Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Exakta

Exakta is a historic brand of single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras produced by Ihagee Kamerawerk, a German manufacturer founded in Dresden in 1912 by Dutch entrepreneur Johan Steenbergen.^[1]^[2] The line originated with the Vest Pocket Exakta in 1933, the world's first SLR for 127 roll film, featuring a compact design with a focal plane shutter and waist-level finder for 4×6.5 cm exposures.^[3]^[1] This was followed in 1936 by the Kine Exakta, the first commercially successful 35mm SLR, which introduced innovations like a rapid-wind lever, bayonet lens mount, and shutter speeds up to 1/1000 second, setting the standard for modern SLR design.^[1]^[3] Ihagee's factory was destroyed during the Allied bombing of Dresden in 1945, but production resumed in Soviet-occupied East Germany, with the company nationalized under VEB Ihagee as part of the post-war communist regime.^[3]^[2] The Varex series, starting with the Exakta Varex in 1950, marked a postwar evolution by incorporating interchangeable pentaprism viewfinders and compatibility with a wide array of lenses from manufacturers like Carl Zeiss Jena.^[1] Later models, such as the Varex IIa (1956–1963) and Varex IIb (1963–1967), refined these features with built-in light meters and improved ergonomics, though the brand struggled against competition from Japanese SLRs like the Nikon F.^[4]^[3] Production of original Exakta cameras ended around 1970 after approximately 800,000 units, with Ihagee absorbed into VEB Pentacon, but the design influenced global SLR development and remains popular among collectors for its mechanical precision and historical significance.^[1]^[3]

History

Founding and Early Development

Ihagee Kamerawerk was founded on May 13, 1912, by Johan Steenbergen, a Dutch merchant trained at Ernemann in Dresden, as Industrie- und Handelsgesellschaft m.b.H. in Dresden, Germany. The company, soon renamed Ihagee Kamerawerk G.m.b.H., initially concentrated on manufacturing high-quality plate cameras and photographic accessories, targeting export markets with models like the Photorex plate camera introduced that same year. By 1914, its lineup had expanded to include folding plate cameras such as the Photoknips, Derby, and Luxus-Duplex, alongside roll film options like the Plan Paff and Roll Paff, establishing a reputation for precision craftsmanship in a city renowned as Germany's camera capital.^[5]^[6] In April 1923, Karl Nüchterlein, a 19-year-old Dresden native born in 1904, joined Ihagee as a designing mechanic and was promoted to Works Master Mechanic by 1926, where he contributed to metal constructions and innovative camera designs. By the late 1920s, as chief designer, Nüchterlein led a team including Otto Helfricht, Rudolph Groschupf, and others in developing the company's first SLR prototype. In 1930, he presented Steenbergen with concepts for a compact reflex camera, culminating in the VP Exakta, branded as Ihagee's inaugural Exakta model and a precursor to 35mm SLRs.^[5]^[7] The VP Exakta was introduced in 1933 at the Leipzig Spring Fair, utilizing 127 roll film to produce 4×6.5 cm exposures across eight frames in a trapezoidal body measuring 15 × 6.5 × 5 cm and weighing 750 g. Key innovations included interchangeable backs—a standard film back for roll film and an optional plate back for 4.5 × 6 cm glass plates added in 1935—allowing flexibility for professional users, though the reflex mirror was not instant-return and remained elevated post-exposure until film advance. This design emphasized through-the-lens viewing with a focal-plane shutter, but early production was constrained by manual assembly processes, resulting in limited output of around 11,000 units by 1936 and a focus on professional photographers rather than mass markets.^[5]^[8]

Pre-World War II Innovations

In the 1930s, Ihagee Kamerawerk in Dresden pioneered several key advancements in single-lens reflex (SLR) camera design, building on earlier roll-film models to transition toward the 35mm format that would define modern photography. The release of the Kine Exakta in 1936 marked a milestone as the first commercially successful 35mm SLR camera, featuring a compact vertical metal body, a right-handed bottom-mounted film advance lever, and a waist-level viewfinder with a folding hood for ground-glass focusing.^[9]^[10] This model utilized perforated 35mm cine film in standard cassettes to produce 24x36mm negatives, offering photographers a through-the-lens viewing system that eliminated parallax errors common in rangefinders of the era.^[11] Earlier innovations laid the groundwork for these developments, including the introduction of the first rapid-wind lever in 1935 on the VP Exakta series, which replaced cumbersome knob advances and streamlined film loading for faster operation.^[12] That same year, Ihagee incorporated the world's first built-in flash synchronization socket, activated directly by the shutter mechanism, enabling synchronized electronic flash photography—a feature ahead of its time that enhanced low-light capabilities without external modifications.^[12] Complementing these was the proprietary Exakta bayonet mount, debuted with the Kine Exakta, which allowed quick interchangeable lenses from manufacturers like Carl Zeiss Jena, supporting a growing ecosystem of optics for varied applications from wide-angle to telephoto.^[10] The lineup evolved with the Exakta A in 1939, a refined 127-film SLR that introduced a reliable self-timer mechanism operable across shutter speeds and extended the focal-plane shutter range to a top speed of 1/1000 second while maintaining long exposures down to 12 seconds via the self-timer dial.^[13] These enhancements improved usability for dynamic shooting scenarios. By 1939, production had scaled up significantly in Dresden, with over 10,000 Exakta units manufactured, reflecting growing demand. Professionals increasingly adopted the system for photojournalism, valuing its versatility in capturing fast action, and for scientific imaging, where precise through-the-lens composition proved invaluable in fields like microscopy and astronomy.^[6]

