December 4
December 4 is the 338th day of the year (339th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, leaving 27 days until year's end.[1][2] The date holds historical importance through events such as the 1533 proclamation of the three-year-old Ivan IV—later known as Ivan the Terrible—as Grand Prince of Moscow after his father Vasily III's death, marking the onset of Rurikid dynasty continuity amid regency politics.[3] On December 4, 1783, Continental Army commander George Washington convened a farewell dinner for his officers at Fraunces Tavern in New York City, an emotional gathering that signified the effective conclusion of the American Revolutionary War and the officers' disbandment following the Treaty of Paris. Observances on December 4 include Saint Barbara's Day in various Christian traditions, honoring the 4th-century martyr associated with protection against lightning and fire, as well as Eid il-Burbara in Levantine cultures, featuring customs akin to pre-Christmas festivities with sweets and disguises.[4] Notable figures born on this date encompass Scottish historian and philosopher Thomas Carlyle in 1795, whose works critiqued industrial society and influenced Victorian thought, while deaths include English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes in 1679, author of Leviathan and foundational ideas on social contract theory grounded in materialist views of human nature.[5][6]Events
Pre-1600
771 – Carloman I, king of the Franks since 768, died suddenly at the villa of Samoussy in Picardy, leaving his elder brother Charlemagne as the sole ruler of the Frankish realms previously divided between them after their father Pepin the Short's death in 768.[7] [8] 1154 – Nicholas Breakspear, born in England around 1100, was elected pope as Adrian IV, becoming the only Englishman to serve in the office; he was enthroned the following day and focused on papal authority amid conflicts with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa.[9] [10] 1533 – Upon the death of his father Grand Prince Vasily III on December 3, the three-year-old Ivan IV Vasilyevich was proclaimed Grand Prince of Moscow, initiating a regency under his mother Elena Glinskaya amid boyar intrigues that marked the early instability of his rule.[11]1601–1900
On December 4, 1619, thirty-eight English colonists led by Captain John Woodlief arrived at Berkeley Hundred on the James River in Virginia aboard the ship Margaret and, following explicit instructions in their charter from the London Company, held a religious thanksgiving service to express gratitude for their safe passage, an observance later cited as the earliest documented Thanksgiving in the English colonies predating the 1621 Plymouth event.[12] During the Jacobite rising of 1745, Charles Edward Stuart—known as Bonnie Prince Charlie—led his Highland army into Derby, England, on December 4, marking the closest approach to London (approximately 127 miles) before debates over supply shortages, lack of English support, and intelligence of approaching government forces prompted a retreat north, sealing the rebellion's failure.[13] General George Washington convened his officers at Fraunces Tavern in New York City on December 4, 1783, for an emotional farewell banquet nine days after the final British withdrawal from American soil, where he embraced key subordinates amid tears and toasted their service, voluntarily relinquishing military power in a gesture underscoring republican principles over personal ambition.[14] The Bengal Sati Regulation of 1829 took effect on December 4, when Governor-General Lord William Bentinck formally outlawed the Hindu practice of sati—self-immolation of widows on their husbands' funeral pyres—across all British-controlled territories in India, imposing criminal penalties on participants and abettors following campaigns by reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy amid evidence of coerced cases despite claims of voluntary tradition.[15] On December 4, 1867, Oliver Hudson Kelley, a former Minnesota farmer and Department of Agriculture clerk, convened with associates in Washington, D.C., to organize the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, establishing the nation's pioneering farm advocacy group to counter post-Civil War economic pressures like high rail rates and isolation through education, cooperatives, and political lobbying, initially open to both men and women on equal terms.[16]1901–present
- 1905: Arthur Balfour resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after leading a Conservative government since 1902, amid internal party divisions over tariff reform and the education bill.
- 1906: Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, the first intercollegiate Greek-letter organization established for African American men, is founded at Cornell University by seven students.
- 1915: Industrialist Henry Ford departs New York Harbor on the Oscar II, dubbed the "peace ship," aiming to negotiate an end to World War I by convening pacifists in Europe, though the effort ultimately fails due to logistical and political challenges.
