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DTED

Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) is a standardized digital format consisting of a uniform matrix of values, designed to provide quantitative information on , , and for geospatial applications. Developed by the (NGA), DTED serves primarily as a foundational resource for military systems involved in mission planning, flight simulation, and analysis, though portions have been made publicly available through initiatives like the (SRTM). DTED data is organized into levels based on , with each level corresponding to different post spacings for varying scales of use: Level 0 offers coarse at 30 arc-seconds (approximately 1 km), suitable for small-scale overviews; Level 1 provides medium at 3 arc-seconds (about 100 m), for general operational needs; and Level 2 delivers higher detail at 1 arc-second (roughly 30 m), supporting large-scale tactical applications. The format uses a tiled structure, typically in 1-degree by 1-degree cells, ensuring compatibility with global coverage and integration into geographic systems (GIS). Originally classified for Department of Defense () use, DTED has evolved to include declassified datasets that contribute to civilian research, , and environmental modeling.

Background

Definition

DTED, or Terrain Data, is a standardized consisting of a uniform matrix of values sampled at regular intervals along lines of . This format provides a representation of the Earth's surface suitable for computational analysis in geospatial applications. The values in DTED depict a bare earth model, capturing the height of the surface while excluding , man-made structures, and other cultural features to focus on the underlying . These heights are referenced to mean (MSL) using the 1996 (EGM96) , which approximates the equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity field, rather than the WGS84 ellipsoid. Developed by the U.S. (NGA, formerly known as the National Imagery and Mapping Agency or NIMA, and originally the Defense Mapping Agency or ), DTED serves as a foundational standard for data production and dissemination. The data is structured in 1° × 1° geographic tiles, organized into latitude bands spanning from 50°S to 50°N (for lower resolutions) or broader extents, and longitude zones from 180°W to 179°E, enabling global coverage where available. DTED supplies essential quantitative information, including , , and gross surface configuration, to support systems in , , and contexts that rely on accurate topographic modeling. It is available in multiple levels to detail and coverage needs.

Historical Development

The Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) standard originated in the early , developed by the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency () primarily to support aircraft simulation and prediction through standardized matrices.https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA187978.pdf Initial production of DTED began in , with Level 1 established as the first standardized level, providing 3 arc-seconds (approximately 100 m) spacing for applications.https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA202755.pdf In 1996, DTED Level 0 was introduced at 30 arc-seconds (approximately 1 km) to support broader, small-scale topographic needs. In 1996, the DMA transitioned into the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), which continued DTED production and refinement under a unified intelligence framework.https://www.nga.mil/about/About_Us.html This agency was redesignated as the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) in 2003, marking a shift toward integrating geospatial intelligence with broader defense needs while maintaining DTED as a core standard.https://www.nga.mil/about/About_Us.html A major milestone occurred with the integration of data from the (SRTM) in 2000–2001, which supplied near-global coverage and enabled the generation of DTED Level 1 datasets at 3 arc-seconds and Level 2 datasets at 1 arc-second resolutions, covering latitudes from 56°S to 60°N.https://earth-info.nga.mil/index.php?dir=elevation&action=elevation Subsequent expansion to global datasets came through international collaborations, such as the WorldDEM project (2014–2016), which utilized TanDEM-X satellite data to produce higher-resolution elevation models aligned with DTED specifications, achieving approximately 12-meter posting for improved accuracy worldwide.https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/news/2016-10-worlddem-now-available-worldwide-first-truly-global-elevation-dataset As of 2025, recent developments include the preliminary adoption of DTED Level 3 for select regions, offering ~10–12 meter to support advanced and , with ongoing NGA efforts toward a 2-meter model by year's end.https://earth-info.nga.mil/index.php?dir=elevation&action=elevation

