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Prism

PRISM is a clandestine electronic surveillance program operated by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) since 2007, enabling the bulk collection of internet communications—including emails, video chats, and file transfers—from major American technology companies such as Microsoft, Google, Apple, and Facebook, primarily to target foreign intelligence under Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Amendments of 2008.^[1]^[2] The program, revealed in 2013 through leaks by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden, accounted for approximately 91% of the agency's acquired internet communications by volume in the years leading up to the disclosures, involving direct access to servers of participating firms via court-approved directives that compel data production without individual warrants.^[2]^[1] While officially designed for monitoring non-U.S. persons reasonably believed to be located abroad, PRISM has drawn intense scrutiny for its incidental acquisition of Americans' data, repeated compliance failures documented by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, and broader implications for privacy rights, prompting legal challenges, congressional reforms like the USA Freedom Act of 2015, and ongoing debates over the balance between national security and civil liberties.^[3]^[4]^[3] Distinct from "upstream" collection methods that tap internet backbone cables, PRISM's "downstream" approach relies on company-held data, though both have faced criticism for overcollection and minimization lapses, with the NSA ceasing certain upstream activities in 2017 amid acknowledged violations.^[5]^[4]

Science and mathematics

Optical prism

An optical prism is a transparent optical element, typically with flat, polished surfaces and a triangular cross-section, that refracts light rays passing through it, altering their direction and often separating them into spectral components due to wavelength-dependent refraction.^[6] These devices operate on the principle of refraction governed by Snell's law, where the angle of incidence and refraction at each surface depends on the refractive index of the material, which varies with light wavelength, leading to dispersion.^[7] Common materials include crown glass or flint glass, with refractive indices around 1.5 for visible light, enabling precise control over light paths in optical systems.^[8] The foundational understanding of optical prisms emerged from experiments by Isaac Newton in the 1660s and 1670s, who used prisms to demonstrate that white sunlight comprises a spectrum of colors, challenging prevailing theories that attributed coloration to modification of light within the prism itself.^[9] Newton's setup involved passing sunlight through a narrow aperture and a prism, projecting a linear spectrum onto a wall, and recombining colors with a second prism to restore white light, establishing dispersion as an inherent property of light rather than the medium.^[10] This work, detailed in his 1704 book Opticks, quantified angular deviations and laid groundwork for spectroscopy, with prism deviation angle D given by D = \theta_1 + \theta_2 - \alpha, where \theta_1 and \theta_2 are refraction angles at entry and exit surfaces, and \alpha is the prism apex angle.^[11] In operation, light enters one face, refracts toward the normal due to the higher refractive index inside the prism, undergoes total internal reflection or further refraction at the second face, and exits deviated. Dispersion arises because shorter wavelengths (e.g., violet) refract more than longer ones (e.g., red), with the dispersive power quantified by the Abbe number V_d = (n_d - 1)/(n_F - n_C), where n_d, n_F, and n_C are refractive indices at yellow, blue, and red Fraunhofer lines, respectively; lower V_d indicates higher dispersion suitable for spectrometers.^[12] For a typical 60° equilateral prism, minimum deviation occurs when the light path is symmetric, minimizing angular spread for monochromatic sources.^[13] Optical prisms are categorized by function: dispersive prisms, such as triangular ones, separate wavelengths for spectroscopy and wavelength selection; reflective prisms, including right-angle prisms using total internal reflection (critical angle ≈42° for glass-air interface), redirect beams without inversion in periscopes and binoculars; rotation prisms like dove prisms rotate images for alignment; and displacement prisms shift beams laterally in interferometers.^[14] Applications span scientific instruments, with dispersive prisms enabling analysis of atomic emission lines since the 19th century, laser systems for beam steering, and medical devices for endoscopy via fiber-coupled prism tips.^[15] Polarizing prisms, such as Glan-Thompson types using birefringent calcite, resolve light into orthogonal polarizations for ellipsometry, though they require air-spaced designs to avoid walk-off.^[16] High-precision prisms, machined to λ/10 surface flatness, minimize aberrations in modern lithography and telescope correctors.^[17]

Geometric prism

A geometric prism is a polyhedron comprising two congruent and parallel polygonal bases, with the remaining faces being parallelograms connecting corresponding edges of the bases.^[18] The bases are identical n-sided polygons, and the lateral faces number n, each a parallelogram formed by translating one base relative to the other along a fixed direction without rotation.^[19] This structure ensures uniform cross-sections parallel to the bases, distinguishing prisms from other polyhedra like pyramids, which taper to an apex.^[20] Prisms are classified by the orientation of their lateral edges relative to the bases and by the shape of the bases. A right prism features lateral edges perpendicular to the bases, yielding rectangular lateral faces; an oblique prism has non-perpendicular lateral edges, resulting in parallelogrammatic lateral faces slanted at an angle.^[21] Prisms are further named by their base polygons, including triangular prisms (three-sided bases), quadrilateral or rectangular prisms (four-sided bases), pentagonal prisms (five-sided bases), and hexagonal prisms (six-sided bases), among others.^[22] A regular prism combines regular polygonal bases with right lateral faces, maximizing symmetry.^[23] Key properties derive from the parallelism and congruence of the bases. All cross-sections parallel to the bases are congruent to the bases, enabling consistent extrusion-like generation from a polygonal silhouette.^[24] The volume V of any prism, right or oblique, equals the base area B multiplied by the perpendicular height h between bases: V = B \times h.^[25] For surface area, the total encompasses two base areas plus lateral faces; in right prisms, lateral surface area simplifies to base perimeter P times height: lateral surface area = P \times h, so total surface area = $2B + P \times h. Oblique prisms require calculating each parallelogram's area individually, typically as P times the lateral edge projection or slant height component.^[26] These formulas underpin applications in computational geometry and engineering, where prisms model extruded volumes.^[27]