- 1918: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson sails from Hoboken, New Jersey, aboard the USS George Washington for the Paris Peace Conference, marking the first time a sitting U.S. president travels abroad for diplomatic purposes.
- 1932: Kurt von Schleicher is appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg, succeeding Franz von Papen in a period of political instability preceding the Nazi rise to power.
- 1943: Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis removes a ban preventing Major League clubs from signing Negro league players, though full integration does not occur until 1947.
- 1956: Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, and Jerry Lee Lewis participate in an impromptu jam session at Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, later known as the "Million Dollar Quartet" for its commercial potential.
- 1961: The oral contraceptive pill becomes available through Britain's National Health Service, marking a significant advancement in reproductive health access.
- 1969: Chicago police raid the apartment of Black Panther Party leaders Fred Hampton and Mark Clark, killing both in what authorities describe as a shootout but Hampton's supporters allege was an assassination; Hampton, 21, had been coordinating multiracial alliances against police brutality.
- 1977: Jean-Bédel Bokassa crowns himself Emperor of the Central African Empire in a lavish ceremony modeled after Napoleon's, costing an estimated 20 million dollars amid widespread poverty.
- 1980: Led Zeppelin announces its disbandment following the death of drummer John Bonham on September 25, ending the influential hard rock band's 12-year run.[17]
- 1982: The People's Republic of China adopts its current constitution, emphasizing socialist principles and the leadership of the Communist Party.[17]
- 1991: Pan American World Airways ceases operations after 64 years, citing financial losses from terrorism, deregulation, and competition, with its final flight from Barbados to Miami.[17]
- 1992: U.S. President George H. W. Bush orders 28,000 troops to Somalia under Operation Restore Hope to address famine and civil war, authorized by UN Resolution 794.
- 2014: Protests erupt across U.S. cities including New York and Ferguson, Missouri, after a grand jury declines to indict Officer Darren Wilson in the August shooting death of Michael Brown, highlighting tensions over police use of force.[18]
- 2021: Mount Semeru volcano erupts on Java, Indonesia, sending pyroclastic flows that kill at least 44 people, injure hundreds, and displace thousands in nearby villages.
Births
Pre-1600
771 – Carloman I, king of the Franks since 768, died suddenly at the villa of Samoussy in Picardy, leaving his elder brother Charlemagne as the sole ruler of the Frankish realms previously divided between them after their father Pepin the Short's death in 768.[7] [8] 1154 – Nicholas Breakspear, born in England around 1100, was elected pope as Adrian IV, becoming the only Englishman to serve in the office; he was enthroned the following day and focused on papal authority amid conflicts with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa.[9] [10] 1533 – Upon the death of his father Grand Prince Vasily III on December 3, the three-year-old Ivan IV Vasilyevich was proclaimed Grand Prince of Moscow, initiating a regency under his mother Elena Glinskaya amid boyar intrigues that marked the early instability of his rule.[11]1601–1900
On December 4, 1619, thirty-eight English colonists led by Captain John Woodlief arrived at Berkeley Hundred on the James River in Virginia aboard the ship Margaret and, following explicit instructions in their charter from the London Company, held a religious thanksgiving service to express gratitude for their safe passage, an observance later cited as the earliest documented Thanksgiving in the English colonies predating the 1621 Plymouth event.[12] During the Jacobite rising of 1745, Charles Edward Stuart—known as Bonnie Prince Charlie—led his Highland army into Derby, England, on December 4, marking the closest approach to London (approximately 127 miles) before debates over supply shortages, lack of English support, and intelligence of approaching government forces prompted a retreat north, sealing the rebellion's failure.[13] General George Washington convened his officers at Fraunces Tavern in New York City on December 4, 1783, for an emotional farewell banquet nine days after the final British withdrawal from American soil, where he embraced key subordinates amid tears and toasted their service, voluntarily relinquishing military power in a gesture underscoring republican principles over personal ambition.[14] The Bengal Sati Regulation of 1829 took effect on December 4, when Governor-General Lord William Bentinck formally outlawed the Hindu practice of sati—self-immolation of widows on their husbands' funeral pyres—across all British-controlled territories in India, imposing criminal penalties on participants and abettors following campaigns by reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy amid evidence of coerced cases despite claims of voluntary tradition.[15] On December 4, 1867, Oliver Hudson Kelley, a former Minnesota farmer and Department of Agriculture clerk, convened with associates in Washington, D.C., to organize the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, establishing the nation's pioneering farm advocacy group to counter post-Civil War economic pressures like high rail rates and isolation through education, cooperatives, and political lobbying, initially open to both men and women on equal terms.[16]1901–present
- 1905: Arthur Balfour resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after leading a Conservative government since 1902, amid internal party divisions over tariff reform and the education bill.
