin's potential for under the prevailing environmental conditions. The sequence of Lehar, , and highlighted the unusual clustering of activity, with each affecting coastal areas of and contributing to the season's overall impact.

Meteorological history

Formation and initial development

Cyclone Phailin originated as a over the on October 4, 2013, associated with a remnant cyclonic circulation from the . The system moved westward, crossing the , and by October 6, it had developed into a over the Tenasserim coast of . On , enhanced convection led to its classification as a well-marked over the north , positioned approximately at 13.5°N, 94.0°E. The (IMD), serving as the (RSMC) for the North , monitored the system's gradual organization and designated it as a tropical depression (TD) early on , , centered near 12.0°N, 96.0°E, with estimated sustained winds of 25 knots (46 km/h). Over the following day, the depression tracked west-northwestward, crossing the near Mayabandar around 1430 hrs IST on , while convective banding features improved around the low-level circulation center. By late , at 1730 hrs IST, the IMD upgraded it to a cyclonic storm, naming it Phailin, with initial maximum sustained winds of 35 knots (65 km/h). The (JTWC) issued its first warning on the system at 0000 UTC on , also classifying it as a tropical storm with 35-knot winds. Early intensification was supported by conducive environmental conditions in the , including sea surface temperatures of 28–29°C providing ample ocean (60–80 kJ/cm²), low-to-moderate vertical (10–20 knots), and favorable upper-level . These factors allowed the system to consolidate, with improved outflow and reduced shear enabling better organization of deep convection during its initial phase over the .

Intensification

After crossing from the into the on 9 2013 as a deep depression, the system organized further and was upgraded to a cyclonic later that day by the (IMD). By the morning of 10 , it intensified into a severe cyclonic (SCS), with sustained winds reaching 65 knots (120 km/h). The storm underwent over the next day, achieving very severe cyclonic storm (VSCS) status on 10 October, according to IMD classifications, while the (JTWC) assessed it as equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane intensifying toward Category 5. It reached its peak intensity on 11 October with 1-minute sustained winds of 140 knots (260 km/h or 160 mph) and an estimated minimum central pressure of 916 per JTWC estimates; IMD assessed the peak as 115 knots (215 km/h) with 940 . The JTWC rating marked it as the strongest in the North Indian Ocean basin since 1999. Satellite imagery during this phase revealed a well-defined eye approximately 12-15 km in diameter, surrounded by a symmetric eyewall with intense deep and enhanced spiral rainbands, indicative of favorable organizational processes. This rapid strengthening was supported by low vertical of 5-10 knots, which allowed for symmetric inflow and minimal disruption to the core structure, combined with high exceeding 60 kJ/cm² and sea surface temperatures of 28-29°C that provided ample for .

Landfall and weakening

As Cyclone Phailin tracked northwestwards across the towards the coast, it made landfall near Gopalpur in the at approximately 22:30 IST (17:00 UTC) on , , as a very severe cyclonic storm with maximum sustained surface winds of 200–210 km/h (124–130 mph), gusting up to 220 km/h, and a central pressure of around 940 . The storm's center crossed the and adjoining north coastline at coordinates 19.2°N, 84.9°E. A storm surge of 2–2.5 meters above astronomical tide inundated low-lying coastal areas, particularly in Ganjam district, extending inland up to 1 km in some locations. Immediately following landfall, frictional effects from the terrain caused rapid weakening, with the system downgraded to a severe cyclonic storm by 08:30 IST on October 13 over south Odisha. The cyclone continued to weaken as it moved inland, reducing to a by 11:30 IST on , a deep by 17:30 IST that evening, and a by 03:00 UTC on . It fully dissipated into a well-marked by 14:30 IST on over southwest . Post-landfall, the track shifted initially north-northwestwards, then northward, and finally north-northeastwards across and into . Associated heavy rainfall was concentrated over , with the maximum 24-hour cumulative total reaching 38 cm at Banki in , primarily in the northeast sector relative to the position.