Government surveillance

PRISM program overview

The PRISM program constitutes a targeted foreign intelligence collection effort conducted by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) under the authority of Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Amendments Act of 2008, which permits the acquisition of electronic communications content from U.S.-based service providers for non-U.S. persons reasonably believed to be located abroad.^[28]^[29] The program's primary objective is to gather signals intelligence relevant to national security priorities, including terrorism, weapons proliferation, and foreign threats, by compelling providers to disclose user data—such as emails, chats, videos, and stored files—that match selector-based targeting criteria approved by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC).^[28] Unlike bulk metadata programs, PRISM operates on a targeted basis, with annual certifications submitted by the Attorney General and Director of National Intelligence specifying foreign intelligence purposes, though incidental collection of U.S. persons' communications occurs and is subject to minimization procedures to limit retention and dissemination.^[30]^[31] Launched in 2007 amid expansions of surveillance authorities post-9/11, including the Protect America Act of 2007, PRISM facilitated NSA access to data from nine major Internet companies: Microsoft (starting May 2007), Yahoo (2008), Google (2009), Facebook (2009), PalTalk (December 2009), AOL (2010), Skype (2010), YouTube (2010), and Apple (2012).^[32]^[33] By fiscal year 2012, it accounted for approximately 91,000 intelligence reports incorporating PRISM-derived data, representing a key source of upstream collection distinct from fiber-optic cable taps under the related UPSTREAM program, with annual operational costs around $20 million.^[32] Providers receive FISC directives rather than warrants, reimbursements for compliance costs (totaling millions annually), and legal gag orders prohibiting disclosure of the requests, ensuring data handover without NSA personnel directly querying company servers in real-time.^[34]^[33] Public awareness of PRISM emerged on June 6, 2013, following leaks by Edward Snowden, a former NSA contractor, which included classified slides detailing the program's scope and provider integrations, as reported by The Guardian and The Washington Post.^[1]^[35] These disclosures prompted official confirmations from the Obama administration that PRISM adhered to legal frameworks and oversight mechanisms, including FISC approvals and congressional notifications, while yielding empirical intelligence successes in disrupting threats, though subsequent audits revealed compliance issues such as over-collection.^[28] The program exemplifies Section 702's dual PRISM (provider-specific) and UPSTREAM (backbone) modalities, with PRISM emphasizing downstream acquisition from endpoint custodians to support analytic queries against foreign targets.^[4]^[31]

History and establishment

The PRISM surveillance program emerged in the context of expanded U.S. intelligence efforts following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, which exposed gaps in monitoring foreign communications routed through domestic networks. In response to public disclosures of President George W. Bush's warrantless surveillance activities, including the Terrorist Surveillance Program initiated in 2001, the National Security Agency (NSA) transitioned toward more formalized data acquisition methods from U.S.-based technology providers to target non-U.S. persons reasonably believed to be located abroad.^[33]^[36] PRISM's establishment was enabled by the Protect America Act of 2007, signed into law on August 5, which temporarily authorized warrantless collection of foreign intelligence from electronic communications service providers without individual Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) warrants for overseas targets. The program's first operational collection began on September 11, 2007, through a partnership with Microsoft, allowing the NSA to request and receive user data such as emails and stored files deemed relevant to foreign intelligence.^[33]^[37] This initial phase focused on "downstream" collection, distinguishing it from other NSA methods like "upstream" cable tapping.^[4] The framework was solidified with the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, enacted on July 10, which introduced Section 702 as a permanent authority for such targeted acquisitions, requiring annual FISC certifications and minimization procedures to protect incidentally collected U.S. persons' data. Early expansions under PRISM incorporated additional providers, including Yahoo on March 12, 2008, amid rapid growth in data volume driven by increasing internet usage for global communications.^[38] By 2011, FISC documents indicated PRISM accounted for approximately 91% of the NSA's roughly 250 million annual internet communication acquisitions under Section 702.^[2]

Operational mechanisms

The PRISM program operates as a form of downstream collection under Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, enabling the National Security Agency (NSA) to acquire electronic communications content from U.S.-based service providers for foreign intelligence purposes. Targeting begins with NSA analysts identifying "selectors"—such as email addresses or phone numbers—reasonably believed to be used by non-U.S. persons located outside the United States, with a significant purpose of obtaining foreign intelligence information.^[30] These selectors undergo validation to minimize incidental collection on U.S. persons, including checks against databases to exclude known U.S. identifiers, though empirical data from government reports indicate that such incidental domestic communications still comprise a substantial portion of acquired data, often exceeding 50% in certain batches. Once targeting certifications are approved annually by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC)—typically in batches covering broad categories of foreign intelligence like counterterrorism or cybersecurity threats—the NSA issues binding directives to designated electronic communications service providers (ECSPs), including companies such as Microsoft, Google, Yahoo, Facebook, and Apple.^[39] These directives, classified as national security letters or Section 702 orders, legally compel providers to conduct searches of their servers using the provided selectors and furnish the resulting communications, which include emails, chats, videos, and other stored content, but exclude real-time interception.^[40] Providers are prohibited from disclosing the directives publicly, though they may challenge them internally or seek limited FISC review; compliance costs, reported to total millions annually across providers, are reimbursed by the government to facilitate execution.^[34] Collection occurs periodically rather than continuously, with providers batching results from database queries matching the selectors to targets' communications, including to or from incidentally captured U.S. persons whose data cannot be disseminated without further minimization procedures.^[33] The NSA employs automated technical measures, such as filtering algorithms, to detect and segregate U.S. person data during acquisition, alerting analysts to potential violations, though internal audits have revealed instances of over-collection due to selector errors or technical glitches, prompting remedial purging of non-compliant data. Unlike upstream collection programs that tap internet backbone cables, PRISM relies exclusively on provider-held data, limiting it to stored or transiting communications accessible via server queries rather than broad cable scans.^[41] This mechanism has yielded volumes of intelligence, with declassified reports estimating billions of records annually, though exact figures remain classified and subject to minimization to protect privacy.^[28]

Legal foundation and oversight

The PRISM program derives its primary legal authority from Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), as amended by the FISA Amendments Act signed into law on July 10, 2008.^[38] This provision permits the Attorney General and Director of National Intelligence to jointly authorize the acquisition of foreign intelligence information targeting non-U.S. persons reasonably believed to be located outside the United States, without requiring individualized warrants for each target, provided the surveillance is conducted in accordance with targeting procedures approved by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC).^[29]^[42] The law mandates that such acquisitions minimize the collection and retention of information involving U.S. persons and prohibit reverse targeting of Americans. Annually, the government submits certifications to the FISC detailing the targeting, minimization, and querying procedures used under Section 702, which the court reviews for compliance with statutory requirements and the Fourth Amendment.^[43]^[44] These procedures are designed to ensure that PRISM's collection—primarily upstream and downstream acquisitions from internet service providers and tech companies—focuses on foreign targets while limiting incidental U.S. person data, though critics from organizations like the Electronic Frontier Foundation argue that the framework enables warrantless searches of Americans' communications.^[38] The FISC's oversight is ex ante for procedures but relies on post-collection compliance reporting, with the court having approved multiple iterations of these rules since 2008.^[45] Congressional oversight includes mandatory semiannual reports to intelligence and judiciary committees on acquisition volumes, compliance incidents, and querying of U.S. person data, as required under Section 702. The provision has undergone reauthorizations, notably in 2012 for five years and again in April 2024 via the Reforming Intelligence and Securing America Act, extending it to December 31, 2025, amid debates over warrant requirements for domestic queries.^[46] Independent reviews by the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB) have examined implementation, finding in 2014 and subsequent reports that while the program adheres to legal bounds, incidental collection of U.S. communications raises privacy risks, prompting recommendations for enhanced querying restrictions that were partially adopted. Legal challenges to PRISM's framework, including suits alleging Fourth Amendment violations from backdoor searches, have largely failed on standing grounds, as in the Supreme Court's 2013 Clapper v. Amnesty International ruling, though ongoing litigation and congressional pushback highlight tensions between national security imperatives and privacy protections.^[47]^[39] Executive branch elements, such as the Office of the Director of National Intelligence's transparency reports, further document compliance, reporting over 232,000 targeting selections under Section 702 in 2022 alone, with audits revealing occasional procedural lapses corrected through internal remediation.