Technical Specifications

Resolution Levels

DTED is standardized into multiple levels, each defined by specific post spacings in arc-seconds, which translate to varying ground distances depending on due to the Earth's . These levels provide progressively finer detail for different scales of , with nominal resolutions approximating equatorial distances. Horizontal post spacings are uniform in angular measure but result in denser sampling near the (e.g., 1 arc-second ≈ 30 meters) and sparser coverage at higher (e.g., ≈ 111 meters per degree of latitude at the poles). Vertical accuracies are specified as (relative to ) and relative (point-to-point) errors at 90% confidence levels. Level 0 offers the coarsest , with a post spacing of 30 arc-seconds, corresponding to a nominal resolution of approximately 1 kilometer. This level supports small-scale global overviews, such as basic , , and for and hardcopy products. Horizontal accuracy is not independently specified but inherits coarser tolerances from higher levels, while vertical accuracy remains undefined in primary specifications, often derived from aggregated Level 1 data. Intended for general and systems at broad scales, Level 0 enables efficient worldwide coverage without high detail demands. Level 1 provides medium at 3 arc-seconds post spacing, yielding a nominal ≈100-meter suitable for regional analyses. Global coverage for this level between approximately 56°S and 60°N is largely derived from the (SRTM), filling extensive voids in legacy datasets. It achieves horizontal accuracy of ≤130 meters (90% circular error) and vertical accuracy of ≤30 meters absolute (90% linear error) or ≤20 meters relative over a 1° cell. This level is designed for medium-scale military applications, including weapon systems simulation and profiling where moderate detail suffices. Level 2 advances to high with 1 arc-second post spacing, offering a nominal ≈30-meter for detailed modeling. Much of the global at this level also stems from SRTM processing, enabling precise matrices for advanced simulations. Specifications include horizontal accuracy of ≤23 meters (90% circular error), absolute vertical accuracy of ≤18 meters (90% linear error), and relative vertical accuracy of ≤12 meters in low-to-medium areas or ≤15 meters in high- over a 1° cell. Primarily used for large-scale operations, such as targeting and requiring fine-scale topographic features. Level 3 represents an emerging higher-resolution tier, with post spacing of approximately 0.4 arc-seconds, achieving a nominal of 10-12 meters for ultra-detailed applications. As of 2025, availability is limited to high-priority areas, often produced through advanced integrations beyond standard SRTM coverage. Specific accuracy metrics for Level 3 are not yet fully standardized in public specifications, though they build on Level 2 tolerances with expectations of sub-10-meter vertical precision in select regions. This level targets specialized and needs, such as hyper-local in contested environments.
LevelPost Spacing (arc-seconds)Nominal Resolution (meters)Horizontal Accuracy (90% , meters)Absolute Vertical Accuracy (90% , meters)Primary Use
030~1,000Not specifiedNot specifiedGlobal overviews, basic planning
13~100≤130≤30Medium-scale military systems
21~30≤23≤18Detailed terrain analysis
3~0.4~10-12Not specifiedNot specified (expected <10)High-priority, ultra-detailed areas

Data Format and Structure

DTED datasets employ a standardized binary file format defined by , which superseded earlier specifications such as for related raster protocols. Elevation values are encoded as 16-bit signed magnitude integers, each occupying 2 bytes with the high-order byte preceding the low-order byte, representing heights in meters relative to mean sea level. The practical range spans from -12,000 meters to +9,000 meters, with a void or null value designated as -32,767 to indicate areas lacking data. The internal file structure commences with a series of fixed-length header records in ASCII format, followed by the core elevation data matrix and trailing statistical records. The User Header Label (UHL) is an 80-byte record containing essential metadata such as the origin latitude and longitude (in degrees, minutes, seconds), post spacing intervals, and vertical accuracy indicators. This is succeeded by the 648-byte Data Set Identification (DSI) record, which includes an 80-character Data Set Name field specifying the dataset type (e.g., DTED1), along with details on the horizontal and vertical datums (typically WGS 84 and EGM96, respectively), unique identifiers, and production information. The Accuracy Description Record (ACC), spanning 2,700 bytes, provides comprehensive statistical data including minimum and maximum elevations, root mean square (RMS) height errors, and circular error probable for horizontal positioning. The elevation matrix follows in binary form, organized in row-major order with each data record comprising a profile of elevations from south to north (constant longitude lines) and profiles sequenced from west to east (increasing longitude); each record ends with a 4-byte checksum for integrity verification. Statistical records at the file's conclusion reiterate key metrics like overall min/max elevations and accuracy summaries. Void-filled areas are explicitly marked using the null elevation value within the matrix, with metadata in the UHL and ACC indicating the presence and extent of such regions. DTED employs a global tiling scheme dividing the Earth's surface into contiguous ° latitude by ° longitude cells, with minimal overlap at boundaries to ensure seamless coverage. Each cell is referenced by the coordinates of its southwest corner, resulting in filenames formatted as .dt, such as N37E009.dt for the Level cell bounded by 37°–38°N and 9°–10°E. Files are distributed in separate archives or directories for even- and odd-numbered latitude degrees to facilitate efficient storage and access in large datasets. The origin point of each cell's corresponds to the southwest corner, with subsequent posts arrayed northward and eastward according to the level-specific spacing, though the matrix dimensions scale with resolution levels as detailed elsewhere. This structure ensures uniform organization across global coverage while accommodating the varying longitude intervals near the poles.

