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Django

Django is a high-level, free and open-source web framework written in the Python programming language that facilitates the rapid development of complex, database-driven websites through its emphasis on clean, pragmatic design and the "Don't Repeat Yourself" (DRY) principle. Developed initially in 2003 by Adrian Holovaty and Simon Willison while working at the Lawrence Journal-World newspaper in Kansas, it evolved from internal tools used to build news applications under tight deadlines, prioritizing reusability, security, and scalability. The framework was publicly released in July 2005 and is now maintained by the Django Software Foundation, an independent non-profit organization dedicated to its advancement. Django employs a Model-Template-View (MTV) architectural pattern—a variant of the traditional Model-View-Controller (MVC)—where models manage data and database interactions, templates handle presentation logic, and views orchestrate the application's response to requests. This structure, combined with its "batteries-included" philosophy, provides built-in components for common web development tasks such as URL routing, , administration interfaces, and object-relational mapping (ORM), enabling developers to focus on application logic rather than . Its design supports scalability, powering high-traffic sites including and , while incorporating security features to mitigate common vulnerabilities like and . Since its inception, Django has become one of the most influential frameworks in the ecosystem, with regular releases—such as version 5.1 in —introducing enhancements in performance, async support, and , reflecting its adaptation to modern web demands without compromising core principles of developer productivity. Its enduring popularity stems from empirical success in environments and a community-driven that favors pragmatic solutions over experimental trends, though it has occasionally drawn critique for its opinionated approach in comparisons to lighter alternatives.

Technology

Web framework

Django is a high-level, open-source web framework written in Python, designed to enable rapid development of complex, database-driven websites with clean, pragmatic code. It follows a "batteries-included" philosophy, bundling reusable components such as an object-relational mapper (ORM), authentication system, admin interface, and form handling to minimize boilerplate and accelerate prototyping. This approach prioritizes developer productivity while enforcing scalable structure, making it suitable for applications ranging from small prototypes to large-scale sites like those of The Washington Post and Instagram. The framework originated in 2003 as an internal tool at the Lawrence Journal-World newspaper in , where developers and created it to efficiently build feature-rich web applications under newsroom deadlines. Named after Belgian jazz guitarist , it transitioned to open-source status with its first public release in July 2005, marking the initial commit to a public repository on July 13 of that year. By version 1.0 in September 2008, Django had stabilized core APIs, and as of October 2025, the latest stable release is version 5.1, supporting 3.10 through 3.13. Django's architecture adheres to the Model-Template-View () pattern, a variant of Model-View-Controller (MVC) that separates concerns for maintainability: models define data structures and interact with the database via the ; views process HTTP requests, execute , and return responses; templates handle dynamic HTML rendering without embedding logic. The framework's URLconf system maps requests to views declaratively, while enables pluggable processing, such as for sessions or security. Key components include:
  • ORM: Abstracts database operations into classes, supporting multiple backends like , , and without raw SQL for most tasks.
  • Admin interface: Auto-generates CRUD interfaces for models, customizable for non-technical users.
  • Forms and validation: Handles user input securely, integrating with models for data integrity.
  • Security features: Built-in protections against , (XSS), (CSRF), and .
Django's emphasis on "Don't Repeat Yourself" (DRY) principle promotes reusable apps and modular code, contributing to its adoption in high-traffic environments; for instance, it powers and due to its scalability via asynchronous support in recent versions.

People

As a given name

is a masculine of origin, possibly derived from a word meaning "I awake" or "to know." The name gained prominence through Belgian-born (1910–1953), whose birth name was Jean-Baptiste but who adopted the nickname Django within his community. It is typically pronounced with a silent initial "D," as /ˈdʒæŋɡoʊ/. The name remains uncommon globally, with limited historical usage outside Romani contexts until the 20th century. In the United States, Django first appeared in federal baby name records in 1970, entering the top 2000 names sporadically thereafter, peaking at rank 1318 in 2011. By recent estimates, approximately 51 individuals bore the name as of data through , placing it in the 77th percentile of rarity among given names. Popularity saw a modest uptick following the 2012 release of the film , though it has not sustained broader adoption. The name is most frequently recorded in compared to other states.

Notable individuals

Jean Reinhardt (January 23, 1910 – May 16, 1953), known professionally as Django Reinhardt, was a Belgian-born Romani jazz guitarist and composer who pioneered the gypsy jazz style despite severe injuries to his left hand from a caravan fire in 1928 that paralyzed two fingers. He developed innovative techniques using only his index and middle fingers for fretting, influencing generations of guitarists through his virtuosic phrasing and harmonic sophistication. In 1934, Reinhardt co-founded the Quintette du Hot Club de France with violinist Stéphane Grappelli, producing seminal recordings like "Djangology" and "Minor Swing" that fused Romani folk traditions with American swing jazz. His career spanned tours across Europe and the United States, including collaborations with Duke Ellington in 1946, though post-war efforts to adapt to bebop met mixed success. Django Bates (born October 2, 1960) is a composer, multi-instrumentalist, and educator proficient on , keyboards, and . He gained prominence in the with the avant-garde group Loose Tubes and later formed ensembles like Human Chain () and the Delightful Precipice (), integrating with electronic, orchestral, and elements in works such as the album Winter Truce... and Homes Blaze (2000). Bates has composed for film, theater, and ensembles including the London Sinfonietta, and held the position of Professor of Rhythmic Music at Denmark's Rhythmic Music Conservatory from 2005 to 2021. Other individuals include Django Haskins (born 1973), an American singer-songwriter and frontman of the band Folk Implosion, known for contributions to alternative rock albums like One Part Lullaby (1996), and Django Lovett (born 1992), a Canadian country musician who released the debut album Django Lovett in 2015 featuring original songs blending folk and roots influences.