Preparations

Forecasting and warnings

The (IMD) issued its initial forecast for a over the North on 3 2013, but the first specific alert for the developing depression occurred on 8 , when special bulletins began announcing its formation and predicting intensification into a cyclonic storm by the following day. By 9 , warnings escalated to indicate a very severe cyclonic storm with sustained winds of 175-185 km/h gusting to 200 km/h, expected to make between Kalingapatnam and Paradip around 12 . Further escalation came on 11 , with forecasts upgrading it to a very severe cyclonic storm, projecting winds of 210-220 km/h at near . IMD's intensity forecasts proved accurate, correctly anticipating the cyclone's peak strength of 200-210 km/h gusting to 220 km/h at on 12 October 2013 at 2230 IST. Track predictions were also precise, with errors under 100 km for up to 84 hours in advance and position errors of just 3-13 km, enabling timely warnings four to five days ahead. Internationally, the (JTWC) designated the system as 02B on 8 October 2013 and issued 16 warnings through 12 October, forecasting peak intensities equivalent to a Category 4 to 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale. JTWC's best-track analysis confirmed a speed of 140 knots (260 km/h), aligning with Category 5 status, though it noted the cyclone's during its approach to the coast. Real-time monitoring relied heavily on from INSAT-3D and , which provided continuous cloud pattern analysis and rainfall estimates, supplemented by Doppler weather radars at stations including , Paradip, and Gopalpur for detailed wind structure and eyewall observations as the storm neared landfall. These tools allowed IMD to refine bulletins hourly, enhancing the overall forecast reliability during the cyclone's brief but intense lifecycle.

Evacuations and sheltering

In response to the intensifying threat of Cyclone Phailin, authorities orchestrated one of the largest peacetime evacuations in the country's history, relocating over 1.1 million people nationwide to minimize loss of life. In , the most affected state, more than 800,000 individuals were evacuated from vulnerable coastal areas, with final figures reaching approximately 983,642 people moved to safety ahead of landfall. Adjacent saw targeted evacuations of around 134,426 residents from high-risk districts, contributing to the overall effort. These operations were completed within roughly 36 hours, leveraging timely warnings issued by the . Evacuations were coordinated primarily by state disaster management authorities, including Odisha's Special Relief Commissioner and Andhra Pradesh's revenue and disaster management departments, in collaboration with district administrations and local police. High-risk coastal villages faced mandatory evacuations, where officials compelled residents to leave low-lying areas prone to storm surges and flooding, often using vehicles, boats, or foot marches to reach designated safe zones. Shelters included over 4,000 multi-purpose cyclone centers, schools, community halls, temples, and government buildings, many of which had been constructed or retrofitted under national disaster preparedness programs to serve as refuges during non-emergency periods. In alone, around 20,000 such facilities were activated, providing temporary housing stocked with basic provisions. Despite the scale of the operation, challenges emerged, particularly in remote and rural areas where logistical strains hampered efficiency. Disrupted communication networks and damaged roads in isolated coastal hamlets delayed the transport of evacuees, requiring ad-hoc solutions like all-terrain vehicles and community-led relays. Additionally, some residents resisted evacuation due to concerns over leaving , property, or homes unattended, necessitating persuasion by local leaders and enforcement by to ensure compliance. These hurdles underscored the complexities of moving large populations in cyclone-prone regions with limited .

