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Cyclopedia

A cyclopedia, also spelled cyclopaedia, is an archaic variant of the term encyclopedia, referring to a comprehensive reference work that provides systematic summaries of information on a broad array of subjects, from arts and sciences to general knowledge.^[1]^[2] The word originates from the Greek enkyklios paideia, meaning "general education" or "training in a circle," derived from en- ("in") + kyklos ("circle") + paideia ("education" or "instruction of children"), reflecting an ancient concept of rounded, complete learning, as referenced by Plutarch.^[3] The term first appeared in English in the mid-17th century, with the earliest recorded use in 1636 by traveler Henry Blount, who employed cyclopaedia to denote universal knowledge encompassing all sciences.^[2] By the early 18th century, it gained prominence through Ephraim Chambers' Cyclopaedia, or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1728), a two-volume work that marked the first major modern English-language encyclopedia, compiling articles on diverse topics with cross-references to facilitate interconnected understanding.^[4]^[5] Chambers, an English writer and translator born around 1680, drew from European sources to create this innovative compilation, which emphasized natural sciences and practical knowledge while introducing structured indexing for accessibility.^[4]^[6] Chambers' Cyclopaedia exerted significant influence on subsequent encyclopedic projects, serving as the direct model for Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Encyclopédie (1751–1772), which began as a planned French translation but evolved into a landmark of the Enlightenment, expanding philosophical and social content.^[7]^[8] Later 19th-century works, such as Robert Chambers' Cyclopaedia of English Literature (1844), further adapted the format to specialized fields, underscoring the term's role in the evolution of knowledge dissemination.^[9] Today, while largely supplanted by encyclopedia, cyclopedia persists in historical contexts and titles, symbolizing the aspiration for holistic intellectual coverage.^[10]

Etymology and Terminology

Origin of the Term

The term "cyclopedia" derives from the Greek phrase enkyklios paideia, which translates to "circle of instruction" or "complete system of learning," referring to a rounded general education encompassing essential arts and sciences.^[3]^[11] This ancient concept was misinterpreted by Latin scholars around 1500, who rendered it as encyclopaedia, treating the compound as a single word meaning a comprehensive course of study rather than its original sense of cyclical or general training.^[3]^[12] In English, the term first appeared in the mid-1600s as "cyclopaedia," a variant emphasizing the shortened form. The earliest recorded use occurs in 1636 in Sir Henry Blount's A Voyage into the Levant, where it denoted a broad educational curriculum akin to the classical ideal of holistic learning.^[2]^[13] This early adoption reflected growing interest in systematic knowledge during the period, though the word remained uncommon until later popularization. The term gained widespread recognition in 1728 through Ephraim Chambers' Cyclopaedia: or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, which employed "cyclopaedia" as a concise alternative to the longer "encyclopaedia" for titling a comprehensive reference work.^[10]^[14] Chambers' choice highlighted the evolving preference for brevity in English nomenclature while retaining the Greek-rooted connotation of encyclopedic scope. This linguistic emergence was deeply influenced by Renaissance humanism, which revived classical Greek and Roman texts and promoted the idea of a unified, systematic body of knowledge as central to human development. Humanists like Petrarch and Erasmus emphasized paideia as integral to intellectual formation, fostering the term's application to compilations that aimed to encapsulate all learning in a coherent "circle."^[15] This parallel development also inspired the French Encyclopédie of the 1750s, which adopted a similar nomenclature under Diderot and d'Alembert.^[11]