Post-War Production in East Germany

The Ihagee factory in Dresden suffered extensive destruction during the Allied bombing raids on February 13-14, 1945, which devastated the city's infrastructure and left the Schandauer Straße facility in ruins, with its records, plans, and much of the equipment lost or damaged.^[5] In the immediate aftermath, surviving personnel temporarily relocated operations to a rented space at Blasewitzer Straße 41/43, where production tentatively resumed on May 22, 1945, with just 42 employees using salvaged parts to manufacture household items before shifting to cameras.^[5] Under Soviet occupation, the military authorities seized control of Ihagee's assets in 1945, directing output toward reparations and supplies for the Red Army, including 320 Kine-Exakta cameras produced by year's end, many traded for food rations or delivered directly to Soviet forces.^[5] By 1946, production had ramped up to 4,500 units annually amid ongoing Soviet demands for reparations, which continued until 1949 and accounted for over 16,900 cameras, while threats of full asset seizure loomed until rescinded on April 30, 1948.^[5] Assets were gradually returned by 1947 to support resumed operations. Drawing on pre-war designs for continuity, production restarted with models such as the Exakta Varex in 1950, with the Model 1951 variant produced from March to May 1951, maintaining the Exakta bayonet mount for lens compatibility.^[5]^[14] Ihagee was nationalized in 1959, merging with VEB Kamera- und Kinowerke Dresden and becoming part of the state-owned optical industry in the German Democratic Republic (GDR).^[15] Under GDR state direction, Ihagee's output became integral to the socialist economy, emphasizing export-oriented manufacturing to generate hard currency, with approximately two-thirds of the roughly 100,000 cameras produced between 1945 and 1951 shipped to Western markets, the USSR, and beyond.^[5] Annual production volumes grew steadily, surpassing 12,000 units by 1947 and reaching around 20,000 by the mid-1950s, reflecting centralized planning that prioritized volume over innovation amid resource constraints.^[5] Material shortages in the GDR economy prompted a gradual shift to plastic components starting in the 1960s, as metal supplies dwindled under planned production quotas, affecting non-critical parts in models like the Exa series to maintain output efficiency.^[5] This adaptation, driven by state imperatives to sustain exports despite embargoes and internal scarcities, ensured Ihagee's survival as a key player in the Eastern Bloc's optical industry through the decade.^[5]

Models and Variants

127 Film Models

The VP Exakta, introduced by Ihagee Kamerawerk in Dresden in 1933, marked the company's entry into single-lens reflex (SLR) camera design with a focus on 127 roll film, producing 4 × 6.5 cm negatives for eight exposures per roll. This early model featured a trapezoidal aluminum body measuring approximately 150 × 65 × 50 mm and weighing 750 g, equipped with a rubberized cloth horizontal focal-plane shutter offering speeds from 1/25 to 1/1000 second, along with B and T settings for bulb and time exposures. Composition was achieved via a folding waist-level finder with a ground-glass screen providing right-way-up viewing and 95% coverage, complemented by a 45-degree mirror system.^[16] The VP Exakta Model B, produced alongside the base model from 1933 until around 1936, introduced enhancements such as an additional control knob enabling timed exposures from 1/10 to 12 seconds and a variable self-timer function up to 6 seconds, which provided a delayed mirror return for self-portraits or accessory synchronization. While the core shutter and finder remained consistent with the original, the Model B's refinements improved versatility for precise timing in professional applications. Both models supported interchangeable lenses from manufacturers like Carl Zeiss Jena, Schneider, and Meyer, typically in focal lengths of 7–8 cm with apertures from f/3.5 to f/1.9, and included features like a double-exposure prevention lock.^[16]^[17] These 127 film models had inherent limitations, including a fixed 4 × 6.5 cm format that restricted flexibility compared to plate or sheet film systems, and manual loading of the non-perforated roll film through red windows on the camera back, which demanded careful handling to avoid light exposure. Positioned as transitional designs, they appealed primarily to medium-format enthusiasts seeking compact SLR functionality before the widespread adoption of smaller formats. Their larger negative size relative to emerging 35mm options made them particularly suitable for scientific and industrial photography, where higher resolution and detail were essential, supported by an extensive accessory system including close-up bellows and macro attachments.^[16]^[17] These early VP models served as precursors to Ihagee's later 35mm SLRs, influencing the evolution toward more portable reflex designs.^[16]