- 1906: Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, the first intercollegiate Greek-letter organization established for African American men, is founded at Cornell University by seven students.
- 1915: Industrialist Henry Ford departs New York Harbor on the Oscar II, dubbed the "peace ship," aiming to negotiate an end to World War I by convening pacifists in Europe, though the effort ultimately fails due to logistical and political challenges.
- 1918: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson sails from Hoboken, New Jersey, aboard the USS George Washington for the Paris Peace Conference, marking the first time a sitting U.S. president travels abroad for diplomatic purposes.
- 1932: Kurt von Schleicher is appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg, succeeding Franz von Papen in a period of political instability preceding the Nazi rise to power.
- 1943: Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis removes a ban preventing Major League clubs from signing Negro league players, though full integration does not occur until 1947.
- 1956: Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, and Jerry Lee Lewis participate in an impromptu jam session at Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, later known as the "Million Dollar Quartet" for its commercial potential.
- 1961: The oral contraceptive pill becomes available through Britain's National Health Service, marking a significant advancement in reproductive health access.
- 1969: Chicago police raid the apartment of Black Panther Party leaders Fred Hampton and Mark Clark, killing both in what authorities describe as a shootout but Hampton's supporters allege was an assassination; Hampton, 21, had been coordinating multiracial alliances against police brutality.
- 1977: Jean-Bédel Bokassa crowns himself Emperor of the Central African Empire in a lavish ceremony modeled after Napoleon's, costing an estimated 20 million dollars amid widespread poverty.
- 1980: Led Zeppelin announces its disbandment following the death of drummer John Bonham on September 25, ending the influential hard rock band's 12-year run.[17]
- 1982: The People's Republic of China adopts its current constitution, emphasizing socialist principles and the leadership of the Communist Party.[17]
- 1991: Pan American World Airways ceases operations after 64 years, citing financial losses from terrorism, deregulation, and competition, with its final flight from Barbados to Miami.[17]
- 1992: U.S. President George H. W. Bush orders 28,000 troops to Somalia under Operation Restore Hope to address famine and civil war, authorized by UN Resolution 794.
- 2014: Protests erupt across U.S. cities including New York and Ferguson, Missouri, after a grand jury declines to indict Officer Darren Wilson in the August shooting death of Michael Brown, highlighting tensions over police use of force.[18]
- 2021: Mount Semeru volcano erupts on Java, Indonesia, sending pyroclastic flows that kill at least 44 people, injure hundreds, and displace thousands in nearby villages.