Security benefits and empirical successes

The PRISM program, as a core component of Section 702 acquisitions, facilitates the targeted collection of foreign intelligence from U.S.-based electronic communication service providers, enabling the National Security Agency (NSA) to access content communications of non-U.S. persons reasonably believed to be located abroad who are involved in terrorism or other foreign threats.^[28] This approach provides causal advantages in counterterrorism by directly capturing operational details—such as planning, recruitment, and financing—that foreign actors route through U.S. infrastructure, which would otherwise require more resource-intensive overseas intercepts or diplomatic cooperation.^[48] Unlike bulk metadata programs, PRISM's targeting minimizes incidental collection while yielding high-value content, supporting downstream disruptions without relying solely on tippers or human sources.^[49] Empirical successes are evidenced by declassified vignettes from the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), demonstrating PRISM/Section 702's role in real-time threat mitigation. In late October 2023, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) analysts used Section 702 collection to identify an imminent threat from foreign terrorists targeting U.S. military personnel in the Middle East, prompting enhanced force protection and averting potential casualties.^[50] Additional cases include the disruption of a foreign terrorist organization's propaganda and recruitment networks in 2022, where 702-derived communications revealed key facilitators, leading to their neutralization, and the exposure of a cyber-enabled plot against U.S. allies in Europe in 2021, informed by intercepted planning messages.^[50] These instances, drawn from over 200,000 annual Section 702 taskings, underscore contributions to broader intelligence reporting, with NSA attributing approximately 50% of its counterterrorism products in recent years to such acquisitions.^[51] Quantifiable impacts further highlight PRISM's efficacy: between 2015 and 2022, Section 702 supported the identification of over 100 foreign intelligence leads that advanced counterterrorism investigations, including the arrest of operatives linked to al-Qa'ida affiliates.^[52] The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB), in its bipartisan review, affirmed that Section 702 collections have delivered "unique value" in specific cases by providing foreign intelligence unobtainable through other means, such as detailing terrorist safe houses and attack modalities.^[53] While full operational details remain classified to safeguard methods, these declassified outcomes align with NSA testimonies crediting the program with disrupting potential attacks in more than 50 instances since 2008, often through integrated analysis with other signals intelligence.^[54]

Controversies, privacy concerns, and reforms

The disclosure of PRISM by Edward Snowden in June 2013 sparked widespread controversy over the program's scope, which involved direct access to user data from nine major U.S. internet companies—including Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Apple—facilitating the bulk acquisition of communications content under Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Amendments Act of 2008.^[55] Critics, including civil liberties organizations, argued that the program exemplified government overreach, enabling warrantless surveillance of foreign targets that incidentally captured Americans' international communications, such as emails and video chats, without probable cause or judicial review for U.S. persons' data.^[3] Tech firms initially denied systematic data handovers but later confirmed compliance with legal directives, fueling debates on coerced cooperation and the erosion of user trust, with international allies like the European Union decrying violations of sovereignty through spying on diplomats and citizens.^[36] Privacy advocates highlighted empirical risks of abuse, including the NSA's "backdoor searches" of PRISM-collected data by FBI agents for domestic criminal investigations—totaling over 3.1 million queries in 2017 alone, many non-national security related—without warrants, contravening Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches.^[56] Incidental collection affected millions of U.S. persons annually, with declassified FISA Court (FISC) opinions revealing repeated compliance failures, such as the NSA's improper handling of over 250 million internet communications yearly via upstream PRISM variants, leading to unauthorized retention and dissemination of domestic data.^[57] Advocacy groups like the ACLU and EFF contended this mass surveillance chilled free speech and association, citing first-principles violations of privacy as a natural right predating statutory frameworks, though defenders emphasized targeted foreign intelligence gains amid threats like terrorism.^[47] Legal challenges underscored these issues, with federal courts ruling related bulk metadata programs unlawful—such as the Ninth Circuit's 2020 decision deeming NSA telephony surveillance under Section 215 unconstitutional for lacking statutory authority and invading privacy—but PRISM's Section 702 framework has withstood direct invalidation, despite ongoing suits like Jewel v. NSA alleging broader illegal wiretapping.^[58] The FISC has mandated remedial measures for violations, including purging non-compliant data, yet privacy groups attribute persistent issues to inadequate oversight, with sources like mainstream media and academia often amplifying reformist narratives while underreporting verified counterterrorism successes from 702-derived intelligence.^[59] Post-revelation reforms included the USA Freedom Act of June 2015, which prohibited bulk telephone metadata collection under Section 215 but preserved PRISM's core operations under Section 702, shifting metadata storage to telecom providers with court-ordered access limited to specific selectors.^[60] In April 2017, the NSA voluntarily halted "about" collection in upstream 702 surveillance—capturing communications mentioning but not to/from targets—to mitigate overcollection, following FISC directives.^[5] Section 702 underwent reauthorizations in 2018 and April 2024, the latter incorporating bipartisan changes like slashing FBI U.S. person query authorizations by over 90 percent, imposing criminal penalties for misuse, and enhancing FISC transparency, though it rejected warrant requirements for domestic queries, drawing criticism from groups like the EFF for expanding rather than curtailing surveillance scope.^[61]^[57] These adjustments addressed some empirical compliance lapses, per ODNI reports, but debates persist on balancing privacy with causal links to national security, with the 2024 law's two-year sunset provision signaling potential future scrutiny.^[62]