Spelling Variations and Evolution

The term "cyclopaedia," featuring the "ae" digraph reminiscent of Latin and Greek influences, emerged in English during the mid-17th century as a shortened form of "encyclopaedia." The Oxford English Dictionary identifies its earliest attested use in 1636, in Henry Blount's A Voyage into the Levant, where it denoted a comprehensive circle of knowledge.^[2] This spelling persisted in early reference works, reflecting the era's adherence to classical orthography in scholarly publishing. By the 18th century, printing conventions in Britain favored retention of the "ae" digraph or its ligature form "æ," as evidenced in Ephraim Chambers' seminal Cyclopædia, or, an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1728), which used "Cyclopædia" in its title and throughout. This practice aligned with broader English typographic traditions that preserved etymological fidelity. In contrast, post-1800 American publications increasingly adopted "cyclopedia," dropping the "ae" for simplification; a key milestone is The International Cyclopedia (1884–1890), which employed the streamlined spelling in its title and content, marking a divergence in transatlantic orthographic norms.^[16] The shift to "cyclopedia" by the 19th century stemmed from phonetic spelling movements, exemplified by Noah Webster's reforms promoting logical, pronunciation-based orthography in American English to distinguish it from British conventions.^[17] This evolution also reflected diminishing reliance on classical digraphs in everyday English printing, as the "æ" ligature—once common for efficiency in typesetting—became cumbersome and was gradually replaced by "e" for practicality.^[18] Such changes paralleled ongoing debates over "encyclopaedia" variants, underscoring a broader trend toward modernized spelling in the 19th century.

Definition and Characteristics

Core Definition

A cyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work, typically published in a single volume or multiple volumes, that seeks to encapsulate knowledge across all major branches of human learning through articles arranged in alphabetical order. Unlike dictionaries, which primarily provide definitions and brief etymologies, cyclopedias feature longer explanatory articles that offer substantive overviews and context on topics ranging from arts and sciences to history and biography.^[19]^[20] Intended for general readers rather than specialists, a cyclopedia emphasizes universality by covering diverse subjects without delving into advanced technical details, thereby serving as an accessible gateway to broad intellectual pursuits. The term derives from "encyclopaedia," literally meaning a "circle of learning," reflecting its design as a rounded summary of existing knowledge rather than original research.^[10]^[21] Historically, cyclopedias were crafted to facilitate self-education, often incorporating illustrations to aid comprehension and cross-references to encourage interconnected exploration of ideas. Although rooted in print formats with fixed content, contemporary digital reference works echo this tradition by prioritizing user accessibility through searchable interfaces, while expanding the scope beyond static volumes.^[22]

Key Features and Scope

Cyclopaedias are characteristically arranged alphabetically by entry title, enabling users to locate information efficiently without navigating complex hierarchies, a practice that became prevalent in reference works from the late 17th century onward.^[23] This structure is complemented by extensive cross-references, which direct readers from one article to related ones, fostering an understanding of knowledge as an interconnected system rather than isolated facts.^[24] Such navigational aids underscore the encyclopedic aim of synthesizing diverse topics into a cohesive whole, distinguishing cyclopaedias from more rigidly classified predecessors.^[25] To enhance the explanation of technical and abstract subjects, cyclopaedias routinely include illustrations, such as detailed engravings and plates, alongside textual descriptions.^[24] These visual elements, often produced by specialized artisans, depict machinery, natural phenomena, and manufacturing processes, bridging the gap between verbal accounts and practical comprehension.^[23] Supplements, issued periodically to update or expand content, further support this multimedia approach by incorporating additional diagrams or errata that address evolving understandings in fields like mechanics and botany.^[25] The scope of cyclopaedias is deliberately limited to factual compendia of established knowledge, prioritizing succinct overviews over novel scholarship or speculative analysis.^[25] Articles are typically authored by a network of contributors—often scholars or practitioners in specific domains—and subjected to rigorous editorial oversight to maintain uniformity, accuracy, and neutrality across volumes.^[23] This collaborative model ensures the work serves as a reliable reference rather than a platform for individual innovation, with content drawn from prior publications and observations. Over time, the features of cyclopaedias evolved to reflect shifting intellectual priorities; early iterations emphasized systematic treatments of the arts and sciences, such as mathematics, natural history, and applied trades.^[24] Later developments incorporated biographical sketches of notable figures and summaries of recent historical events, broadening the appeal to encompass cultural and temporal dimensions while retaining the core commitment to objective summarization.^[25] This progression mirrors the genre's adaptation to an expanding body of human knowledge, positioning cyclopaedias as precursors to modern encyclopedias.