Deaths
Pre-1600
771 – Carloman I, king of the Franks since 768, died suddenly at the villa of Samoussy in Picardy, leaving his elder brother Charlemagne as the sole ruler of the Frankish realms previously divided between them after their father Pepin the Short's death in 768.[7] [8] 1154 – Nicholas Breakspear, born in England around 1100, was elected pope as Adrian IV, becoming the only Englishman to serve in the office; he was enthroned the following day and focused on papal authority amid conflicts with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa.[9] [10] 1533 – Upon the death of his father Grand Prince Vasily III on December 3, the three-year-old Ivan IV Vasilyevich was proclaimed Grand Prince of Moscow, initiating a regency under his mother Elena Glinskaya amid boyar intrigues that marked the early instability of his rule.[11]1601–1900
On December 4, 1619, thirty-eight English colonists led by Captain John Woodlief arrived at Berkeley Hundred on the James River in Virginia aboard the ship Margaret and, following explicit instructions in their charter from the London Company, held a religious thanksgiving service to express gratitude for their safe passage, an observance later cited as the earliest documented Thanksgiving in the English colonies predating the 1621 Plymouth event.[12] During the Jacobite rising of 1745, Charles Edward Stuart—known as Bonnie Prince Charlie—led his Highland army into Derby, England, on December 4, marking the closest approach to London (approximately 127 miles) before debates over supply shortages, lack of English support, and intelligence of approaching government forces prompted a retreat north, sealing the rebellion's failure.[13] General George Washington convened his officers at Fraunces Tavern in New York City on December 4, 1783, for an emotional farewell banquet nine days after the final British withdrawal from American soil, where he embraced key subordinates amid tears and toasted their service, voluntarily relinquishing military power in a gesture underscoring republican principles over personal ambition.[14] The Bengal Sati Regulation of 1829 took effect on December 4, when Governor-General Lord William Bentinck formally outlawed the Hindu practice of sati—self-immolation of widows on their husbands' funeral pyres—across all British-controlled territories in India, imposing criminal penalties on participants and abettors following campaigns by reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy amid evidence of coerced cases despite claims of voluntary tradition.[15] On December 4, 1867, Oliver Hudson Kelley, a former Minnesota farmer and Department of Agriculture clerk, convened with associates in Washington, D.C., to organize the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, establishing the nation's pioneering farm advocacy group to counter post-Civil War economic pressures like high rail rates and isolation through education, cooperatives, and political lobbying, initially open to both men and women on equal terms.[16]1901–present
- 1905: Arthur Balfour resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after leading a Conservative government since 1902, amid internal party divisions over tariff reform and the education bill.
- 1906: Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, the first intercollegiate Greek-letter organization established for African American men, is founded at Cornell University by seven students.
- 1915: Industrialist Henry Ford departs New York Harbor on the Oscar II, dubbed the "peace ship," aiming to negotiate an end to World War I by convening pacifists in Europe, though the effort ultimately fails due to logistical and political challenges.
- 1918: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson sails from Hoboken, New Jersey, aboard the USS George Washington for the Paris Peace Conference, marking the first time a sitting U.S. president travels abroad for diplomatic purposes.
- 1932: Kurt von Schleicher is appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg, succeeding Franz von Papen in a period of political instability preceding the Nazi rise to power.
- 1943: Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis removes a ban preventing Major League clubs from signing Negro league players, though full integration does not occur until 1947.
- 1956: Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, and Jerry Lee Lewis participate in an impromptu jam session at Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, later known as the "Million Dollar Quartet" for its commercial potential.
- 1961: The oral contraceptive pill becomes available through Britain's National Health Service, marking a significant advancement in reproductive health access.
- 1969: Chicago police raid the apartment of Black Panther Party leaders Fred Hampton and Mark Clark, killing both in what authorities describe as a shootout but Hampton's supporters allege was an assassination; Hampton, 21, had been coordinating multiracial alliances against police brutality.
- 1977: Jean-Bédel Bokassa crowns himself Emperor of the Central African Empire in a lavish ceremony modeled after Napoleon's, costing an estimated 20 million dollars amid widespread poverty.
- 1980: Led Zeppelin announces its disbandment following the death of drummer John Bonham on September 25, ending the influential hard rock band's 12-year run.[17]
- 1982: The People's Republic of China adopts its current constitution, emphasizing socialist principles and the leadership of the Communist Party.[17]
- 1991: Pan American World Airways ceases operations after 64 years, citing financial losses from terrorism, deregulation, and competition, with its final flight from Barbados to Miami.[17]
- 1992: U.S. President George H. W. Bush orders 28,000 troops to Somalia under Operation Restore Hope to address famine and civil war, authorized by UN Resolution 794.
- 2014: Protests erupt across U.S. cities including New York and Ferguson, Missouri, after a grand jury declines to indict Officer Darren Wilson in the August shooting death of Michael Brown, highlighting tensions over police use of force.[18]
- 2021: Mount Semeru volcano erupts on Java, Indonesia, sending pyroclastic flows that kill at least 44 people, injure hundreds, and displace thousands in nearby villages.