Resource deployment

In anticipation of Cyclone Phailin's landfall, the Indian government mobilized extensive domestic resources through the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and state administrations. Approximately 2,000 personnel from the (NDRF) were deployed across , , and , with teams airlifted to key vulnerable areas for search, rescue, and immediate relief operations. These included 26 NDRF teams in supported by three standby units, and additional teams in , equipped for rapid response to flooding and structural damage. The played a critical role in bolstering these efforts, with the deploying an engineering task force, six composite relief units, and four columns totaling several hundred personnel to and for infrastructure restoration and evacuation support. The positioned ships along the coast for maritime rescue, while the readied 12 helicopters and , including C-130J Super Hercules, for airlifting supplies and conducting aerial surveys. Overall, thousands of from the , , and were placed on standby and activated for post-landfall rescue and relief, ensuring coordinated logistics in coordination with civil authorities. Essential supplies were pre-positioned in advance, including dry food rations (with 5.7 metric tons airdropped by the to remote areas), potable water, and medical kits, alongside the activation of 185 medical teams and 338 relief centers to address potential health emergencies. Ports such as Paradip in were fully closed, suspending all maritime operations, while airports in affected regions halted flights—resulting in the cancellation of 10 flights—and schools across and were shuttered, repurposed as cyclone shelters for evacuees. These measures minimized disruptions and facilitated efficient resource distribution. While the response relied predominantly on national capabilities, international organizations extended offers of assistance; the through its agencies like UNDP provided technical support and assessment, and the committed funding for recovery, including a $153 million project approved shortly after the event. However, the scale of domestic mobilization ensured that external aid was supplementary rather than central to the initial deployment phase.

Regional impacts

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

As Cyclone Phailin formed and intensified in the , it passed near the , bringing heavy rainfall and squally winds during its early phase on October 8–10, 2013. In Mayabunder, North and Middle Andaman, rainfall totaled 74 cm over the three days, with 34 cm recorded in a single 24-hour period on October 9; other locations like saw 34 cm on the same day, while received approximately 73 mm on October 9 and 10 mm on October 10. These downpours, accumulating up to 735 mm over 72 hours in parts of the , triggered localized flooding but caused no reported casualties due to timely weather alerts issued by the . Squally winds reaching 60–70 kmph, gusting to 80 kmph on October 9, resulted in minor damage to , including uprooted trees and disruptions to local shipping activities. Limited evacuations were conducted in vulnerable coastal areas of the islands in response to these warnings, helping to mitigate risks to residents. The heavy also impacted , particularly plantations, and affected operations by damaging some vessels and halting activities amid the rough seas. Overall, the islands experienced peripheral effects from the storm's outer bands, with recovery efforts focusing on clearing debris and restoring normalcy shortly after the event.

Odisha

Cyclone Phailin made near Gopalpur in on October 12, 2013, as a very severe cyclonic storm with maximum sustained winds of 200–210 km/h, gusting up to 220 km/h, causing extensive structural damage in coastal villages. The storm flattened thousands of thatched-roof homes and uprooted trees across and other districts, with the strongest impacts concentrated within 50 km of the site. A of 2–2.5 meters above astronomical tide inundated low-lying coastal areas up to 1 km inland, exacerbating flooding from heavy rains. The cyclone resulted in 21 deaths in directly attributed to its impacts, primarily from in floodwaters and structural collapses during the . Widespread destruction affected over 256,600 homes, with nearly 58,000 fully or severely damaged and the remainder partially impacted, leaving hundreds of thousands of residents homeless in 12 coastal districts. Agricultural losses were severe, with more than 1.29 million hectares of crops damaged, including over 783,000 hectares suffering more than 50% loss, devastating fields and horticultural areas critical to local livelihoods. Economic damages from Phailin in were estimated at approximately $1.45 billion, encompassing losses to , , , and fisheries. Power outages affected millions across 13 , with over 10,000 km of distribution lines damaged, disrupting electricity supply for days in rural areas. Roads were blocked by fallen trees and debris, with 1,936 km of roadways damaged and 176 breaches reported, hindering initial access to affected communities. Torrential rains associated with the cyclone, reaching up to 381 mm in 24 hours in parts of , triggered widespread river flooding in coastal areas, including the Baitarani, Budhabalanga, and Rusikulya rivers. These floods compounded the storm's effects, submerging villages and farmlands up to several kilometers inland and contributing to additional casualties beyond the direct cyclone impacts. Evacuation efforts had relocated over 800,000 people from vulnerable coastal zones prior to landfall.