Current status and legacy

The PRISM program, operating under Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), remains active as of 2025 through downstream collection of internet communications from U.S. technology companies, following its reauthorization in April 2024 for a two-year period by President Joe Biden.^[63] This reauthorization occurred amid congressional debates over warrant requirements for querying U.S. persons' data incidentally collected, with reforms mandating FBI warrants for accessing certain communications of Americans, though critics argue enforcement gaps persist. In 2017, the National Security Agency (NSA) discontinued specific upstream collection methods under Section 702—distinct from PRISM's downstream approach—halting the acquisition of communications "about" targeted foreigners to reduce incidental U.S. person data.^[5] The program's legacy includes heightened global scrutiny of bulk surveillance, prompting partial reforms such as the USA FREEDOM Act of 2015, which curtailed related bulk telephony metadata collection under Section 215 but left Section 702 largely intact.^[64] Snowden's 2013 disclosures, which first publicized PRISM, accelerated adoption of end-to-end encryption by tech firms and influenced international data protection measures, including the European Union's invalidation of the U.S.-EU Safe Harbor framework in 2015 due to concerns over unchecked access to European data.^[38] Domestic oversight expanded via annual transparency reports from companies like Microsoft and Google, detailing legal demands, though Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB) reviews in 2023 highlighted persistent compliance issues, such as over 200,000 unwarranted FBI queries of U.S. persons' data in 2021 alone.^[49] PRISM's enduring impact underscores tensions between national security imperatives and privacy rights, with empirical data from Office of the Director of National Intelligence reports showing Section 702 acquisitions exceeding 240,000 targets annually as of 2022, predominantly yielding foreign intelligence while incidentally capturing U.S. communications queried over three million times by agencies in 2022.^[28] Legal challenges, including Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court rebukes for unconstitutional querying practices, have driven incremental constraints, yet the program's framework persists, reflecting causal trade-offs where targeted foreign surveillance yields actionable intelligence but risks overreach absent stricter probable cause standards.^[3] This duality has informed broader debates on surveillance proportionality, influencing policies like Presidential Policy Directive 28 (2014), which imposed analytic safeguards on signals intelligence handling.^[65]

Media and entertainment

Music

Prism is a Canadian rock band formed in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1977 by producer Bruce Fairbairn, songwriter Jim Vallance, guitarist Lindsay Mitchell, and vocalist Ron Tabak.^[66] Early lineup included keyboardist John Hall and drummer Rocket Norton, with bassist Al Harlow joining in 1978.^[66] The group blended album-oriented rock and pop elements, releasing eight studio albums primarily between 1977 and 1983, including their self-titled debut Prism (1977), See Forever Eyes (1978), Armageddon (1979), Young and Restless (1980), Small Change (1981), and Beat Street (1983).^[67] Notable singles encompassed "Spaceship Superstar," "Armageddon," "Night to Remember," "Take Me to the Kaptin," and "Don't Let Him Know," which achieved airplay success in Canada and the United States.^[66] The band sold out arenas and set attendance records at multiple venues during their initial run, earning the Juno Award for Group of the Year in 1981.^[66] After disbanding in 1984, Prism reformed in later decades and was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in the Arts & Entertainment category on September 28, 2023, recognizing their contributions alongside other 1970s and 1980s rock acts.^[66] The group remains active, scheduling tour dates across Canada in 2025 and 2026.^[68] "Prism" also denotes the fourth studio album by American singer Katy Perry, released on October 18, 2013, by Capitol Records.^[69] The pop record debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, selling 286,000 copies in its first week according to Nielsen SoundScan data, and topped charts in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and several other countries.^[69] It features singles such as "Roar" and "Dark Horse" featuring Juicy J, which both reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100.^[69]

Publications

PRISM international, established in 1959 at the University of British Columbia, stands as Western Canada's oldest continuously published literary magazine. It features fiction, poetry, creative nonfiction, drama, and visual art from both Canadian and international contributors, with a focus on innovative and boundary-pushing works. The magazine transitioned from its original name, Prism, to PRISM international in 1964 to reflect its growing scope.^[70] Prism, the student-run arts and literature journal of Oregon State University, was founded in 1973 and publishes original student-submitted works including visual art, photography, poetry, short fiction, and essays. Managed under the university's Orange Media Network, it emphasizes showcasing emerging campus talent and accepts submissions from all OSU affiliates annually.^[71] Prism Review, affiliated with the University of La Verne's Creative Writing program, is an annual literary journal staffed by undergraduates that selects and publishes approximately 20 pieces of contemporary poetry and fiction from national and international authors. Launched to highlight diverse voices, it operates through a course-based editorial process and maintains an open submission period, prioritizing quality over volume.^[72] Prism: Theory and Modern Chinese Literature, a biannual peer-reviewed journal published by Duke University Press since 2014 in collaboration with Lingnan University, focuses on scholarly research into modern Chinese literary production, dissemination, and reception. It covers topics such as ecocriticism, intertextuality, and global influences on Chinese literature, drawing contributions from international academics.^[73]

Television and other media

The PRISM surveillance program, revealed in 2013, has influenced themes in fictional television series depicting government monitoring of communications. The CBS drama Person of Interest (2011–2016) portrays a machine intelligence system that scans vast data streams to predict crimes, echoing PRISM's bulk collection from tech firms; following Edward Snowden's leaks, creator Jonathan Nolan described the revelations as validating the show's prescience on surveillance overreach while highlighting real-world risks.^[74] In Fox's 24 (2001–2010), counterterrorism agents rely on pervasive electronic intercepts for real-time threat detection, framing such tools as vital despite ethical costs—a narrative that predated PRISM but aligned with its operational justifications post-exposure.^[75] Documentary programming has examined PRISM's mechanics and implications through investigative formats. PBS's Frontline series United States of Secrets (aired May 13 and 20, 2014) details the NSA's expansion of bulk data collection under PRISM, featuring interviews with agency insiders like whistleblower William Binney and Snowden, who exposed the program's direct access to servers of companies including Microsoft and Google starting in 2007.^[76] The two-part episode critiques the post-9/11 legal expansions enabling PRISM while noting internal NSA debates on privacy erosion.^[77] Other media, including web-based videos, have covered PRISM's technical aspects. A 2013 explanatory segment by The Verge outlined how PRISM enabled NSA queries of user data like emails and searches from nine major providers, emphasizing court-ordered but minimally overseen access under Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act.^[40] Vice News's 2024 report on NSA hacking units indirectly references PRISM-era tools in broader mass surveillance critiques, though focusing more on Tailored Access Operations.^[78] These portrayals often highlight tensions between security gains and civil liberties, with empirical data from leaks showing PRISM's role in thousands of annual targets but scant public evidence of terrorism prevention metrics.^[1]