35mm SLR Pioneers

The Kine Exakta, introduced in 1936 by Ihagee Kamerawerk in Dresden, marked a pivotal advancement in 35mm photography as the first production single-lens reflex (SLR) camera in this format. Its compact vertical design allowed for a more portable body compared to earlier medium-format SLRs, while accommodating standard 35mm film cassettes for 36 exposures of 24×36 mm frames. The camera featured the innovative Exakta bayonet mount, enabling quick interchangeability of lenses from manufacturers like Carl Zeiss and Schneider, with a flange focal distance of 44.7 mm.^[18] Although the mirror did not instantly return—remaining flipped up until film advance—it incorporated a reliable focal plane shutter with speeds from 1/2 to 1/1000 second, plus B and delayed action, emphasizing its role as a system camera for professional use.^[19]^[20] In 1939, Ihagee released the Exakta, a horizontal body variant that addressed ergonomic limitations of the vertical Kine Exakta by repositioning controls for right-handed operation. This model retained the 24×36 mm format and bayonet mount but introduced a top-mounted shutter release for improved handling during extended shooting sessions. Shutter speeds ranged from B to 1/1000 second, with options for bulb and time exposures, and the body measured approximately 152 × 95 × 49 mm, weighing around 650 grams with a standard lens. The horizontal orientation facilitated better balance with longer lenses, making it suitable for portrait and action photography.^[21]^[16] Pre-war production of these pioneering 35mm SLRs totaled around 15,000 units across variants, reflecting limited output due to the shift toward wartime priorities after 1939. Manufacturing continued on a reduced scale through the early 1940s, with adaptations for military applications, including use in reconnaissance for capturing detailed aerial and ground imagery. These cameras' robust construction and interchangeable optics made them valuable for such specialized roles.^[22] An emerging accessory ecosystem supported these early models, including bellows units for macro and close-up work, such as the Vielzweck apparatus that extended focus for copying and microscopic applications. While pentaprism finders were not yet standard—relying instead on waist-level reflex viewing with magnifiers—early accessory finders like sports eye-level attachments provided alternative viewing options, enhancing versatility for scientific and documentary photography.^[23]^[19]

Varex Series

The Varex series, produced by Ihagee Kamerawerk in Dresden, East Germany, represented a significant evolution in the Exakta line during the 1950s and 1960s, emphasizing modularity through interchangeable viewfinders and compatibility with an extensive range of lenses via the proprietary Exakta bayonet mount. Introduced amid post-war reconstruction efforts, these cameras built on earlier Exakta designs by allowing users to switch between a removable waist-level finder and an optional pentaprism for eye-level viewing, a feature that enhanced versatility for professional photographers. This modular approach, combined with robust construction and innovative accessories, made the Varex models popular exports to Western markets, where they were often rebranded as "VX" to avoid trademark conflicts with the American Argus company.^[24]^[25]^[26] The inaugural model, the Exakta Varex of 1950–1951 (known as Exakta V in the United States), marked the series' debut with its groundbreaking removable waist-level viewfinder, which could be replaced with a pentaprism attachment for single-lens reflex viewing at eye level. This innovation addressed limitations in earlier rigid Exakta models, enabling upgrades without purchasing a new camera and broadening appeal for specialized applications like macro or astrophotography. The camera retained the characteristic left-handed film advance lever and cloth focal-plane shutter with speeds from 1/25 to 1/1000 second, plus bulb and time settings, while supporting the Exakta mount's growing ecosystem of optics from manufacturers like Carl Zeiss Jena. Approximately 25,000 units were produced, with serial numbers ranging from around 667,000 to 692,000, establishing the Varex as a foundational system camera in a market increasingly dominated by interchangeable components.^[24]^[27] The Exakta Varex IIa, manufactured from 1956 to 1963 across multiple iterations, refined the original design with improved light seals to mitigate common fogging issues in earlier models and enhanced flash synchronization options, including three PC sockets for M, F, and X modes to accommodate various bulb and electronic flashes. Production totaled about 182,000 units, with sub-variants featuring minor updates like refined engravings and shutter mechanisms; for instance, the 1958–1960 version (5.1.3) alone accounted for over 71,000 cameras. Key features included dual shutter dials for instantaneous speeds (1/25 to 1/1000 second) and extended exposures up to 12 seconds via a self-timer mechanism, alongside a built-in film cutter for easy unloading. These enhancements, produced in volumes exceeding 50,000 annually at peak, solidified the IIa's reputation among Western photographers for reliable performance in scientific and journalistic fields, often paired with high-quality Tessar or Biotar lenses.^[25]^[26]^[24] The Exakta Varex IIb, produced from 1963 to 1967 as the series' final iteration, incorporated updated shutter speeds in a geometric progression (1/30 to 1/1000 second) and better integration with metered prism finders, including options for through-the-lens (TTL) metering via CdS cells in accessories like the NM1K prism. Available in chrome and black finishes, it addressed persistent light leak problems through superior sealing and featured a modernized self-timer and flash pre-release capabilities, making it more adaptable to electronic flash systems. Roughly 121,000 units were made, with serial numbers from 1,005,000 to 1,125,761, reflecting sustained demand despite competition from Japanese SLRs. Its export success in the West stemmed from these refinements and the ability to couple with advanced viewfinders for accurate exposure, appealing to professionals seeking a durable, customizable alternative to emerging Nikon and Canon models.^[28]^[29]