Production and Sources

Collection Methods

DTED elevation data is primarily generated through a combination of remote sensing techniques that capture terrain heights across various resolutions. Photogrammetric methods, involving the extraction of elevation from stereo imagery, have been a foundational approach since the early production efforts by the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA, now part of NGA). These methods utilize overlapping aerial photographs or satellite images processed via analytical stereoplotters to measure terrain profiles and construct elevation matrices, enabling the creation of bare-earth models by identifying and removing vegetation and structures. Radar represents a key advancement for large-scale DTED production, particularly for global coverage at Levels 1 and 2. The (SRTM) in 2000, conducted aboard the using the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-band (SIR-C/X-SAR), employed (InSAR) to generate high-resolution elevation data over approximately 80% of Earth's land surface between 60°N and 56°S latitudes. This technique measures phase differences between radar signals from two antennas to compute terrain heights, producing initial digital elevation models (DEMs) that form the basis for DTED files, though they often include and cultural features rather than strictly bare earth. For higher-resolution terrain products such as HRTI-3 and targeted areas, (light detection and ranging) and other active sensors provide precise measurements. Airborne systems, deployed by NGA for urban and high-priority regions, emit laser pulses to the ground and record return times for dense point clouds, achieving sub-meter horizontal and vertical accuracies after processing. Spaceborne laser altimetry, such as from missions like , supplements this for broader coverage, though it is typically sparser. These active methods excel in penetrating vegetation to derive bare-earth elevations, supporting DTED production where finer detail is required. Data fusion techniques enhance DTED completeness by integrating multiple sources to address gaps, such as voids in SRTM data caused by or low . For instance, SRTM-derived elevations are often combined with photogrammetric pairs from optical satellites to fill missing areas, using or statistical merging algorithms that prioritize higher-accuracy inputs while maintaining seamless transitions. This multi-source approach ensures comprehensive coverage and improved reliability across DTED levels. Post-collection processing refines raw data into standardized DTED products through several steps: initial DEM generation via or phase unwrapping (for InSAR) or interpolation (for ); editing to extract bare-earth surfaces by filtering non-terrain returns, such as using progressive morphological filters for data; and validation against ground control points (GCPs) measured with GPS or instruments to verify and relative accuracies, typically targeting 90% intervals as specified in MIL-PRF-89020B. These steps, performed using automated software pipelines at NGA facilities, also include artifact removal, void filling, and formatting into 1° × 1° cells with associated on accuracy and sources.

Major Datasets and Availability

One of the primary sources of DTED data is derived from the (SRTM), which produced global coverage between 60°N and 56°S latitudes at Level 1 resolution (approximately 90 meters, or 3 arc-seconds) and Level 2 resolution (approximately 30 meters, or 1 arc-second). These datasets were released between 2003 and 2005 and are available for free public download through the USGS EarthExplorer portal, as well as NASA and NGA distribution systems for declassified portions. The WorldDEM dataset, generated from the TanDEM-X mission conducted between 2010 and 2016, offers global land coverage at approximately 12 meters resolution, aligning with the specifications for a potential DTED Level 3 (High Resolution Terrain Information, or HRTI-3) standard with a post spacing better than 12 meters and relative height accuracy of about 2 meters. It is distributed commercially by and through the (ESA) for scientific and research purposes, though not always in native DTED format. The (NGA) maintains extensive DTED archives, including unclassified global holdings at Level 0 (1 km, 30 arc-seconds) and Level 1 resolutions, with higher-resolution Level 2 and above data available primarily for U.S. territories, allies, and strategic areas, often under classified restrictions. Public access to declassified NGA DTED is limited and requires authorization through portals like the NGA system or USGS/NASA for SRTM-integrated products, while high-resolution datasets remain restricted for reasons. As of November 2025, NGA is producing a global high-resolution (2-meter) , incorporating multiple sources including commercial and , targeted for completion in 2025 to support advanced terrain analysis and DTED enhancements. DTED datasets generally exclude polar regions beyond 60°N and 56°S, as well as areas, due to acquisition limitations of radar-based missions like SRTM. Efforts to fill these coverage voids incorporate data from missions such as , which provides high-precision altimetry for ice sheets, glaciers, and polar terrains, supporting global models compatible with DTED standards.

