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Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre

The Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre is a key research division specializing in , , and , functioning as part of the Federal Research Center "Computer Science and Control" of the in , . Founded in 1955 as the first computing facility of the USSR Academy of Sciences, it focuses on developing algorithms, mathematical modeling, and large-scale scientific computations to support various fields of science and technology. Named after its founding director and pioneering mathematician Anatoly Dorodnitsyn, the centre has played a pivotal role in advancing Soviet and Russian computing capabilities, including early software innovations and supercomputing resources. Established under the leadership of Anatoly Dorodnitsyn, who directed the centre from 1955 until 1989, it initially concentrated on mathematical problem-solving with computers and providing computational support to Academy institutions. Over the decades, the centre contributed to significant developments in numerical analysis, applied mathematics, and information technologies, hosting departments dedicated to areas such as coding theory, system analysis, and mechanics. A notable achievement was the creation of the iconic video game Tetris in 1984 by software engineer Alexey Pajitnov, who developed it as an experimental project on an Electronika 60 computer at the facility. In 2015, amid reforms to the Russian Academy of Sciences, the centre was integrated into the larger Federal Research Center "Computer Science and Control," retaining its name and research focus while enhancing interdisciplinary collaboration. Today, the Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre continues to conduct fundamental and applied research in computational methods, , and , supporting national scientific projects and international collaborations. Its work emphasizes infrastructure, including supercomputers for complex simulations in physics, , and . The centre remains a hub for training young and publishes extensively in peer-reviewed journals, underscoring its enduring impact on Russian informatics.

History

Founding and Early Development

The initiative for establishing a dedicated facility under the USSR of Sciences emerged in the early , driven by the growing need for advanced computational resources amid rapid advancements in electronic . On December 3, 1951, the Presidium of the Academy adopted its first resolution outlining the creation of such a center, specifying its profile, structure, and staffing to support scientific calculations across various fields. This precursor effort reflected the Academy's recognition of 's potential, influenced by pioneers like Sergei A. Lebedev, who had developed early machines such as the MESM in 1948–1951. A resolution in February 1955 allocated resources for the facility, which was completed by mid-1955 in at Vavilov Street 40. The center was officially established in 1955, as the Computing Center of the Academy of Sciences USSR, marking the Soviet Union's first dedicated academic computing institution. Anatoly Dorodnitsyn, a prominent specializing in and numerical methods, was appointed its first director that year, bringing expertise from his prior work at the Steklov Mathematical Institute. Key figures including Academy President Aleksandr Nesmeyanov and computing pioneer Sergei A. Lebedev played instrumental roles in its initiation and technical orientation, ensuring alignment with national scientific priorities. In its early phase, the center focused on acquiring and operating pioneering electronic computers, such as the BESM-1 developed by Lebedev's team, which became operational there by late 1955 and enabled high-speed calculations previously infeasible by hand or mechanical means. Initial activities centered on providing computational services to Academy researchers, including the production of extensive mathematical tables for applications in physics, engineering, and ballistics—for instance, computing hundreds of values in hours that would have taken days manually. These efforts established the center as a vital hub for numerical computations, supporting broader Soviet advancements in science and technology during the mid-1950s.

Key Milestones and Expansion

During the 1960s and 1970s, the Computing Centre significantly expanded its computational infrastructure by adopting advanced Soviet systems, including the BESM-6 mainframe, which became a cornerstone for high-performance scientific calculations across the USSR and supported over 350 installations nationwide by the late 1970s. This period also marked the centre's pivotal involvement in national computing initiatives, such as the RYAD (Unified System of Computers) project launched in 1970, which standardized compatible mainframes based on architecture for use throughout the Soviet bloc and facilitated coordinated economic and scientific computing efforts. These developments transformed the institution from an early computing facility into a key hub for and systems integration, enabling broader applications in defense, space, and industrial planning. Anatoly Dorodnitsyn led the centre as director from its founding in 1955 until 1989, guiding its evolution into a leading research body under the USSR Academy of Sciences and fostering collaborations that elevated Soviet computational capabilities. After his tenure, subsequent leadership, including Yu. G. Evtushenko, continued to build on this foundation. In 2000, the institution was officially renamed the Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre of the to honor his contributions, reflecting its enduring legacy in . In the post-Soviet era, the centre adapted to economic and structural changes through reorganization within the (), maintaining its focus on fundamental and applied research in . In 2015, it was integrated into the Federal Research Center "Computer Science and Control" of the , a that strengthened interdisciplinary ties and resource sharing among related institutes. This affiliation has supported ongoing operations as of 2025, with the centre emphasizing self-reliant computing technologies amid global challenges.