Exa and Later Models

The Exa series represented Ihagee's effort to produce more affordable single-lens reflex cameras for amateur photographers, simplifying features from the higher-end Varex models while retaining compatibility with the Exakta bayonet lens mount. Introduced in the early 1960s amid economic constraints in East Germany, these cameras featured fixed viewfinders and basic mechanical designs, prioritizing accessibility over modularity. The series marked a shift toward mass production under state influence, with over 1 million units produced across 23 models.^[5] The Exa I, launched in September 1962 and produced until November 1963, served as a foundational budget model with a total of 37,960 units built. It adopted a simplified derivative design from the Varex series, including a curvaceous trapezoidal body, shield-shaped chrome front plate, removable back and bottom plates for easy loading, and a knob wind mechanism with disc-set shutter speeds. Aimed at entry-level users, it offered a fixed waist-level finder and focused on reliability for everyday 35mm photography, though its construction reflected the modest resources available in the German Democratic Republic.^[5] Following the 1964 integration of Ihagee into the state-controlled VEB Pentacon Dresden, production emphasized cost efficiency, leading to further simplifications and eventual rebranding away from the Exakta name. The Exa 500, introduced in August 1966 and manufactured until October 1969 (with full cessation by January 1972), became the series' final major iteration, with 102,867 units produced. This model featured a vertical cloth focal-plane shutter offering speeds from 1/2 to 1/500 second plus bulb, an instant-return mirror, a Fresnel focusing screen with microprism aid, and full M- and X-sync for electronic flash at all speeds, enhancing its appeal for amateur flash photography. Its trapezoidal shape and compact form maintained the Exa line's signature ergonomics while providing broader usability than earlier variants.^[5]^[30] Variants in the late 1960s, such as the Exakta 1.1 introduced around 1969, attempted to incorporate modern features like a built-in light meter to compete with emerging Japanese SLRs, but suffered from inconsistent quality control. These issues stemmed from GDR economic pressures, including material shortages and centralized production mandates under Pentacon, which prioritized volume over precision and led to reliability problems like faulty metering and mechanical wear. By 1972, after approximately 1.5 million total Exakta and Exa cameras produced since the 1930s, the brand name was discontinued as Pentacon shifted focus to the Praktica line, effectively ending Ihagee's independent legacy.^[5]

Design and Technical Features

Body and Ergonomics

The Exakta cameras are renowned for their distinctive body designs, which evolved significantly from the early 1930s to the post-war era to balance compactness, functionality, and user handling. Initial models, such as the 1933 VP Exakta and the 1939 Exakta 66 trapezoid variant, featured a vertical film transport orientation, resulting in a tall, narrow trapezoidal shape that allowed for efficient stacking of film rolls and a more compact overall footprint compared to contemporary rangefinders or twin-lens reflexes.^[31] This vertical layout positioned the film plane upright within the body, prioritizing portability for 127 roll film formats while maintaining the single-lens reflex mechanism's optical path.^[32] By the introduction of the 1936 Kine Exakta—the first 35mm SLR—designers shifted toward a more conventional horizontal orientation in subsequent models like the Varex series, aligning with user familiarity and improving balance for handheld shooting, though retaining the angular, ergonomic contours for grip.^[24] A hallmark of Exakta ergonomics is the unique bottom-mounted film advance mechanism, typically a fold-out crank or lever positioned on the right side of the base for clockwise operation with the right hand, which minimizes interference with the left hand supporting the camera body and lens.^[33] This design, present across models from the early Kine Exakta to the 1950s VX variants, enables one-handed winding after exposure, promoting smoother workflow in professional settings, though it requires adaptation for users accustomed to top-mounted levers and can feel awkward when shooting from low angles or on a tripod.^[24] The crank's 300-degree throw in later iterations, such as the VX IIa, efficiently advances the film, cocks the shutter, and resets the mirror in a single motion, enhancing operational efficiency despite the unconventional placement.^[34] Exakta bodies were constructed from die-cast aluminum alloy for durability, covered in leatherette for improved grip and protection, with weights typically ranging from 600 to 950 grams for the body alone—such as 594 grams for the 1954 VX or approximately 950 grams for broader Varex models—making them robust tools suited for professional use but noticeably heavier than lighter contemporaries like the Leica.^[33]^[24] Film insertion was facilitated by modular hinged backs or, in medium-format models like the 1953 Exakta 66, removable magazines, allowing quick loading without full disassembly and reducing exposure risks in the field.^[31]^[33] These features contributed to a solid, tank-like build that withstood rigorous handling, though ergonomic critiques often highlighted the small, sometimes dim viewfinder image and stiff controls, such as the tight shutter delay knob, which demanded deliberate operation but underscored the camera's mechanical reliability for extended professional sessions.^[24]