Arts and entertainment

Films and television

The 1966 Italian Spaghetti Western film Django, directed by Sergio Corbucci and starring Franco Nero in the title role, follows a mysterious gunslinger who drags a coffin containing a Gatling gun through a mud-soaked border town, becoming entangled in a feud between Mexican revolutionaries and a racist clan. Released on December 2, 1966, in Italy, the film grossed approximately 4.3 billion lire domestically and spawned over 30 unofficial sequels and similarly titled productions in the late 1960s and 1970s, though none were authorized continuations of the original storyline. The only film officially linked to the 1966 original featuring Nero's reprise is Django Strikes Again (1987), directed by Nello Rossati, which shifts the character into modern times as a farmer confronting drug traffickers, but it received criticism for deviating sharply from the Western genre. Quentin Tarantino's (2012) serves as a loose homage to Corbucci's film, adopting the name "Django" for its —a freed slave turned played by —while incorporating stylistic elements like explosive violence and a revenge-driven narrative set in the American South. appears in a as a who teaches Foxx's to spell "Django," directly referencing the 1966 film and underscoring the . The , released on December 25, 2012, earned over $425 million worldwide and won two , including Best Original Screenplay for Tarantino. In television, the 2023 Italian-French series Django, loosely inspired by the 1966 film, stars as the titular gunslinger in a 10-episode arc set in 1872 , where he arrives in the outcast haven of New Babylon searching for his daughter amid threats from a tycoon. Premiering on February 16, 2023, on and Canal+, the series blends tropes with family drama and revenge but holds a 40% approval on , with reviewers noting its gritty visuals but uneven pacing and deviations from traditional Django lore. No major American network adaptations of the original film exist, though references to Django appear in episodes of shows like The Simpsons and Kill Bill: Volume 2's fictional "Django" segments as nods to the cinematic .

Music

"Django" is a composed in 1954 by John as a tribute to Belgian guitarist , whom Lewis described as the first great European musician. The piece, a signature work of the , features a slow, elegiac melody in , evoking Reinhardt's innovative style and life. It has been recorded by numerous artists, including the Modern Jazz Quartet's 1956 version on their album Django, which reached the jazz charts. Django Django is a art rock band formed in in 2009 by Vincent Neff and David Maclean, later joined by Jimmy Dixon and Tommy Grace. The quartet's self-titled debut album, released in May 2012 on Because Music, blended , electronic, and psychedelic elements, peaking at number 34 on the with singles like "Default" and "Hail Bop" gaining radio play. Subsequent releases include Born Under Saturn (2015), Winter's Beach (2016), Marble Skies (2018), Glowing in the Dark (2021), and Off Planet (2023), the latter incorporating modular synthesis and collaborations. The band's music draws influences from and surf rock, earning nominations for their 2012 debut.

Fictional characters

The Django character originated in the 1966 Italian Spaghetti Western film Django, directed by Sergio Corbucci and starring Franco Nero as a nomadic gunslinger who drags a coffin containing a machine gun through a desolate landscape, becoming entangled in a violent conflict between a racist Southern Klan-like group and Mexican revolutionaries. Nero reprised the role in the official sequel Django Strikes Again (1987), where the character confronts modern-day threats including arms dealers and a rogue scientist in a post-World War II setting. The archetype inspired over 30 unofficial films featuring characters named Django, often portrayed by different actors in loosely connected or standalone stories emphasizing quick-draw prowess and anti-heroic traits, though these lack narrative continuity with the original. In Quentin Tarantino's 2012 film , Jamie Foxx portrays Django Freeman, a distinct enslaved African American man freed by bounty hunter Dr. King Schultz (Christoph Waltz) in 1858 Texas, who trains as a marksman to liberate his wife from a Mississippi plantation owner, Calvin Candie (Leonardo DiCaprio); the character serves as a homage to the Spaghetti Western archetype, complete with a cameo by Nero questioning the name's spelling. This Django embodies themes of retribution against slavery, wielding customized weaponry and adopting a red velvet suit symbolizing his transformation from victim to avenger. In the video game series developed by , Django—also known as Solar Boy Django—is the , a from who wields the solar-powered Gun Del Sol to purify immortals and combat darkness, debuting in Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand (2003) for and appearing across three main titles with mechanics requiring real sunlight exposure via a photosensor. The character possesses hybrid solar and lunar heritage, enabling enhanced abilities against supernatural foes in a post-apocalyptic world plagued by eternal night.

Other uses

Establishments and brands

Django Restaurant is a in , established in the early 2000s, specializing in classic dishes such as and escargot in a relaxed atmosphere without formal pretensions. The Django, located in the basement of the Roxy Hotel in , , functions as a and lounge opened in 2016, featuring nightly live performances, crafted cocktails, and a menu including oysters, burgers, and inspired by American and influences. Additional establishments bearing the name include a restaurant in , , offering modern cuisine, and a bar in Paris's 9th arrondissement known for signature cocktails and seasonal in a lively setting. Among brands, Django operates as a U.S.-based producing durable accessories and apparel, including harnesses, coats, and carriers designed for outdoor adventures and everyday use, emphasizing comfort and innovation for active pets. Django & Juliette, founded in by Kerrie in , , is a women's brand noted for vibrant, textured shoes, boots, and that blend trend-forward styles with comfort features like cushioned insoles.

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