Organization and Facilities

Governance and Structure

The Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre operates as a subdivision of the Federal Research Center " and Control" of the (), to which it was integrated in following a reorganization of institutes. This affiliation places the centre under the overall governance of the , which provides strategic oversight and coordination with other scientific entities in . The centre's activities are further supervised by the Department of and the Department of and Technologies of , ensuring alignment with national priorities in computational sciences. The Director of the Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre is Yury G. Evtushenko. As part of the Federal Research Center " and Control," its activities are overseen by the center's Director Mikhail A. Posypkin (corresponding member of ) for administrative functions and Scientific Leader Igor A. Sokolov. Funding is derived primarily from the federal state budget allocated to RAS institutions, supplemented by competitive grants from bodies such as the Russian Science Foundation and international programs (prior to 2022 geopolitical restrictions). This structure supports the centre's focus on fundamental and applied research without independent budgetary autonomy. The centre is organized into approximately 20 scientific departments, covering areas such as computational methods, applied , mechanics of continuous media, , optimization, , and information technologies. The total staff comprises researchers, technicians, and administrative support. Collaborative ties extend to partnerships with other RAS institutes, such as the Institute of Problems of Informatics, and leading universities including the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and Lomonosov Moscow State University, through joint base departments and educational-scientific centers. International collaborations, active before 2022, involved exchanges with European and Asian research bodies in , though current ties are limited due to sanctions.

Computing Infrastructure

The Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre is situated at 40 Vavilova Street, , (119333), where its primary facilities have been based since the institution's establishment in 1955. This location serves as the core site for the centre's operations, encompassing laboratories and computational resources integrated within the Federal Research Center "Computer Science and Control" of the (FRC CSC RAS). Over time, the centre has expanded its physical infrastructure to incorporate dedicated data centers, supporting advanced computational demands as part of the broader FRC CSC framework. These facilities include the "Informatika" Center for Collective Use, which hosts key supercomputing resources and enables shared access for scientific computations across institutions. The centre's supercomputing resources feature hybrid high-performance computing clusters designed for in scientific applications. These systems integrate CPU and GPU nodes for high-speed data transfer and large-scale datasets. The hybrid cluster (HHPCC) forms a critical component of the centre's contributions to national supercomputing efforts, facilitating efficient for complex simulations. The infrastructure emphasizes hybrid computing capabilities tailored for demanding workloads, including those in and optimization. The centre supports energy-efficient operations through its design, which optimizes cooling and power usage for sustained high-throughput performance. In addition to on-premises resources, the Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre provides cloud-based support services via the FRC CSC digital platform, offering (IaaS), (PaaS), (SaaS), and Research as a Service (RaaS) models. These services enable researchers to access remotely, promoting collaborative and scalable scientific endeavors without local hardware dependencies.

Purpose and Mission

Historical Objectives

The Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre, established in 1955 as the Computing Centre of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the direction of Anatoly Dorodnitsyn, was primarily aimed at solving complex mathematical problems through the use of electronic computers and conducting large-scale calculations to support research in Academy institutes across physics, chemistry, and engineering. These efforts focused on numerical analysis, orbit computations, and other scientific tasks, with approximately 95 percent of the centre's machine hours dedicated to scientific and technical work, serving around 100 external institutes annually. Half of the computational time was allocated to the centre's own personnel for research and development, while the remainder supported visiting physicists and engineers. In fulfilling its national roles, the centre was responsible for developing and testing new computing technologies, including early machines such as the BESM-1, BESM-2, and Strela, which were to advancing Soviet computational capabilities. It also served as a state repository for mathematical data by compiling and publishing extensive tables, such as the 1954 "Tables of Integral Sine and Cosine" (471 pages), along with resources for logarithms, , and other functions essential for scientific computations. Additionally, the centre contributed to the dissemination of knowledge through publications like the journal Vychislitel'naya Matematika i Vychislitel'naya Tekhnika, which featured papers on methods, analog computing, and programming techniques for early Soviet computers. The broader mission of the centre extended to bolstering Soviet industrialization and defense via computational modeling, exemplified by applications in using 500 lattice points, with 20 minutes of computation time for 24-hour predictions. To promote technological independence from influences, it actively fostered domestic computer production, such as the serial manufacturing of the Ural-1 at the factory and supporting training programs, including practical experience where about 60 percent of mathematics students at specialized in , alongside engineers from the USSR and allied nations like .