Lens System and Mount

The Exakta's proprietary lens system originated with the introduction of a bayonet mount in 1936 alongside the Kine Exakta model, designed for rapid interchangeable optics with a flange focal distance of 44.7 mm. This configuration supported high-performance lenses, exemplified by the Carl Zeiss Jena Sonnar 85 mm f/2, which provided exceptional low-light capabilities and sharpness for its era. The mount's locking lever mechanism ensured secure attachment and precise alignment, contributing to reliable infinity focus that was prized by photographers requiring accuracy in composition and exposure. Post-World War II production in East Germany maintained the bayonet mount for core Exakta and early Exa models through the 1950s and 1960s, fostering a dedicated ecosystem of optics from VEB Carl Zeiss Jena. By the early 1960s, over 50 native bayonet-mount lenses were available, spanning focal lengths from wide-angle designs like the Enna Werk Lithagon 28 mm f/3.5—offering expansive field of view for landscapes—to telephoto options such as the Carl Zeiss Jena Sonnar 180 mm f/2.8, ideal for portraiture and distant subjects. Third-party manufacturers, including Meyer-Optik and Isco-Göttingen, produced compatible adaptations, broadening the system's versatility while integrating seamlessly with the camera's left-handed controls. In the late 1970s, later Exa models like the Exa 1b transitioned to the M42 screw mount to align with broader East German production standards, improving interoperability with Pentacon and Zeiss Jena lenses such as the Tessar 50 mm f/2.8. This evolution enhanced access to a wider array of affordable optics but highlighted the original bayonet's limitations in the emerging autofocus era, where its non-standard flange distance and mechanical complexity hindered direct adaptation to modern SLR and mirrorless bodies without custom spacers that often compromised [infinity focus](/page/infinity focus).

Viewfinder and Accessories

The Exakta cameras employed a standard waist-level reflex finder featuring a ground glass focusing screen for uniform brightness and precise composition, particularly suited for low-angle shots, portraits, close-ups, and technical applications. This finder included a folding hood and an integrated magnifier to facilitate critical focusing, with the combined ground glass and magnifier providing up to 6x overall magnification for detailed work.^[35]^[36] Beginning with the 1951 Varex model, Exakta introduced interchangeable pentaprism finders that enabled eye-level viewing, offering a corrected upright image with approximately 0.8x magnification to match natural perspective without the need for waist-level positioning. These pentaprisms were available in basic forms for standard viewing as well as metered variants, such as the Light-Meter Penta Prism, which integrated a photoelectric exposure meter alongside a split-image rangefinder and optical sports finder for action and telephoto framing. The metered options provided 1:1 life-size imaging in some configurations, enhancing usability for dynamic photography.^[35]^[37] Key accessories expanded the system's versatility, including sets of automatic extension tubes (typically 5mm, 15mm, and 30mm lengths with adapters) for macro photography, allowing close-up reproduction without bellows. For transparency viewing and duplication, slide copiers and carriers attached to bellows units enabled optical copying of color or monochrome slides directly onto film. Sports finders, often incorporated into pentaprism units, assisted in framing distant subjects with telephoto lenses by providing an auxiliary direct-vision view.^[35]^[36] In later models, such as the 1969 Exakta 1.1 and the 1970 RTL 1000, exposure metering evolved to include built-in CdS (cadmium sulfide) cells integrated into the viewfinder system for through-the-lens (TTL) measurements. These meters supported EV-based exposure settings via match-needle indicators visible in the pentaprism, with options for aperture-priority or manual adjustments powered by a mercury button cell battery.^[33]

Legacy and Cultural Impact

Influence on SLR Photography

The Exakta cameras, beginning with the Kine Exakta introduced in 1936 by Ihagee Kamerawerk in Dresden, played a pivotal role in popularizing the 35mm single-lens reflex (SLR) design, establishing it as a viable alternative to rangefinder cameras for professional use.^[38] As the first commercially successful 35mm SLR, it featured an innovative bayonet lens mount that allowed quick interchangeability of optics, a concept that influenced subsequent designs, including those from Japanese manufacturers in the 1950s.^[39] Companies like Nikon drew inspiration from the Exakta's system-oriented approach when developing the Nikon F in 1959, adopting a similar bayonet mount to support a growing ecosystem of lenses and accessories, while Canon explored SLR mechanisms that echoed the Exakta's modular versatility.^[39] This shift helped transition the SLR from a niche European product to a global standard, enabling photographers to achieve precise focus and framing through the taking lens. The Exakta's technical innovations, particularly in the Varex series launched in 1950, further shaped SLR evolution by introducing interchangeable viewfinders, including waist-level and pentaprism options, which were among the first to offer such flexibility in a 35mm camera.^[40] These modular finders allowed users to adapt the camera for different shooting scenarios, from low-angle macro work to eye-level composition, promoting the "what you see is what you get" principle that became a hallmark of modern SLRs.^[10] Later models, such as the Exakta VX 1000 in 1967, added an instant-return mirror mechanism as an update to earlier designs, minimizing blackout time during shooting in line with industry standards established since the 1950s.^[34] These features collectively democratized advanced through-the-lens viewing, influencing the design of professional SLRs by emphasizing ergonomics and adaptability over the limitations of fixed-viewfinder systems. Exakta cameras contributed significantly to photojournalism by enabling reliable through-lens composition in fast-paced environments, a capability that proved invaluable for capturing candid and dynamic scenes beyond World War II.^[38] Professionals, including Luis Marden who used Exaktas for National Geographic covers and close-up work in the 1940s and 1950s, favored the Exakta for its robust lens compatibility and precise focusing aids, which supported close-up and wide-angle work in challenging conditions.^[41] The SLR's reflex system allowed journalists to verify exposure and framing directly, reducing errors in high-stakes scenarios and paving the way for the format's dominance in documentary photography. Post-war production in East Germany under VEB Ihagee transformed the Exakta into an affordable export option, introducing high-quality SLRs to Western markets at prices competitive with premium brands like Leica and Contax; the company was later absorbed into VEB Pentacon in 1960.^[42] Models like the Varex series were exported in large numbers to the United States and Europe during the 1950s, where they became best-sellers among amateurs and professionals seeking cost-effective alternatives to pricier rangefinders, thus broadening access to SLR technology amid the Cold War.^[43] This export success challenged Western dominance and accelerated the global adoption of 35mm SLRs as everyday tools.^[44]