Historical Development

Precursors in Early Reference Works

The foundations of comprehensive reference works can be traced to ancient compilations that sought to organize vast bodies of knowledge about the natural world. Pliny the Elder's Naturalis Historia, completed in 77 CE, stands as one of the earliest surviving examples, comprising 37 books that systematically cataloged information on the universe, geography, biology, medicine, and minerals, drawing from over 2,000 sources to preserve Roman understanding of nature.^[26] This encyclopedic effort reflected a Stoic imperative to safeguard knowledge against oblivion, blending factual observations with mythical elements, and served as an authoritative text for scientific and medical inquiry through the medieval period.^[26] In the early Middle Ages, Isidore of Seville's Etymologiae, finished around 633 CE, emerged as a pivotal proto-encyclopedia that synthesized classical and Christian learning into a structured overview of knowledge. Organized into 20 books covering topics from grammar and mathematics to theology and the natural sciences, it emphasized etymological derivations to unlock meanings, functioning as the dominant reference work with nearly 1,000 surviving manuscripts that shaped medieval intellectual life.^[27] Although not fully alphabetical, its topical arrangement in Book 10 anticipated dictionary-like organization, influencing later compilers by providing a model for universal compendia.^[27] Building on this tradition, the 13th-century Franciscan scholar Bartholomeus Anglicus composed De Proprietatibus Rerum between 1242 and 1247, creating a comprehensive encyclopedia tailored for educational use within his order. Spanning 19 books on subjects including theology, philosophy, medicine, astronomy, zoology, botany, and mineralogy, it integrated sources from Aristotle, Pliny, and Augustine to explain the properties of all creation, from divine entities to earthly phenomena.^[28] Widely disseminated through over 200 manuscripts and translations into multiple European languages, it exemplified the medieval shift toward encyclopedic synthesis for practical instruction.^[28] By the 17th century, English efforts advanced this evolution with John Harris's Lexicon Technicum, first published in 1704 as a two-volume dictionary of arts and sciences that introduced alphabetical ordering to English-language reference works. Consulting experts like Isaac Newton and John Ray, it explained technical terms alongside broader scientific concepts, incorporating original contributions such as Newton's writings on acids and optics to promote systematic knowledge of mechanics, astronomy, and natural philosophy.^[29] This innovation enhanced accessibility and marked a departure from purely topical treatises, emphasizing empirical and artistic subjects with illustrative plates.^[30] These precursors collectively transitioned reference literature from fragmented, subject-specific treatises to more universal, organized compilations, paving the way for alphabetical and inclusive formats in subsequent English works like Ephraim Chambers' later adoption of systematic coverage.^[29]

18th-Century Foundations

The 18th century saw the emergence of the cyclopedia as a structured genre of knowledge compilation, epitomized by Ephraim Chambers' Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences published in 1728. This two-volume work presented an alphabetical arrangement of thousands of articles encompassing the liberal and mechanical arts, natural and divine sciences, and practical mechanics, aiming to provide a comprehensive synthesis of contemporary learning for educated readers. Building briefly on precursors such as John Harris' Lexicon Technicum (1704), Chambers' effort formalized the cyclopedia by integrating cross-references and explanatory depth to facilitate navigation through complex subjects.^[31] The creation of Chambers' Cyclopædia was profoundly shaped by Enlightenment principles, which prioritized rational inquiry and the widespread sharing of verified knowledge to dispel superstition and foster intellectual progress. By emphasizing empirical observation and systematic classification over dogmatic traditions, the work embodied the era's drive toward secular enlightenment, aligning with the philosophical pursuits of figures like Voltaire, who advocated for reason as a tool against ignorance and prejudice. This ideological foundation positioned cyclopedias as instruments for public education and societal advancement during a time of scientific and philosophical upheaval.^[32]^[33] Innovations in publishing underpinned the feasibility and success of such ambitious projects. Chambers relied on a subscription model, issuing proposals in 1726 to secure funding from patrons and booksellers, which enabled the production of a high-quality folio edition despite the financial risks involved. Additionally, the inclusion of detailed explanatory indexes and errata sheets addressed potential inaccuracies and improved user accessibility, setting precedents for future reference works in ensuring reliability and ease of consultation.^[31] Chambers' Cyclopædia exerted significant influence beyond Britain, directly inspiring the French Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (1751–1772) edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, which originated as a planned translation and expansion of Chambers' text before evolving into a monumental 28-volume enterprise. This cross-cultural adaptation propelled the cyclopedic format into continental Europe, amplifying its role in the global dissemination of Enlightenment thought.