Current Focus Areas

In the 2020s, the Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre, as part of the Federal Research Center "Computer Science and Control" of the (FRC CSC RAS), has shifted its priorities toward advancing (HPC) for multidisciplinary simulations in fields such as , mechanics, and environmental modeling. This evolution builds on its foundational role in to support complex simulations that integrate physical, biological, and economic processes, enabling more accurate predictions for scientific and industrial applications. Similarly, the centre emphasizes the development of algorithms for processing and , including ensemble models for and architectures for in large datasets. These efforts address the growing demand for scalable computational tools in data-intensive domains. Strategic goals include bolstering the (RAS) in its initiatives through the creation of robust infrastructure and tools for informatization across scientific sectors. The centre promotes solutions for scientific , facilitating collaborative development and in areas like parallel programming and frameworks. Furthermore, it tackles national challenges such as climate modeling and bioinformatics, contributing to predictive models for environmental and biological systems. In the international and policy context, the centre aligns with broader efforts in technology development amid geopolitical shifts. Additionally, Russian research institutions, including those in the FRC , have participated in collaborations as recommended in 2016, focusing on fields such as and telemedicine.

Research and Projects

Core Research Domains

The Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre's research in centers on numerical methods for differential equations and optimization algorithms tailored to nonlinear problems. Key contributions include the formulation of stable difference schemes for solving partial differential equations, such as those describing unsteady rarefied gas flows between parallel plates, which enable accurate simulations of physical processes under varying boundary conditions. In optimization, the centre has advanced variants of methods, including parametric approaches that approximate optimum functions efficiently for systems with multiple variables, facilitating solutions in and economic contexts. These methodologies prioritize robustness and computational efficiency, drawing on foundational techniques like relations for and parabolic equations to handle complex boundary-value problems. High-performance computing forms another pillar, with emphasis on techniques and the development of software libraries for distributed simulations. Researchers at the centre design algorithms that leverage multi-processor architectures to accelerate large-scale numerical computations, such as those involving methods or finite element analysis. This includes creating specialized libraries for task partitioning in environments, which support scalable simulations without significant loss in precision. The centre's efforts in this domain ensure that high-performance resources are optimized for scientific workloads, enabling real-time processing of data-intensive models. In applied areas, the centre applies these foundational tools to modeling in , , and , often integrating for in scientific data. In materials science, optimization-based algorithms compute functional gradients for structural composites, aiding the design of advanced alloys with enhanced mechanical properties. integration enhances these efforts through techniques, such as logical regularities for classifying features in scientific data, improving the interpretation of complex datasets. These domains are underpinned by the centre's computing infrastructure, which supports the intensive demands of such interdisciplinary simulations. The centre provides resources and services to support scientific research across disciplines.

Major Projects and Applications

The Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre has contributed to numerical simulations for applications, leveraging its expertise in , including historical work on aerodynamic modeling for space vehicles. The centre has developed specialized software packages for finite element analysis, building on the Dorodnitsyn formulation for equations, which enables high-accuracy simulations of turbulent flows and . These tools, integrated into computational frameworks, are used for engineering designs requiring uniform grid applications over infinite domains, offering up to ten times greater efficiency compared to traditional methods. Through partnerships in the sector, the centre contributes to gas modeling using hydrodynamic simulations on supercomputers, optimizing strategies for fields. Post-2020 projects under programs include cybersecurity simulations, employing AI-driven models to test threat scenarios and enhance system resilience in . These initiatives involve multi-institutional collaborations, yielding improved predictive algorithms for risk mitigation.

Notable Contributions

Pioneering Achievements

The Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre, established in 1955 as the Computing Centre of the USSR Academy of Sciences, pioneered early computational services in the by installing the first computer and initiating operations focused on scientific calculations. In 1956, it established the USSR's first computational table service, providing essential numerical computations for mathematical tables and engineering applications using the , which marked a foundational step in institutionalizing high-speed for national research needs. The centre further advanced the series through the development of key algorithms and systemic software, including the operating system D-68 for the BESM-6 introduced in 1967, which supported multitasking and programming tools for complex simulations in and , achieving up to 1 million operations per second. A significant contribution came in the of Soviet computing infrastructure during the and 1980s, where the centre played a central role in the national (Unified System of Electronic Computers) project, modeled after IBM's System/360. Under director Anatoly Dorodnitsyn's leadership, the centre headed acceptance commissions for ES series machines, including the ES-1060, for which it received the in 1977, facilitating the transition to compatible hardware and software across Soviet institutions despite initial technical challenges like machine unreliability. This work established a unified platform that enhanced and scaled computing resources for economic and scientific applications nationwide. In the , the centre achieved a notable breakthrough in software innovation with the invention of by researcher in 1984. Developed as an experimental puzzle game on the computer to test processing limits and human cognitive responses under pressure, demonstrated the centre's capacity for creative applications of beyond traditional numerical methods. This project, initially intended for internal electron tube and hardware evaluation, unexpectedly became a global phenomenon, highlighting the centre's role in bridging experimental programming with broader technological exploration. The centre's broader impact included extensive training programs that educated thousands of specialists through seminars and workshops starting from the late . By hosting and participants, including Vietnamese researchers in the –1990s, it fostered expertise in , numerical methods, and machine operation using equipment like the BESM-6 and Ural-2, creating a foundational cadre of Soviet professionals. These initiatives, often led by Dorodnitsyn's , emphasized practical skills in algorithm development and system programming, significantly advancing the USSR's in and informatics.