Collectibility and Modern Interest

Pre-war Exakta models, such as the Kine Exakta introduced in 1936, are highly sought after by collectors due to their historical significance as the first widely available 35mm SLR cameras, but their rarity stems from the destruction of Ihagee's Dresden factory during World War II bombings, which halted production and led to significant losses of existing units.^[45] In 2025 auctions and online sales, well-preserved examples like the Kine Exakta I with original lenses typically fetch between $150 and $500 USD, depending on condition and accessories, reflecting their scarcity and appeal to vintage photography enthusiasts.^[46]^[47] Many Exakta cameras, particularly those from the post-war era, require maintenance to remain functional, with common issues including dried lubricants causing sticky shutters and deteriorated foam light seals leading to light leaks. Clean, lubricate, and adjust (CLA) services address these problems through disassembly, solvent cleaning of mechanisms, and replacement of seals with modern materials like porous foam or felt. Community resources, such as detailed guides and discussions on photography forums, provide hobbyists with step-by-step instructions for DIY repairs, emphasizing the use of naphtha for flushing old grease without damaging components.^[48]^[49] In the context of the ongoing film photography revival, Exakta cameras maintain modern interest as robust manual SLRs valued for their tactile operation and unique left-handed controls, appealing to creative photographers seeking alternatives to automated digital systems. While adaptations like digital backs exist for some vintage SLRs, Exaktas are more commonly used with film for artistic projects, benefiting from the mount's compatibility with high-quality East German lenses such as the Carl Zeiss Jena Pancolar. Online communities, including Rangefinderforum, remain active in 2025 with threads on restoration techniques and shooting experiences, fostering a dedicated following among analog enthusiasts.^[50]^[51] Pricing trends for later models like the Varex IIb, produced in East Germany from 1963 to 1971, range from $200 to $400 USD in 2025 for functional units with standard lenses, influenced by their solid metal construction and reliable mechanics that contrast with the lighter, more precise builds of contemporaneous Japanese SLRs like the Nikon F. This affordability, combined with the cameras' durability, makes the Varex IIb a popular entry point for collectors and users, though professional CLA can add $100-200 to the cost.^[52]^[53]