19th- and 20th-Century Expansions

The 19th century marked a period of remarkable growth in cyclopedias, driven by the exponential increase in scientific, technological, and industrial knowledge during the Industrial Revolution, which necessitated larger, more detailed reference works to accommodate the expanding volume of information. This era saw the production of multi-volume sets that far exceeded the scope of 18th-century predecessors, with periodic revisions becoming essential to keep pace with rapid advancements in fields like chemistry, engineering, and manufacturing. Publishers responded by commissioning contributions from specialists, resulting in encyclopedias that served as authoritative syntheses of contemporary learning.^[34] A prime example of this expansion was Abraham Rees' Cyclopædia; or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature (1819–1820), a comprehensive 45-volume edition that built upon Ephraim Chambers' foundational work by incorporating updates from leading experts, including the chemist Humphry Davy, who contributed on topics such as electrochemistry and agricultural chemistry. Spanning approximately 39 million words and illustrated with thousands of engravings, Rees' work exemplified the shift toward collaborative authorship by professionals, reflecting the era's emphasis on empirical precision and practical utility amid industrial progress. Its scale—39 text volumes plus six plate volumes—highlighted how the demand for exhaustive coverage led to unprecedented publishing ambitions.^[35] American adaptations further illustrated this trend, tailoring the cyclopedia format to national priorities. The New American Cyclopædia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge (1858–1863), edited by George Ripley and Charles A. Dana, comprised 16 volumes and devoted significant attention to U.S. history, politics, geography, and emerging industries such as railroads, textiles, and agriculture, thereby addressing the unique needs of a growing republic amid westward expansion and economic transformation. This work not only disseminated European knowledge but also prioritized American innovations and biographies, underscoring the localization of encyclopedic efforts in response to industrial and cultural developments.^[34] Entering the 20th century, the general cyclopedia model began to wane as the sheer breadth of knowledge encouraged specialization in narrower fields, reducing the viability of all-encompassing multi-volume sets for mass production. Nonetheless, echoes of the cyclopedia tradition endured in landmark publications like the eleventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1910–1911), a 29-volume reference that maintained the comprehensive, systematic organization and expert-driven content characteristic of 19th-century works, even as it grappled with the challenges of updating vast arrays of information in an era of accelerating specialization.^[34]

Notable Examples

Ephraim Chambers' Cyclopædia (1728)