Cultural and Technological Impact

The development of at the Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre in 1984 has left an indelible mark on global gaming culture, transforming a simple puzzle game into a universal phenomenon with more than 520 million copies sold worldwide across various platforms. Originating as an experimental project on an computer, Tetris quickly spread beyond Soviet borders, becoming the best-selling of all time with more than 520 million units sold, including hundreds of millions of mobile downloads. Its economic impact is profound, generating nearly $1 billion in revenue through licensing deals and sales by the , with ongoing royalties fueling further adaptations into the . The centre's work has rippled through Russia's (HPC) ecosystem, pioneering algorithms and software for numerical simulations that supported early applications in scientific fields like and . Pre-1990s contributions from researchers at the centre influenced standards in numerical by advancing methods for large-scale problem-solving, such as error-checking in early Soviet systems like the series, which informed broader practices. These efforts helped establish foundational techniques for and optimization still echoed in modern Russian HPC initiatives. As a emblem of Soviet ingenuity, the Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre symbolized the era's innovative spirit in , with exemplifying how resource-constrained environments fostered creative breakthroughs that captivated global audiences. The institution played a pivotal role in popularizing during the Soviet period by establishing leading scientific schools under director Dorodnitsyn, training generations of mathematicians and programmers who advanced applied nationwide.

Notable People

Leadership Figures

Anatoly Alekseevich Dorodnitsyn (1910–1994) served as the founding director of the Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre from 1955 to 1989, guiding its establishment as the first dedicated computing facility under the USSR Academy of Sciences. A prominent and , Dorodnitsyn pioneered numerical methods for solving differential equations, which laid foundational groundwork for in the . Under his leadership, the centre transitioned from mechanical tabulating machines to electronic computers, enabling advanced simulations in fields like and mechanics, and establishing it as a hub for national scientific computing efforts. Yury Gavrilovich Evtushenko succeeded Dorodnitsyn as director in 1989 and held the position until July 2015, during which he expanded the centre's focus on optimization theory and computational algorithms. An academician of the since 2006, Evtushenko contributed to policy development by overseeing the centre's adaptation to post-Soviet reforms, including the integration of new supercomputing infrastructure to support interdisciplinary research. His administrative tenure emphasized international collaborations and the modernization of software tools for large-scale numerical computations. Following the centre's reorganization in 2015 as part of the Federal Research Center "Informatics and Control" of the , Mikhail Anatolyevich Posypkin has served as director of the overarching center since 2015, ensuring continuity in the Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre's operations. A corresponding member of the elected in 2022, Posypkin has prioritized (HPC) modernization, including advancements in parallel algorithms and optimization for exascale systems to address contemporary challenges in data-intensive simulations. His has facilitated the centre's alignment with broader RAS reforms, enhancing resource sharing and policy integration across informatics institutes.

Prominent Researchers

Alexey Leonidovich Pajitnov (born 1956) emerged as a notable figure during his tenure as a researcher at the centre, where he specialized in and before creating the groundbreaking video game in 1984 using the computer. Beyond its commercial success, Pajitnov's design of —inspired by puzzles—advanced explorations in by modeling decision-making under constraints and enhanced human-computer interaction through intuitive, addictive gameplay mechanics that emphasized spatial reasoning and real-time feedback. Among contemporary researchers, Rustem Takhanov stands out for his work in , having earned his from the centre in 2008 with a focus on applied mathematics and physics; his contributions include dichotomy theorems for the general minimum cost homomorphism problem, influencing and analyses. In parallel, the centre's optimization experts, such as Yu. G. Evtushenko, have produced high-impact publications in Doklady Mathematics through 2023, detailing methods like false extrema localization in to improve efficiency.

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