Computing and technology

Software applications

GraphPad Prism is a commercial scientific software application developed by GraphPad Software for data analysis, graphing, and statistical computation, primarily used in biomedical research.^[79] It supports features such as curve fitting, nonlinear regression, t-tests, ANOVA, survival analysis, and creation of publication-quality graphs including scatterplots, box-and-whisker plots, and bar graphs.^[80] First released in 1989, Prism integrates data organization, visualization, and inference tools in a single interface tailored for non-programmers in life sciences.^[81] PRISM is an open-source probabilistic model checker for formal verification of systems exhibiting random or probabilistic behavior, developed initially at the University of Birmingham and now maintained by the University of Oxford.^[82] It models systems as discrete-time Markov chains, continuous-time Markov chains, or Markov decision processes, enabling analysis of properties like probabilities of reaching states, expected rewards, or steady-state behaviors using symbolic methods for efficiency.^[83] Released in 2002, PRISM has been applied in verifying communication protocols, biological systems, and security models, with extensions for stochastic games.^[84] The Prism Library, originally known as Microsoft Prism or Composite Application Guidance for WPF, is an open-source framework for developing modular, loosely coupled applications using XAML-based platforms like WPF, .NET MAUI, Uno Platform, and Xamarin.Forms.^[85] It implements patterns such as Model-View-ViewModel (MVVM), dependency injection, event aggregation, and navigation to enhance maintainability and testability in composite applications.^[86] Introduced by Microsoft Patterns & Practices in 2008 for WPF and Silverlight, it transitioned to community maintenance under PrismLibrary on GitHub, with version 9.0 released supporting modern .NET features.^[87]

Data and research tools

GraphPad Prism is a commercial software application developed by GraphPad Software for scientific data analysis, statistical computation, and graphing, primarily targeted at researchers in fields such as biology, pharmacology, and medicine.^[80] The program integrates data entry, analysis, and visualization into a single workflow, allowing users to perform operations like nonlinear regression, curve fitting, and hypothesis testing directly from data tables.^[79] It supports multiple data table formats, including XY, column, contingency, and survival tables, enabling flexible handling of experimental datasets ranging from simple comparisons to complex repeated measures designs.^[88] Key analytical features include one-click execution of t-tests, ANOVA (including repeated measures and mixed-effects models), nonparametric tests, and dose-response curve analysis with built-in models for EC50/IC50 estimation.^[79] For regression, Prism offers extensive nonlinear fitting options with customizable equations, confidence interval calculations, and residual analysis to validate model assumptions.^[79] Survival analysis tools accommodate Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards models, facilitating time-to-event data interpretation in clinical and preclinical studies.^[79] These capabilities are accompanied by automated statistical reporting that explains results in plain language, reducing the interpretive burden on users without advanced statistical training.^[89] In research applications, Prism excels at producing publication-ready graphs, such as scatter plots with trend lines, violin plots, heatmaps, and 3D plots, with customizable aesthetics including error bars, annotations, and layout sheets for multi-panel figures.^[79] Data can be imported from spreadsheets, text files, or directly from instruments, with built-in transformation tools for normalization, log scaling, or outlier detection prior to analysis.^[90] The software's library of over 100 predefined analyses and graphs streamlines workflows, and recent versions (e.g., Prism 10, released in phases through 2024) have added features like multiple variables data tables for higher-dimensional datasets and enhanced power analysis for experimental design.^[91] While praised for its intuitive interface and integration of graphing with statistics—avoiding the need for separate tools like Excel or R—critics note its cost (starting at approximately $252 annually for subscriptions) and occasional limitations in handling very large datasets compared to open-source alternatives.^[92] Academic institutions often provide site licenses to mitigate expenses.^[93]

Other uses

Organizations and initiatives

The Public Retirement Information Systems Management Association (PRISM), established in 1988, functions as a professional forum for information technology managers overseeing public retirement funds, facilitating collaboration, knowledge sharing, and discussion of IT challenges specific to pension administration.^[94] The Pediatric Research in Sports Medicine Society (PRiSM) operates as a multidisciplinary medical organization dedicated to advancing research, education, and clinical practices in pediatric and adolescent sports medicine, including injury prevention and treatment protocols.^[95] In the European Union, PRISM (Personalised Integrated Systems Medicine) was an initiative under the Innovative Health Initiative that sought to expedite the identification and development of novel therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease, through integrated biomarker and systems biology approaches completed by 2016.^[96] The PRISM Level Up Initiative, launched by the U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, promotes enhanced state participation in the Performance and Registration Information Systems Management program to improve commercial motor vehicle safety compliance and data-driven enforcement as of 2023.^[97] Community-based groups include PRISM (Providing Resources in Support of Marginalized populations) in the northwest Twin Cities suburbs, which since 1985 has delivered emergency assistance for housing, food, and financial needs to low-income residents through thrift operations and partnerships.^[98] Other examples encompass the Prism Project in Michigan, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit focused on human trafficking prevention education and survivor support services initiated in the 2010s,^[99] and PRISM (People's Recovery Initiative for Solutions and More), which addresses mental health and substance use stigma via awareness campaigns and recovery programs in Pennsylvania.^[100]

Miscellaneous

In geometry, a prism is a three-dimensional polyhedron consisting of two parallel, congruent polygonal bases connected by rectangular lateral faces, with the bases determining the prism's name, such as triangular or pentagonal. The surface area includes twice the base area plus the perimeter of the base times the height, while the volume equals the base area multiplied by the height.^[22]^[101] Optical prisms, typically made from glass or crystal with flat polished surfaces, refract light to disperse wavelengths into spectra or redirect beams without inversion, as in right-angle prisms used for total internal reflection in periscopes and cameras. Dove prisms rotate images for alignment in imaging systems, and applications extend to spectroscopy for analyzing material composition via light deviation.^[102]^[15] In medicine, prisms correct binocular vision disorders by inducing base-in or base-out shifts to align images on the retinas, commonly applied in lenses for conditions like diplopia or convergence insufficiency, with measurements in prism diopters indicating deviation strength.^[103]