Ephraim Chambers' Cyclopædia, or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences was first published in 1728 as a groundbreaking English-language encyclopedia, comprising two folio volumes arranged alphabetically to facilitate quick reference. The work contained 2,576 articles covering a broad spectrum of knowledge, with a particular emphasis on scientific and technical subjects such as mechanics, anatomy, and philosophy, drawing from contemporary sources to provide systematic explanations and definitions. To aid comprehension, it featured 20 copper plates, many of which were folding illustrations depicting complex diagrams, anatomical structures, and mechanical devices, marking an early integration of visual aids in encyclopedic works.^[36] A key innovation was the extensive use of cross-references, denoted by asterisks and symbols directing readers to related entries, which encouraged a networked understanding of knowledge rather than isolated facts; this method, combined with a detailed index introduced in the second edition, transformed the encyclopedia into a dynamic tool for exploration. Content highlights included comprehensive entries on mechanics (e.g., discussions of levers, pulleys, and hydrostatics), anatomy (detailing human and animal structures with illustrative support), and philosophy (addressing metaphysical concepts and ethical systems in a rationalist framework). Chambers aimed to synthesize the "whole Land of Knowledge" into a cohesive system, reflecting Newtonian influences and Enlightenment ideals of ordered inquiry.^[31] The publication history began with Chambers securing subscriptions and collaborating with printers like James Knapton and John Darby after initial partnerships faltered due to delays and disputes over scope, leading him to oversee much of the production himself. The first edition sold out rapidly, prompting a second edition in 1738 with corrections and additions, followed by a reissue in 1741 that included minor updates and the aforementioned index. Posthumous supplements, edited by others such as George Lewis Scott, appeared in 1753 as two additional volumes to incorporate new advancements.^[33] The Cyclopædia's legacy endures as a pivotal work that popularized the term "cyclopaedia" through its innovative format and secular focus on empirical knowledge, directly inspiring Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Encyclopédie (1751–1772), which originated as a planned French translation of Chambers' text. It signified a broader shift toward collaborative, accessible dissemination of knowledge, moving away from clerical dominance and toward public enlightenment, influencing subsequent encyclopedias in structure and ambition.^[33]^[31]

Abraham Rees' Cyclopædia (1802–1820)

Abraham Rees' Cyclopædia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature, published serially from 1802 to 1820, served as a substantial revision and expansion of Ephraim Chambers' foundational 1728 work, adapting it to the scientific and technological landscape of the early Industrial Revolution era. Edited by the Welsh nonconformist minister Abraham Rees (1743–1825), the encyclopedia prioritized a non-sectarian, empirically driven approach, drawing on expertise across disciplines to ensure rigorous, unbiased coverage of knowledge. Published by the Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown firm in London, it reflected Rees' commitment to advancing public understanding through accessible yet authoritative scholarship.^[37] The work's scale was monumental, encompassing 39 volumes of text plus 6 volumes of plates (including an atlas), for a total of 45 volumes and roughly 29,000 pages of content. Contributions came from over 100 specialists, such as astronomers, chemists, and engineers, who authored or revised articles to incorporate contemporary advancements; notable examples include detailed treatments of Industrial Revolution innovations like the steam engine, penned by engineer John Farey Jr. and accompanied by explanatory plates. Enhanced engravings—numbering in the thousands across the plate volumes—along with folding maps and diagrams, provided visual aids that elevated the encyclopedia's utility for technical subjects, distinguishing it from earlier editions.^[38] Reception was largely positive, with contemporaries lauding its accuracy, depth, and comprehensive scope as a benchmark for encyclopedic scholarship, though its high production costs—stemming from the extensive plates and expert labor—drew criticism for limiting access to affluent readers and institutions. Despite these drawbacks, Rees' Cyclopædia exerted significant influence on later reference works, including the Encyclopædia Britannica, by modeling expert-driven, illustrated coverage of emerging sciences and technologies.^[39]^[40]