Andhra Pradesh

Cyclone Phailin's southern fringes brought strong winds and heavy rainfall to , affecting primarily the northern coastal districts such as , , and . Gale winds of 120-150 km/h battered the coastline, leading to along beaches like Ramakrishna Beach in , where protective walls were severely damaged. Rainfall peaked at around 198 mm in Itchapuram, triggering flash floods that inundated villages and agricultural fields in . The storm resulted in one death in . Approximately 750 houses were partially or fully damaged across 16 affected districts, with preliminary estimates in indicating 70 houses impacted and 3,000 partially collapsed in some reports. Crop damage was significant in the agricultural heartland, with inundated over 6,192 hectares, affected in more than 100 hectares, damaged across 100 hectares, and plantations uprooted in 3,219 hectares, particularly in northern coastal areas. Flooding from the torrential rains displaced around 139,000 people and disrupted local economies, including the where 25 boats were damaged near Pudimadaka and high caused partial collapse of a 10-foot wall at Visakhapatnam's fishing harbor. Operations at faced disruptions from high damaging infrastructure and boats in the port area, though major handling was suspended preemptively. The inundation also affected low-lying areas, exacerbating vulnerabilities in coastal communities reliant on and fisheries.

Jharkhand and other Indian states

In , the peripheral effects of Cyclone Phailin led to at least five reported deaths and the destruction of approximately 400 huts, primarily due to heavy rainfall and gusty winds. Rainfall reached up to 74.6 mm in several areas, causing minor flooding in low-lying regions and affecting agricultural fields, though no widespread structural damage was noted beyond rural dwellings. West Bengal experienced heavy rains from the cyclone's outer bands, with accumulations up to 150 mm in coastal and Gangetic districts, leading to localized waterlogging and crop losses estimated in the thousands of hectares, particularly for and . Rescue operations saved around 20 fishermen stranded at sea off the state's coast amid rough conditions, with no fatalities directly attributed to the storm in the region. In and , the cyclone's remnants brought scattered heavy rainfall, triggering minor flooding in riverine areas and isolated landslides in hilly terrains, but no major casualties were recorded despite alerts for potential inundation. These effects disrupted local transportation briefly but caused limited overall disruption compared to coastal zones. Uttar Pradesh saw isolated pockets of heavy rainfall from the cyclone's extended rainbands, primarily in eastern districts, which impacted standing agriculture by causing and minor damage to crops like and pulses, though the effects were peripheral and not severe.

Nepal

The remnants of Cyclone Phailin brought prolonged heavy rainfall to from October 13 to 15, 2013, triggering floods in the Kosi and Gandaki rivers due to runoff from catchment areas in the country. This rainfall raised flood risks in downstream regions and disrupted normal activities during the ongoing festival, a major Hindu celebration involving family gatherings and travel. In eastern and mid-Tarai districts like , three days of incessant rain damaged newly harvested paddy crops, which represent a primary income source for many farmers, leading to significant agricultural losses and overshadowing festival festivities with economic hardship. The heavy precipitation also caused landslides in eastern , blocking roads and damaging bridges and homes, which compounded disruptions to and daily life. No direct casualties were reported from these indirect effects of the cyclone in , though thousands were temporarily displaced by flooding and landslides. Overall, the economic impact remained minor in compared to , where total damages exceeded $1.45 billion across affected sectors.