References

[1]
Ihagee who? The long-forgotten camera company that brought us ...
Oct 26, 2025 · Way, way back, in 1912, Johan Steenberg, a Dutchman, living in Dresden, Germany, started Ihagee to make cameras.<|control11|><|separator|>
[2]
None
### Summary of Ihagee and Exakta History up to 1945
[3]
Ihagee (Exakta) - Pacific Rim Camera Photographica Pages
When they introduced the Vest Pocket Exakta in early 1933, they established an innovative line of cameras that were going to change history. These were a line ...
[4]
Exakta VX llb Camera - National Park Service
Oct 26, 2021 · The Exakta VX IIb, made in Germany (1963-1967), was used by Proenneke for both moving and still photos, and was donated to Lake Clark's museum.Missing: Ihagee | Show results with:Ihagee
[5]
[PDF] Ihagee - the Men and the Cameras - Exakta Circle
Mar 18, 2011 · A young man named Karl Nüchterlein, aged 19, joined the Company as a designing mechanic. Born on 14th March 1904 in Dresden, he had received ...
[6]
June 2022: Ihagee and the Exakta by Vladimir Khazan - PHSNE
May 29, 2022 · Johan Steenbergen, a Dutchman, founded Industrie-und-Handelsgesellschaft in Dresden in 1912. The name was shortened to Ihagee (based on the ...
[7]
THE IHAGEE STORY - Exaktacircle.org - YUMPU
Feb 10, 2013 · A milestone in Ihagee history occurred in 1930 when Karl Nüchterlein<br />. presented new ideas to Steenbergen. In particular, he envisaged a ...
[8]
VP Exakta - Camera-wiki.org - The free camera encyclopedia
May 17, 2025 · The VP Exaktas are a line of SLRs made by Ihagee in Dresden from 1933 onwards. They've been called VP Exakta [1] as a reference to the 127 film they use.Missing: 1930 removable instant- return
[9]
5 Reasons Every Photographer Should Shoot with a Kine Exakta ...
Aug 27, 2019 · The removable back is bit more fiddly than a hinged back, but the camera loads, unloads and rewinds conventionally except for the fact that ...
[10]
The Birth of the 35mm SLR, Part I — Kine Exakta - Lenshunters
Aug 23, 2021 · The first Exakta, also known as the VP Exakta, was a compact metal-bodied camera that took 4x6.5cm images onto Kodak's VP "Vest Pocket" 127 roll ...
[11]
[PDF] Short history of Ihagee
In 1936 the Kine-Exakta was the world's first single lens reflex that used the now standard cine film and the 24x36 mm picture size. Steenbergen had a Jewish ...
[12]
[PDF] The EXAKTA Story - Ihagee
THIS AUTUMN sees the 40th anniversary of the birth, in 1936, of the Kine-Exakta, the first ever 35mm single- lens reflex camera. But, as the name suggests, it ...Missing: authoritative | Show results with:authoritative
[13]
[PDF] Kine-Exakta: takes pictures 24 x 36 mm. - Ihagee
Focal-plane self-capping shutter, giving exposures between 12 seconds and 1/1000th second normally and 6 seconds and 1/1000th second with delayed action ...Missing: timer | Show results with:timer
[14]
Exa - the Exakta's Small Sister - wrotniak.net
Oct 22, 2001 · VEB Pentacon licensed the production of screw-mount Exas (some late Ib *4.4 and all Ic *4.5) to another East-German maker, Certo. Cameras built ...
[15]
None
### Summary of Early 127 Film Exakta Models
[16]
[PDF] The (VP) Exakta, its History and Advantages second half. - Ihagee
VP History Part 10 This is the last part of the lecture given by the Dutch importer Mr. Heynderickx in 1935. Image 37: Exakta Lumimax and Exakta with ...Missing: introduction date
[17]
Ihagee Kine Exakta - Pacific Rim Camera Photographica Pages
Serial numbers run from 455600 through about 486000, but the change in ... The differences between it and the prewar models are fairly minor. The strap ...Missing: pre- war
[18]
Ihagee: Kine Exakta I (round viewfinder) (before war edition)
1936. 35mm SLR camera. The world's first "production" version of 35mm SLR, first system SLR, first interchangeable lens camera with bayonet lens mount. Rare.
[19]
https://www.pacificrimcamera.com/pp/exaktak.htm
[20]
wrotniak.net: Exakta Taxonomy - Mike Eckman
This is a complete listing of 35-mm Exakta models made by Ihagee. These are what many (myself in this number) consider "genuine" Exaktas, not follow-ups, ...Missing: 1930s | Show results with:1930s
[21]
- Bellows & Tubes - Antique and Vintage Cameras - Early Photography
The bellows unit was part of the Vielzweck apparatus that was used for close-up and copying work with the Exakta.
[22]
Ihagee Exakta VX v4.2 (1954) - mike eckman dot com
Jul 15, 2015 · This is an Exakta VX 35mm SLR made in 1954 by Ihagee Kamerawerk based out of Dresden, Germany. The Exakta was in production from 1933 through 1970.Missing: authoritative | Show results with:authoritative
[23]
Review: Ihagee Exakta Varex IIa (VX IIa) 135 (35mm) Film Camera
May 16, 2021 · The company was originally started in 1912, owned (and having been founded by) by Johan Steenbergen, a Dutchman, in Dresden, Germany. The ...
[24]
Cameras - Exakta Circle
Promoting the collection, use and historical study of Ihagee cameras and associated accessories. IHAGEE CAMERAS
[25]
Ihagee Exakta Varex (V) - Pacific Rim Camera Photographica Pages
In 1950 Ihagee released the Exakta Varex. The name Varex was not ... Serial Numbers run from 667000 to 692000. Home - Ihagee Kine Exakta (35mm) ...
[26]
Metered and Chimney Finders for Exakta Ihagee Cell-Prism The first ...
The first metered prism used a selenium cell, the first TTL prism was a CdS meter, and a chimney finder had a removable magnifier.
[27]
Back to analogue – Part 7: testing my “new” Exakta Varex IIb