References

[1]
NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others
Jun 6, 2013 · The Prism program allows the NSA, the world's largest surveillance organisation, to obtain targeted communications without having to request ...
[2]
EPIC v. DOJ – PRISM
The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (“FISC”) found in 2011 that the PRISM program accounts for 91% of the roughly 250 million Internet communications ...
[3]
The NSA Continues to Violate Americans' Internet Privacy Rights
Aug 22, 2018 · PRISM is a warrantless wiretapping program that operates around the clock, vacuuming up emails, Facebook messages, Google chats, Skype calls, ...
[4]
Upstream vs. PRISM - Electronic Frontier Foundation
Upstream surveillance involves collecting communications as they travel over the Internet backbone, and downstream surveillance (formerly PRISM) involves ...
[5]
NSA Stops Certain Section 702 "Upstream" Activities
Apr 28, 2017 · Under Section 702, NSA collects internet communications in two ways: "downstream" (previously referred to as PRISM) and "upstream." Under ...
[6]
Prisms - The Wonders of Physics - University of Wisconsin–Madison
A prism is a piece of glass or plastic in the shape of a triangle. The colors of the rainbow in order are: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
[7]
[PDF] Section 18 Dispersing Prisms
Glass Dispersion – Example. Since the refractive index is a complex function of wavelength, the glass dispersion can be approximated by finite differences: λ.
[8]
Dispersion - HyperPhysics
Dispersion in optical glasses is typically characterized by index of refraction values at three standard wavelengths. Note that a low v value implies high ...
[9]
Newton shows the light: a commentary on Newton (1672) 'A letter ...
In his early research, Newton attached great significance to the value of prism experiments for deriving quantitative explanations of optical phenomena.
[10]
Newton's prism experiment - cabinet
Newton had been exploring 'optics' and 'a theory of colour' since around 1665. He was fascinated by the observed refraction of sunlight into colours by a ...
[11]
1.6: Refraction by a Prism - Physics LibreTexts
Mar 5, 2022 · (1.6.1) D = θ 1 + θ 2 − α .
[12]
Equilateral Dispersive Prisms - Thorlabs.com
Clean off fingerprints quickly. The Abbe number, V d, is calculated by: V d= (n d - 1) / (n F - n C), where n d, n F, and n C are the indices of refraction for ...
[13]
Dispersion of Light by Prisms - The Physics Classroom
The amount of overall refraction caused by the passage of a light ray through a prism is often expressed in terms of the angle of deviation ( ). The angle of ...
[14]
https://www.edmundoptics.com/knowledge-center/application-notes/optics/introduction-to-optical-prisms/
[15]
Understanding Optical Prism Types, Functions & Uses - UQG
Nov 11, 2024 · In optical systems, these prisms are often employed to steer beams, rotate images and redirect light. Dispersive (Triangular) Prism. The ...
[16]
https://www.edmundoptics.com/knowledge-center/application-notes/optics/optical-prism-application-examples/
[17]
Optical Prisms - Thorlabs
4.7 33 · 4-day delivery · 30-day returnsOur extensive collection of optical prisms includes various shapes and configurations, such as right-angle, dispersing, roof, dove, retro-reflecting, penta, ...Right-Angle Prisms · Coupling Prisms · Equilateral Dispersive Prisms · Roof Prism<|separator|>
[18]
Prism -- from Wolfram MathWorld
A general prism is a polyhedron possessing two congruent polygonal faces and with all remaining faces parallelograms.<|separator|>
[19]
Prism definition - Math Open Reference
A prism is a solid that has two faces that are parallel and congruent. These are called the bases of the prism.Missing: geometric | Show results with:geometric
[20]
Prism Shape - BYJU'S
Jun 10, 2020 · Prism is a three-dimensional solid object in which the two ends are identical. It is the combination of the flat faces, identical bases and ...
[21]
Prisms | CK-12 Foundation
Prisms are classified as either right prisms (prisms where all the lateral faces are perpendicular to the bases) or oblique prisms (prisms that lean to one side ...
[22]
Prisms- Definition, Types, Formulas, Solved Examples - Cuemath
A prism is a three-dimensional solid which has identical faces at both ends. The other faces are flats. A prism is named after its base.
[23]
Prism - Definition, Shape, Types, Formulas, Examples & Diagrams
Dec 28, 2021 · A prism is a three-dimensional soild object having two identical and parallel shapes facing each other. The identical shapes are called the bases.Oblique Prism · Volume of a Prism · Heptagonal Prism · Octagonal Prism
[24]
What is Prism? Meaning, Definition, Shape, Types, Area, Examples
A prism is a solid shape that is bound on all its sides by plane faces. There are two types of faces in a prism. The top and bottom faces are identical and are ...
[25]
Volume of a Prism - Definition, Formulas, Examples & Diagram
The general formula to find the volume of any prism is: Volume (V) = Base Area × Height, here, the height of any prism is the distance between the two bases. ...
[26]
The surface area and the volume of pyramids, prisms, cylinders and ...
To find the volume of a prism (it doesn't matter if it is rectangular or triangular) we multiply the area of the base, called the base area B, by the height h.
[27]
Volume and Surface Area of a Prism (11 Examples!) - Calcworkshop
Jan 21, 2020 · Quickly learn how to find the volume and surface area of a prism using easy to follow formulas. With 11 step-by-step examples you'll be good ...
[28]
[PDF] Section 702 Basics - DNI.gov
Section 702 is a key provision of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 that permits the government to conduct targeted surveillance of foreign persons located ...
[29]
Signals Intelligence - FISA - National Security Agency
FISA Section 702. Under Section 702 of the FISA, NSA is authorized to target non-U.S. persons who are reasonably believed to be located outside the United ...
[30]
[PDF] Section 702: What It Is & How It Works
Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) is a statute that authorizes the collection, use, and dissemination of electronic communications ...
[31]
[PDF] Foreign Intelligence Information, PRISM, and Upstream Collection
Section 702 surveillance falls into two categories of programmatic surveillance: PRISM and Upstream. Collection. The surveillance targets individuals abroad ...
[32]
[PDF] PRISM/US-984XN Overview
<TSIISVINF>Dates When PRISM Collection. Began For Each Provider. -. -. PaiTalk. 12/7/09. (added. Oct. PRISM Program Cost: -. $20M per year. ' 2009. 2010. 20 II.
[33]
U.S., British intelligence mining data from nine U.S. Internet ...
Jun 7, 2013 · The National Security Agency and the FBI are tapping directly into the central servers of nine leading US Internet companies, extracting audio and video chats, ...
[34]
NSA paid millions to cover Prism compliance costs for tech companies
Aug 23, 2013 · The National Security Agency paid millions of dollars to cover the costs of major internet companies involved in the Prism surveillance program
[35]
Here's everything we know about PRISM to date
Jun 12, 2013 · We know that PRISM is a system the NSA uses to gain access to the private communications of users of nine popular Internet services.
[36]
U.S. Domestic Surveillance - Council on Foreign Relations
After 9/11, the Bush administration opted not to seek approval from the FISC before intercepting "international communications into and out of the United States ...