Later Specialized Cyclopaedias

In the late 19th century, the proliferation of specialized knowledge prompted the creation of cyclopaedias tailored to specific domains, diverging from broader general works. A key example in religious studies is the Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, edited by John McClintock and James Strong and published by Harper & Brothers in New York across ten volumes from 1867 to 1881, with two supplementary volumes added later.^[41] This comprehensive reference comprises nearly 50,000 articles on biblical interpretation, theological doctrines, ecclesiastical history, and related topics, serving as a foundational resource for scholars in divinity.^[42] Scientific and cultural fields also saw the adoption of the cyclopaedia format for in-depth coverage. The International Cyclopaedia: A Compendium of Human Knowledge, under the editorship of Richard Gleason Greene, was released in 1890 by Dodd, Mead & Company in New York, encompassing 15 volumes that addressed global affairs, natural sciences, and humanities with contributions from international experts.^[43] This work emphasized systematic organization to handle the era's expanding body of information, including entries on international relations, geography, and emerging technologies.^[44] Biographical cyclopaedias emerged as another niche, particularly for national histories. Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography, edited by John Fiske and James Grant Wilson, was published in six volumes plus an index between 1886 and 1889 by D. Appleton and Company in New York, featuring over 5,000 entries on prominent Americans across politics, arts, and sciences.^[45] Complementing this, the National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, initiated by James T. White & Company in 1891, extended into the 20th century with dozens of volumes, providing updated portraits and narratives of influential figures to reflect ongoing societal developments.^[46] By the 20th century, the term "cyclopaedia" persisted in titles for prestigious, thematic compilations amid the knowledge explosion that rendered all-encompassing references impractical, favoring focused expertise instead.^[47] Digital revivals have sustained these works' relevance, such as the online edition of McClintock and Strong's cyclopaedia, which digitizes the full text for accessible scholarly use.^[42]

Modern Usage

Persistence in Titles

Despite the widespread adoption of "encyclopedia" as the standard term in the 20th century, "cyclopedia" has persisted in select publication titles, particularly in specialized reference works. Notable examples include Pears' Cyclopaedia, a British annual almanac first published in 1897 that continued through 2017, encompassing general knowledge, facts, and miscellanea in a compact format. In the United States, Salem Press has maintained the Cyclopedia of Literary Characters, with its fourth revised and expanded edition released in 2015, providing detailed analyses of over 29,000 characters from 3,500 literary works.^[48] Similarly, the Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Private Corporations, originating in 1931, remains active with a 2025 edition, offering comprehensive legal guidance on corporate matters. The retention of "cyclopedia" in these titles often stems from an archaic appeal that conveys prestige and tradition, especially in educational and professional contexts where historical continuity enhances perceived authority. For instance, Pears' Cyclopaedia leveraged its longstanding name for brand recognition over more than a century, even as digital alternatives emerged. Legal and literary series like Fletcher and Salem's works benefit from branding continuity, preserving the term from earlier iterations to maintain familiarity among specialists and avoid rebranding costs. Publishing trends show greater use of "cyclopedia" in American imprints compared to British ones, reflecting divergent stylistic preferences post-19th century. U.S. publishers such as Salem Press and Thomson Reuters (for Fletcher) have favored it in niche domains, while British examples like Pears' Cyclopaedia, though enduring, ultimately discontinued amid declining print sales. This pattern echoes the broader evolution from 19th-century expansions, where "cyclopedia" was common in expansive reference sets before "encyclopedia" gained dominance in general works. As of 2025, "cyclopedia" titles are rare in general reference publications, largely supplanted by digital encyclopedias, but they endure in specialized fields and historical reprints, underscoring their niche viability.

Contemporary Interpretations

In the digital age, the term "cyclopedia" has been repurposed for interactive online resources that emphasize interconnected knowledge over static entries. The C& Cyclopedia, launched in October 2025 by Contemporary And, serves as a dynamic digital archive compiling over 11,000 texts, images, sounds, and profiles related to global contemporary art, enabling layered searches across concepts, places, and media to foster unexpected interdisciplinary connections.^[49] Similarly, the AI Cyclopedia on the "There's An AI For That" platform functions as a comprehensive directory of more than 42,000 AI tools categorized by tasks and industries, positioning itself as a modern knowledge hub for technological discovery and application.^[50] These adaptations reflect a shift toward evolving, user-driven platforms that challenge the fixed structure of traditional encyclopedias while invoking the original ideal of universal coverage. Culturally, "cyclopedia" appears as a motif in niche media evoking historical completeness and exploratory depth. In steampunk-inspired content, InnRoads Ministries' 2016 "Cyclopaedia" series uses the term to title in-depth guides on the genre, linking Victorian-era aesthetics, steam technology, and speculative fiction to create immersive world-building resources for gaming and storytelling.^[51] This usage draws on the 18th-century roots of cyclopedias like Ephraim Chambers' work to symbolize exhaustive, era-specific knowledge in creative narratives. In academic contexts, "cyclopedia" specifically denotes pre-20th-century reference formats characterized by alphabetical organization and broad synthesis of arts and sciences. Historiographical studies, such as those examining serialization in early printing, highlight works like Samuel Keimer's 1728–29 reprint of Chambers' Cyclopædia as pivotal in the evolution of encyclopedic publishing.^[7] Modern scholarship critiques the comprehensiveness of these formats in relation to AI knowledge bases, noting how projects like Elon Musk's Grokipedia (launched October 2025) attempt to replicate encyclopedic breadth through AI synthesis but face issues of bias and factual errors compared to human-curated systems.^[52]^[53]