Sep 18, 2023 · The Exakta Varex camera line was a series of single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras produced by the Ihagee Kamerawerk company in Dresden, Germany ...
[28]
[PDF] EXA 500 - Ihagee
Setting the shutter speed (1/2 to 1/500 sec):. Turn the shutter-speed setting disc (16) in either direction until the desired shutter speed is opposite the ...Missing: sync | Show results with:sync
[29]
P6 History: Older Exakta 66 cameras - Pentacon Six
More unusual design features. The camera is modular, with removable lens, back, finder and focussing screen – although it is not possible to remove the back ...
[30]
32 Ihagee Exakta B First Single Lens Reflex - Paris Camera Museum
Nov 1, 2022 · The Exakta camera is instantly recognizable for its distinctive trapezoidal shape, setting it apart as more compact, smaller, and ergonomically ...
[31]
[PDF] Exakta camera instruction manual
D(AKTA VX1000 (1967\ is as the Exakta IIb, but with instant return mirror and minor mechanical improvements. EXAKTA VAREX VX500 (1969) is a scaled-down version ...
[32]
Ihagee Exakta VX1000 (1967) - mike eckman dot com
Nov 21, 2023 · An instant return mirror, shorter throw for the film advance, improvements to the film door, and modern flash synchronization make it a capable ...Missing: instantaneous | Show results with:instantaneous<|separator|>
[33]
[PDF] Exakta Camera Company
Exakta Waist Level Viewfinder with ground glass offers a uniform bright ... The image on the prism glass is magnified 4 times, and corresponds to natural vision ...
[34]
[PDF] EXAKTA Varex IIb - Pacific Rim Camera
Finder Hood: Ground-Glass Screen and supplementary magnifier together give. X6 magnification of reflex image, providing speedy and accurate focusing for maxi-.
[35]
[PDF] Exakta System - Ihagee
The magnification of the finder image in SLRs was eventually left to the fold-. Page 2. 10 ing magnifier in the waist-level finder, but with the introduction of ...
[36]
Cameras That Changed Photography Forever | PetaPixel
Feb 6, 2024 · The Kine Exakta was hardly the most elegant camera ever built, and its image in the viewfinder was laterally reversed. Still, it was the first ...
[37]
How the Nikon F Revolutionized Photography | PetaPixel
Feb 14, 2023 · The release of the Kine Exakta in 1936, produced by Ihagee Kamerawerk in Germany, was the first SLR on the market. Behind the Exakta bayonet ...Japan's Foray Into Cameras · The Rise Of The Slr · Nikon Develops Its First Slr...
[38]
Ihagee Exakta Real (1966) - mike eckman dot com
Aug 4, 2020 · Featuring an entirely new and larger lens mount, an instant return mirror, fold out rewind knob, and right handed locations for the shutter ...
[39]
EXAKTA varex II a best classic camera - Photo.net
Jun 23, 2006 · The Exakta was the first 35mm SLR. It was a very popular and very complete system for its day, and it's still fairly easy to find lots of interchangable ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[40]
Ten classic East German cameras - Kosmo Foto
Nov 17, 2019 · The likes of Pentacon, Exakta and KW produced millions of cameras, some of them designed to take on the best of the Japanese and West German camera makers.Missing: components | Show results with:components
[41]
The Exakta: The Red Hot SLR of the Cold War | Rangefinderforum
Announced with great fanfare in March,1936 by Ihagee (ee-ha-gay) Kamerawerk, Steenbergen & Co. of Dresden, Germany the Kine Exakta was the first commercially ...
[42]
Exakta: 1950-1973 - www.pentax-slr.com
The Exa was aa series of smaller and simpler cameras produced by Ihagee from 1951 until 1972 and by Praktica from '72 till '87.
[43]
This legendary camera company made the first 35mm SLR a whole ...
Sep 20, 2025 · Ihagee's big moment came in 1936 with the Kine Exakta – the first widely available 35mm SLR. This was a full decade before Nikon or Pentax ...
[44]
Ihagee: Kine Exakta I (square viewfinder) (before war edition)
1937 Exakta Kine with Meritar 2.9 50 mm lens average to good condition sold on Ebay for 60 Euro date 18 March 2012<|separator|>
[45]
Exakta CLA | Rangefinderforum
Jan 11, 2013 · When the shutter 'coughs' and 'whizzes', it's a sign of dryness in the mechanism. Flush cleaning (with naphtha) the mechanism and then applying new oil will ...
[46]
https://www.flintsauctions.com/auction/lot/lot-203----an-ihagee-kine-exakta-slr-camera/?lot=27300&sd=1
[47]
5 Great Reasons To Photograph With A Vintage Kine Exakta
Mar 26, 2024 · The Kine Exakta was the first successful 35mm SLR, has a quirky design, and overcoming its limitations gives a sense of mastery.The Exakta: The Red Hot SLR of the Cold War | RangefinderforumThe Most Technologically Advanced SLRs, Part 1 The 1936 Exakta ...More results from rangefinderforum.comMissing: influence single
[48]
Film photography in 2024 and 2025 - where we're at ... - Fred Miranda
Dec 16, 2024 · Would definitely be amazing to have some more options to buy a new film camera, with warranty and all, in 2025 - apart from the two ...
[49]
Ihagee: Exakta VX IIb (Varex IIb) Price Guide - CollectiBlend
Early Kine Exakta's had a fixed waist-level viewfinder, but later models, starting with the Exakta Varex, had an interchangeable waist- or eye-level finder.Missing: East build quality<|control11|><|separator|>
[50]
Exakta VX Initial Experiences - A Camera for the 35mm Aficionado.
Jul 5, 2023 · At the time this camera was manufactured, between 1951 and 1956, Dresden was in Eastern Germany, a demarcation that existed between 1949 and ...