[37]
Making sense of the government surveillance news
The newly disclosed PRISM program reportedly began on Sept. 11, 2007 under the Bush Administration and was expanded under the Obama Administration. Both appear ...Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
[38]
Decoding 702: What is Section 702? - Electronic Frontier Foundation
Section 702 is a surveillance authority passed as part of the FISA Amendments Act in 2008. That law amended the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978.
[39]
US surveillance: s702 FISA, EO 12333, PRISM and UPSTREAM
Aug 13, 2020 · This article provides a brief overview of the surveillance regimes referred to by the CJEU in its decision.
[40]
Everything you need to know about PRISM | The Verge
Jul 17, 2013 · He revealed himself on June 9th, three days after reports on PRISM were published; in an interview with The Guardian, Snowden said, "I don't ...Missing: date | Show results with:date
[41]
NSA's Prism surveillance program: how it works and what it can do
Jun 8, 2013 · It clearly distinguishes Prism, which involves data collection from servers, as distinct from four different programs involving data collection ...Missing: mechanisms | Show results with:mechanisms
[42]
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) and Section 702 - FBI
It authorizes the targeted collection of foreign intelligence information from non-U.S. persons located abroad. Section 702 will expire on December 31, 2023, ...
[43]
Hearing of the House Judiciary Committee on Oversight ... - INTEL.gov
The FISA court reviews and approves the certifications and the government's targeting and minimization rules, and it oversees the government's compliance with ...
[44]
Reauthorization of Title VII of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
Mar 17, 2023 · Surveillance under Section 702 is subject to FISC supervision through the court's review of a certification submitted jointly by the Attorney ...
[45]
Reforming Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ...
Dec 8, 2023 · Congress first passed Section 702 in 2008 after the post-9/11 investigations exposed a communications gap between foreign and domestic ...
[46]
FISA Section 702 and the 2024 Reforming Intelligence and Securing ...
Jul 8, 2025 · Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) authorizes U.S. government surveillance of non-U.S. persons abroad by collecting ...
[47]
Five Things to Know About NSA Mass Surveillance and the Coming ...
such as international ...
[48]
"Section 702" Saves Lives, Protects the Nation and Allies
Dec 12, 2017 · The National Security Agency (NSA), for example, uses this law to target terrorists and thwart their plans. In a time of increasing cyber ...Missing: PRISM benefits empirical
[49]
[PDF] report on the surveillance program operated pursuant to section 702
Sep 28, 2023 · ... FISA Amendments Act into law in July 2008.47 The. FISA Amendments Act replaced the expired Protect America Act provisions with the new Section.<|separator|>
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[PDF] FISA SECTION 702 VALUE - INTEL.gov
Feb 14, 2024 · THREAT TO U.S. MILITARY IN MIDDLE EAST: In late. October 2023, FBI Section 702 collection identified a threat from foreign terrorists against ...
[51]
Testimony - INTEL.gov
(U) Section 702 collection is a major contributor to NSA's counterterrorism an d other national security efforts . Since its enactment in 2008, the number ...
[52]
How the Section 702 Program Helps America Thwart Terrorist Plots
This article is the first in a series of five. You can read the second article, “Anti-Terror Law's Safeguards Against Incidental Collection of Domestic Data ...
[53]
[PDF] PCLOB-Section-702-Report-PRE-RELEASE.pdf - Just Security
and ...<|separator|>
[54]
Judicial Oversight of Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence ...
Sep 14, 2017 · Transcript of speech Glenn S. Gerstell delivered to The Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law and The University of ...
[55]
The Snowden Affair - The National Security Archive
Sep 4, 2013 · Along with the PRISM revelations, charges that the U.S. had bugged the facilities of European governments produced the greatest reaction in ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[56]
Reforming 702: An Overview - Epic.org
Feb 9, 2023 · Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act authorizes surveillance programs targeting non-US persons reasonably believed to be outside the United States.
[57]
U.S. Senate and Biden Administration Shamefully Renew and ...
Apr 22, 2024 · One was a shorter reauthorization period for Section 702, meaning that the law will be up for review in just two more years. Also, in a letter ...<|separator|>
[58]
U.S. court: Mass surveillance program exposed by Snowden was ...
Sep 2, 2020 · The ruling will not affect the convictions of Moalin and his fellow defendants; the court ruled the illegal surveillance did not taint the ...
[59]
NSA Surveillance of Communications Metadata Violates Privacy ...
Nov 5, 2015 · Following the revelations from NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden in 2013, it came to light that the investigation of defendant Basaaly Moalin ...
[60]
The USA FREEDOM Act Explained - IAPP
The biggest change instituted by the FREEDOM Act puts an end to the National Security Agency's (NSA) bulk collection of U.S. call metadata. This practice, ...
[61]
Statement from National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan on the ...
Apr 20, 2024 · This legislation, which passed the House last week and the Senate tonight with broad bipartisan support, will renew and reform Section 702 of ...
[62]
ODNI Releases April 2024 FISC Opinion on FISA 702 Recertifications
Nov 12, 2024 · The FISC finds that FBI's querying procedures have been revised in ways that improve compliance and enhance privacy protections.
[63]
NSA spying controversy | Research Starters - EBSCO
The NSA ran a program codenamed PRISM, which involved the widespread collection of Internet and phone communications. The program stored records, and In April ...
[64]
What's really changed 10 years after the Snowden revelations?
Jun 7, 2023 · The whistleblower forced US intelligence agencies to admit extensive spying on their own citizens. Some reforms were enacted but Snowden still faces ...Missing: PRISM | Show results with:PRISM
[65]
Rolling Back the Post-9/11 Surveillance State
Aug 25, 2021 · It was the opening volley in a series of measures that vastly expanded the U.S. government's ability to conduct domestic surveillance.Missing: legacy | Show results with:legacy
[66]
PRISM - Canada's Walk of Fame
Prism was formed in 1977 by producer Bruce Fairbairn, songwriter Jim Vallance, guitarist Lindsay Mitchell and singer Ron Tabak. The founders very quickly ...
[67]
Discography - Prism
Best of Prism (1996) · Good To Be Back · Don't Let Him Know · American Music · Party Line · Cover Girl · Armageddon · See Forever Eyes · Spaceship Superstar ...Missing: list | Show results with:list
[68]
Prism
Official Website of the Canadian rock band Prism.The Story of Prism · Bios/About · Tour · Merch
[69]
Katy Perry's 'PRISM' Shines At No. 1 On Billboard 200
Oct 30, 2013 · Katy Perry's new “PRISM” album debuts at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 this week, selling 286,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan.
[70]
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[71]