Aftermath and recovery

Immediate response

Following the landfall of Cyclone Phailin on October 12, 2013, near Gopalpur in , immediate relief and rescue operations were swiftly initiated by Indian authorities to address the in the affected regions. The National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC), chaired by the , coordinated the national-level response, mobilizing resources from the (NDRF), , and other agencies to support state efforts in and . Rapid deployment of materials included the airdropping of 5.7 metric tons of dry food by helicopters to inaccessible areas cut off by flooding and debris. The government had pre-arranged over 1,000,560 food packets for distribution to evacuees and affected families in relief camps. Additionally, 185 teams were deployed across the impacted districts, establishing 338 relief centers to provide emergency care, distribute medicines, and monitor for amid the post-storm challenges. Infrastructure was prioritized to facilitate aid delivery and enable residents to return home. Major roads were cleared within 24 hours through coordinated efforts by NDRF, , and fire services, with initial clearance covering 865 km by removing fallen trees and debris. Power supply, disrupted across thousands of poles and lines, saw targeted repairs, though full in some remote areas took up to a week. The cyclone resulted in 44 confirmed deaths across , primarily from collapsing structures and falling trees, a relatively low toll attributed to preemptive evacuations of over one million people. International support complemented domestic efforts, with the providing logistical assistance through agencies like UNOCHA and neighboring countries offering solidarity, though the response was predominantly managed by Indian forces and NGOs.

Long-term reconstruction

The total economic loss from Cyclone Phailin was estimated at US$1.45 billion (INR 89,020 million), with the majority of damages concentrated in Odisha's , , and sectors. In response, received over $300 million in international funding for recovery, including $153 million from the and approximately $160 million from the , much of which targeted reconstruction to enhance resilience. The central government also provided additional exceeding $150 million for immediate and long-term rebuilding, focusing on vulnerable coastal communities. Reconstruction efforts prioritized the rebuilding of over 419,000 homes damaged or destroyed by the cyclone, incorporating cyclone-resistant designs such as elevated structures and reinforced materials to better withstand future storms. These initiatives, supported by the Odisha Disaster Recovery Project, aimed to relocate vulnerable households from high-risk areas and integrate community participation in to ensure . Agricultural recovery involved restoring approximately 668,000 hectares of farmland affected by saline inundation and crop destruction, through measures like soil desalinization, repairs, and provision of and fertilizers to farmers. For coastal fishing communities, which suffered extensive losses to boats, nets, and gear, recovery programs distributed thousands of new vessels and to restore marine-based livelihoods. A 2020 study found that around 70% of affected households had regained pre-cyclone levels by 2015, though ongoing challenges in access to formal credit and high-value assets were noted as barriers to full recovery. Overall, these multi-year efforts emphasized "build back better" principles, leading to improved and reduced vulnerability in the region.

Significance and lessons

Cyclone Phailin marked the strongest cyclonic storm to strike since the devastating 1999 super cyclone, which claimed over 10,000 lives, yet Phailin resulted in just 44 deaths despite its comparable intensity, largely attributable to enhanced disaster preparedness measures implemented in the intervening years. This stark contrast underscored the efficacy of India's evolving cyclone management strategies, including the construction of multipurpose shelters and improved infrastructure under initiatives like the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP), which had already fortified coastal defenses in by 2013. The event highlighted the critical role of robust early warning systems, coordinated by the Indian Meteorological Department, which enabled the evacuation of over 1.1 million people in just 48 hours, averting widespread casualties. Phailin's response prompted refinements to the NCRMP, including additional financing for 162 cyclone shelters in Odisha and expanded risk mitigation across other coastal states, emphasizing integrated hydro-meteorological forecasting and community-level drills. These advancements drew from lessons of prior disasters, transforming potential catastrophe into a benchmark for proactive governance. In the context of , Phailin exemplified the growing threat of intensified in the , where warming sea surface temperatures—reaching 28-29°C during the storm—contributed to its rapid development and strength. Post-event analyses, including those examining environmental influences on cyclone intensity, have informed resilience-building efforts, linking such events to broader trends of increasing storm ferocity in the region. Globally, Phailin's management received acclaim from the , with the UN Office for praising the "zero casualty" approach and large-scale evacuations as a model for disaster-prone nations, influencing international frameworks for preparedness. This recognition positioned as a leader in reducing human vulnerability to natural hazards, serving as a for global adaptation strategies.

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