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Waterways Cartography, Part II - Mapping Movement
These two long articles, one on canals and the other on steam engines, read in tandem, became a primer for the Industrial Revolution in North America.
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The Organization of Encyclopedias (Chapter 5)
Jun 27, 2019 · ... influence on the Britannica. There, in the ... 149 Werner, “Abraham Rees's Eighteenth-Century Cyclopaedia,” 195; Rees, Cyclopaedia, i: iv.
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Cyclopaedia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature
Jul 18, 2008 · McClintock, John, 1814-1870; Strong, James, 1822-1894, joint author. Publication date: 1880. Topics: Theology. Publisher: New York : Harper.
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McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online
The Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature was edited by John McClintock and James Strong. It contains nearly 50,000 articles ...
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Catalog Record: The International cyclopedia : a compendium...
Related Names: Greene, Richard Gleason, 1829-1914. ; Language(s): English ; Published: New York : Dodd, Mead, 1890. ; Subjects: Encyclopedias and dictionaries.Missing: Cyclopaedia | Show results with:Cyclopaedia
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Catalog Record: The International cyclopedia, a compendium of...
Language(s): English ; Published: New York, Dodd, Mead & company, 1892. ; Subjects: Encyclopedias and dictionaries. ; Physical Description: 15 v.Missing: Cyclopaedia | Show results with:Cyclopaedia
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Catalog Record: Appleton's cyclopædia of American biography
Appleton's cyclopædia of American biography. Author: Fiske, John, 1842-1901. Published: 1886. Appleton's cyclopaedia of American ...Missing: 1890s | Show results with:1890s
[46]
The National cyclopaedia of American biography, being the history ...
Nov 7, 2007 · ... Publication date: 1893-19--. Topics: United States -- Biography Dictionaries. Publisher: New York, J. T. White company. Collection ...
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Why Explore Stranded Encyclopedias? - SpringerLink
Feb 18, 2021 · Studying stranded encyclopedias means taking seriously the many obstacles facing those who pursue complete knowledge.
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Introducing the C& Cyclopedia - Contemporary And
Oct 16, 2025 · The C& Cyclopedia aims to create a shift in how we remember, connect, and imagine. Not a mirror of existing systems, but a challenge to them.
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Cyclopedia - There's An AI For That®
Browse 25 Cyclopedia AIs. Includes tasks such as Learning, Knowledge bases, Citation verification, Q&A from books and Search.
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Cyclopaedia 1: Steampunk - InnRoads Ministries
Jan 2, 2016 · Steampunk is genre of speculative fiction that incorporates science, technology and aesthetics inspired by nineteenth century industrial steam- ...Missing: cyclopedia | Show results with:cyclopedia
[51]
Elon Musk Challenges Wikipedia With His Own A.I. Encyclopedia
Oct 27, 2025 · Wikipedia, which debuted almost 25 years ago, has faced increasing criticism from conservatives in recent months. Mr. Musk and his political ...
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With Grokipedia, Top-Down Control of Knowledge Is New Again
Nov 3, 2025 · It is positioned as, first and foremost, an ideological foil to Wikipedia, which for years has been the subject of escalating criticism by right ...