Applications

Military and Defense Uses

DTED plays a critical role in mission planning by enabling line-of-sight () calculations, route optimization, and visibility modeling essential for positioning and operations. For instance, DTED Level 1 data, with its approximately 100-meter post spacing, supports medium-resolution predictions that align with field observations at rates up to 95% in relatively flat , allowing planners to assess visibility and communication ranges. Higher-resolution Level 2 data, at about 30-meter spacing, improves accuracy in complex by reducing error areas in modeling, such as from 30.4 million square meters to 3.3 million square meters in specific test sites. These capabilities facilitate route optimization for ground and air assets, incorporating and to minimize exposure and fuel consumption during tactical maneuvers. In simulation and training environments, DTED serves as foundational input for flight simulators, radar prediction models, and virtual battlefields, enhancing realism and operational readiness. Military adaptations of commercial flight simulators, such as , ingest DTED Level 1 alongside imagery to generate 3D terrain visualizations for pilot training in low-altitude navigation and threat avoidance. Systems like the Android Tactical Assault Kit (ATAK) integrate DTED for real-time terrain analysis in virtual rehearsals, supporting squad-level decision-making in dynamic scenarios. Radar prediction simulations further leverage DTED to model propagation over varied elevations, aiding in training. DTED underpins weapon systems through guidance, ballistic trajectory computations, and (UAV) . In terrain-following applications, DTED Level 2 generates passive-mode altitude profiles along flight paths, fused with radar data to ensure safe low-level flight and collision avoidance in operations. Ballistic fire modules use DTED to adjust trajectories for local elevations, integrating it with meteorological data for precise targeting in exercises like the USACOM &E. For UAVs, DTED enables terrain-referenced , correlating elevation profiles with onboard sensors to maintain accuracy during GPS-denied missions. In operations, DTED supports masking for missions and assessments by quantifying masking effects from surface-to-air missiles. of DTED-derived models in regions like the shows significant masking up to 500-750 feet above ground level in rugged areas, reducing engagement probabilities by modeling radar horizons and obstruction angles. This informs assessment by predicting unmasked distances, with models achieving high predictive accuracy (R² = 0.978) for mission risk evaluation. Higher DTED levels, such as Level 2 and above, are subject to classifications restricting access to Department of Defense users and contractors via secure networks, ensuring protection of sensitive data critical for operational .

Civilian and Scientific Applications

DTED plays a significant role in hydrological modeling, where its data supports of water flow, propagation, and dynamics. Researchers have utilized DTED Level 1 data to delineate sub-basins and calibrate semi-distributed hydrologic models, such as in the Paddle River Basin in , , enabling accurate prediction of runoff and under varying scenarios. In applications, DTED integrates with two-dimensional hydraulic models to simulate scenarios, providing terrain-based routing of across complex landscapes without requiring high-resolution preprocessing. These capabilities extend to erosion prediction and analysis, where DTED's uniform grid facilitates the extraction of topographic parameters like and drainage networks essential for assessing and soil loss. In and geographic information systems (GIS), DTED contributes to design, city modeling, and risk assessment by offering a standardized elevation base layer for . For instance, DTED serves as the foundational digital terrain model in constructing urban environments, allowing planners to overlay building footprints and simulate urban growth impacts on topography. Its integration into GIS workflows supports the evaluation of flood-prone zones and seismic vulnerabilities in urban settings. Publicly available DTED datasets, such as those derived from the (SRTM), enhance accessibility for these applications in non-military contexts. Environmental science leverages DTED for habitat mapping and impact studies, particularly in analyzing topographic influences on ecosystems and weather patterns. In topoclimate mapping, DTED-derived and data classify features to model microclimatic variations, aiding in the identification of suitable habitats for under changing conditions. For climate-related research, DTED supports investigations into forest limit shifts in response to warming temperatures, as demonstrated in southeast where models revealed upward migrations of lines linked to topographic exposure. DTED is widely integrated into commercial software for visualization and analysis, including for raster processing and terrain profiling, MATLAB's Toolbox for importing and manipulating DTED files in custom scripts, and for overlaying in 3D visualizations. In academic research, DTED underpins studies in by enabling the analysis of surface processes through remotely sensed , such as quantifying volcanic evolution. It also validates products and supports seismological modeling by providing baseline topography for event simulation and hazard mapping.