Prism – Orange Media Network
It's the beginning of the 2025-26 school year, which means new editors and new visions for the magazine ahead! ... omn.prism@oregonstate.edu | 541-737-2253 | Send ...Issues · Submissions · About · Posts
[72]
Prism Review | University of La Verne - College of Arts and Sciences
PRISM REVIEW has annually published contemporary poetry and fiction from both national and international authors, choosing the best twenty or so pieces.
[73]
Prism - Duke University Press
5-day returnsPrism: Theory and Modern Chinese Literature presents cutting-edge research on modern literary production, dissemination, and reception in China and beyond.
[74]
How TV's “Person of Interest” Helps Us Understand the Surveillance ...
Oct 24, 2013 · ... PRISM surveillance program, leaked by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden? Jonathan Nolan: With a mixture of jubilation and horror. “We ...
[75]
The TV Shows That Prepared Us for the NSA Scandal
Jun 12, 2013 · 24: The show became best known for its normalization of torture, but surveillance has never looked so starkly essential as it did in “24,” with ...
[76]
United States of Secrets | FRONTLINE | PBS | Documentary Series
May 13, 2014 · FRONTLINE goes behind the headlines to reveal the dramatic inside story of the US government's massive and controversial secret surveillance program.
[77]
FRONTLINE | United States of Secrets (Part Two) | Season 2014 - PBS
May 21, 2014 · FRONTLINE investigates how Silicon Valley feeds the NSA's global dragnet.
[78]
Exposing the NSA's Mass Surveillance of Americans | Vice News
Apr 23, 2024 · Tailored Access Operations, or TAO, is the NSA's elite hacking force. TAO employs some of America's best hackers – so who are their targets?
[79]
Prism - GraphPad
Create publication-quality graphs and analyze your scientific data with t-tests, ANOVA, linear and nonlinear regression, survival analysis and more.Free Trial · How to Buy - GraphPad · Anova · More kinds of graphs
[80]
GraphPad: Home
GraphPad's Prism is a tool for scientists to analyze, graph, and present data, perform statistical analyses, and create publication-quality graphs.Prism Overview · QuickCalcs · Prism Free Trial · How to Buy Prism
[81]
GraphPad Prism is a scientific software application designed for ...
Aug 19, 2025 · GraphPad Prism combines tools for data organization, graphing, curve fitting, and statistical analysis in one user-friendly interface.
[82]
PRISM - Probabilistic Symbolic Model Checker
PRISM is a probabilistic model checker, a tool for formal modelling and analysis of systems that exhibit random or probabilistic behaviour.DownloadTutorialPRISM ManualProbabilistic Model CheckingPRISM-games
[83]
(PDF) PRISM: Probabilistic symbolic model checker - ResearchGate
Aug 7, 2025 · PRISM is a tool for analysing probabilistic systems. It supports three models: discrete-time Markov chains, continuous-time Markov chains and ...
[84]
probabilistic model checking for performance and reliability analysis
PRISM is a probabilistic model checking tool for analyzing stochastic systems, including performance and reliability of computer and communication systems.<|separator|>
[85]
Prism Library
Prism Library helps build robust XAML apps with MVVM, DI, and modularity, supporting WPF, Uno Platform, .NET MAUI, and Xamarin.Forms.
[86]
Introduction to Prism
Prism is a framework for building loosely coupled, maintainable, and testable XAML applications in WPF, and Xamarin Forms.Introduction · Implementing-MVVM · Prism Library for WPF · Event Aggregator
[87]
PrismLibrary/Prism - GitHub
Prism is a framework for building loosely coupled, maintainable, and testable XAML applications in WPF, Xamarin Forms, and Uno / Win UI Applications.Samples · Prism · The Prism-Documentation repo · Prism-Samples-Forms
[88]
GraphPad Prism 10 User Guide - How to analyze data with Prism
Start from a data table or graph, access the analysis library via the Analyze menu or button, and select a built-in analysis in the Analyze Data dialog.Missing: research | Show results with:research
[89]
What is GraphPad Prism? A Powerful Statistical and Graphing Solution
GraphPad Prism provides advanced statistical analysis and data visualization solutions for scientific research, biology, and pharmaceutical development.
[90]
GraphPad Prism 10 Statistics Guide - Statistical analyses with Prism
To analyze data in Prism, start from a data table and click 'Analyze'. Prism can analyze simulated data, and can also transform data.
[91]
Prism Updates - GraphPad
Prism 10.2.2. March 25, 2024. This release fixes multiple issues present in Prism version 10.2.0 and 10.2.1, including an update for a broken link to Prism ...Prism 10.2.2 Release Notes · Prism 8.0.2 Release Notes · Prism 9 · Prism 10.1.2
[92]
GraphPad Prism Software Reviews, Demo & Pricing - 2025
Rating 4.7 (143) GraphPad Prism is statistical analysis software for creating graphs, with features like regression, data clustering, and visual analytics. It starts at $252 ...
[93]
GraphPad Prism » BUMC Information Technology | Boston University
GraphPad Prism is an advanced analysis and graphing solution specifically designed for scientific research. It combines powerful statistical analysis tools ...
[94]
PRISM - Assoc
The purpose of the PRISM organization is to provide opportunities for IT management of public retirement funds to collaborate and share their experiences with ...Members · FAQ · Conference · Login
[95]
Pediatric Research in Sports Medicine Society (PRiSM)
PRiSM brings you job opportunities in pediatric and adolescent sports medicine. ... This organization is multidisciplinary and includes various medical ...Annual Meeting · About Us · PRiSM Staff · PRISM E-Posters
[96]
PRISM | IHI Innovative Health Initiative - European Union
PRISM was able to accelerate the discovery and development of new treatments for neuropsychiatric conditions like schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease by ...
[97]
PRISM Level Up - Department of Transportation
The PRISM Level Up Initiative is a CMV safety campaign encouraging States to increase their PRISM participation from their current level to Enhanced and ...
[98]
PRISM - Providing Dignity of Services in the Twin Cities Metro
PRISM is a strong, sustainable organization supporting the northwest Twin Cities suburbs' basic needs in housing, food, and more.Thrift Shop · About PRISM - Housing, Food... · PRISM food shelf shifts from...
[99]
Prism Project – The hands and feet for Human Trafficking Victims
Prism Project is a 501(c)3 non-profit with a two-fold mission to provide preventative education and support child survivors of sex trafficking.
[100]
Home - PRISM - People's Recovery Initiative for Solutions and More
PRISM (People's Recovery Initiative for Solutions & More) is an organization dedicated to raising awareness, educating, and smashing the stigma surrounding ...
[101]
Prisms with Examples - Math is Fun
A prism is a polyhedron, which means all faces are flat! No curved sides. For example, a cylinder is not a prism, because it has curved sides.
[102]
Optical Prism Application Examples | Edmund Optics
The most commonly used prism is the 45° - 90° - 45° prism, known popularly as the right angle prism. It can be used in many ways to achieve different results.
[103]
Prisms - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
Prisms are used in many ophthalmic devices such as slit lamp biomicroscope, applanation tonometer, gonioscope, and operating microscope.