Related Standards and Future Directions

Comparisons with Other DEM Formats

DTED employs a global latitude/longitude-based tiling scheme with standardized 1-degree by 1-degree cells, adhering to military specifications set by the (NGA) for operational terrain analysis, in contrast to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) DEM, which focuses primarily on the and its territories using formats like for modern distributions and legacy SDTS or ASCII for older datasets. DTED grids are based on the (WGS) datum, such as WGS 84, which can differ from the (NAD) used in some USGS products, affecting direct geospatial alignment without reprojection. While USGS DEMs achieve higher resolutions up to 1 meter through and IfSAR sources under the 3D Elevation Program (3DEP), DTED maintains coarser, uniform levels suited to military global coverage needs. Compared to the (SRTM) dataset, which provides raw global data at 1 arc-second resolution (approximately 30 meters) derived from C-band radar interferometry, DTED represents a processed and resampled version tailored to standards, with Level 2 directly equivalent to SRTM's 1 arc-second posting but incorporating void-filling and accuracy enhancements for tactical applications. SRTM data, publicly distributed by USGS, often serves as the foundational for DTED Level 2 products outside the U.S., though DTED's fixed and 16-bit format ensure stricter compliance with interoperability requirements. The Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM), generated from photogrammetric pairs of optical imagery at 30-meter , differs from DTED in its derivation method and data characteristics, resulting in more prevalent voids—particularly over dense , water bodies, and steep terrain—due to reliance on visible light sensors rather than . DTED prioritizes bare-earth digital terrain models (DTMs) with radar-based penetration for underlying ground accuracy, achieving lower void rates in rugged areas compared to ASTER GDEM's surface-inclusive elevations that capture and structures, leading to vertical discrepancies up to 25 meters RMSE in complex landscapes. DTED's interoperability with civilian systems is supported by open-source libraries like GDAL, which enable reading of DTED Levels 0 through 2 and conversion to formats such as via the CreateCopy operation, preserving while allowing integration into non-military GIS workflows. This facilitates military-civilian data exchange, though DTED's restricted distribution to U.S. Department of Defense entities underscores its advantages in secure, standards-compliant environments over open-access DEMs. A key limitation of DTED lies in its predefined resolution levels (1, 3, and 30 arc-seconds), which restrict flexibility compared to contemporary datasets like the Copernicus DEM, offering variable postings such as 10 meters for coverage and 30 or 90 meters globally in DTED-compatible formats but with adaptive spacings and of both surface and models. While Copernicus DEM leverages TanDEM-X data for seamless global consistency, DTED's rigid structure suits systems but may require resampling for integration with higher-resolution or multi-resolution modern products.

Emerging Developments

As of 2025, efforts are underway to standardize DTED Level 3, which targets a post spacing of approximately 10-12 to enable higher-resolution terrain modeling for advanced applications. The (NGA) is currently producing a global high-resolution at 2-meter , with completion expected by the end of 2025, potentially supporting even finer DTED levels or related products. The TanDEM-X mission, operational since 2010 and extended into 2025, has produced global s (DEMs) at 12-meter with relative vertical accuracies of 2 on slopes up to 20% and 4 on steeper terrain, directly supporting the High-Resolution Terrain Information (HRTI) Level 3 specifications that align with proposed DTED Level 3 requirements. Similarly, the NASA-ISRO (NISAR) mission, launched on July 30, 2025, generates DEM products using its dual L- and S-band radars to map surface deformations and ecosystems at high precision, potentially contributing to refined DTED-compatible elevation datasets through interferometric techniques. Integration of DTED with international standards is advancing to facilitate broader data exchange, particularly through alignment with ISO/TS 19163-1, which defines content components and encoding rules for gridded thematic data including elevation models. This alignment aims to enhance between DTED's military-focused format and civilian geographic information systems, enabling seamless incorporation of elevation data into global frameworks without loss of fidelity. Improved accuracy in future DTED releases is being pursued via techniques for void filling and error correction, addressing limitations in radar-derived datasets like those from SRTM. For instance, models such as convolutional neural networks have demonstrated superior performance in reconstructing voids in DEMs by integrating topographic constraints, achieving elevation accuracies within 1-2 meters compared to traditional methods. Expanded coverage remains a priority, with ongoing initiatives to complete high-latitude polar regions using multi-source SAR data from missions like TanDEM-X, which provides consistent global coverage including and areas previously underrepresented in DTED Level 2 datasets. For oceanic extensions, is being merged with DTED to create seamless coastal elevation models, supporting applications in modeling and sea-level rise assessments. Key challenges include balancing increased resolution with manageable data volumes, as transitioning from Level 2 (30-meter spacing) to Level 3 quadruples file sizes and computational demands, potentially straining distribution and processing infrastructure. Additionally, declassification of high-resolution DTED remains constrained by considerations, limiting public access despite growing civilian demand for integrated elevation data.

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