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Fulton Fish Market

The Fulton Fish Market is a wholesale seafood cooperative located in Hunts Point, Bronx, New York City, originally established in 1822 at the South Street Seaport in Manhattan as a key component of the city's early food distribution network.^[1]^[2]
It operates as the largest seafood market in the United States by variety of offerings and ranks as the second-largest globally after Tokyo's Tsukiji, processing up to two million pounds of fresh seafood daily through a consortium of independent wholesalers.^[2]^[1]
Relocated in 2005 to a modern 400,000-square-foot facility in the Hunts Point Food Distribution Center, the market enhanced operational efficiency, refrigeration capabilities, and proximity to other food hubs, sustaining its role as a vital supply chain node for restaurants, retailers, and institutions across the Northeast.^[2]
Historically, it evolved from a general foodstuffs venue into a specialized fish wholesaling center by the late 19th century, enduring challenges like fires and urban development while facilitating direct boat-to-market deliveries that ensured rapid turnover of perishable goods.^[2]^[3]
Its defining characteristics include round-the-clock early-morning auctions driven by tidal and catch cycles, fostering a competitive environment that matches supply with demand through face-to-face bargaining among buyers and sellers.^[4]

History

Origins and Nineteenth-Century Development

The Fulton Fish Market traces its origins to 1807, when New York City donated land in lower Manhattan for a general market serving the local residential neighborhood, including provisions for fish among other goods. Construction on the site began that year, with the market formally opening in 1822 amid fanfare, named in honor of Robert Fulton, the inventor of the commercially successful steamboat, whose innovations facilitated river and coastal trade. Initially operating as an open-air venue between Fulton and Beekman Streets along South Street, it benefited from direct East River access, enabling efficient delivery by schooners and small boats from nearby fishing grounds.^[5]^[6]^[3] In its early years, the market functioned primarily as a neighborhood wholesaler and retailer for diverse foodstuffs, with fish sales comprising only a portion of activity, though the maritime location naturally favored seafood. By the 1830s, a new market building had been erected, replacing earlier structures and supporting expanded operations following the closure of the colonial-era Fly Market. The market endured significant setbacks, including major fires in 1835 and 1845, which prompted rebuilding and gradual specialization toward fish as demand grew with New York City's population surge from European immigration and industrialization.^[7]^[6]^[8] During the mid-nineteenth century, the Fulton Market evolved into the dominant hub for seafood distribution, handling catches transported from New England ports via improved sailing vessels and early ice preservation techniques that extended shelf life. From approximately 1850 onward, it supplied much of the United States' wholesale fish needs, processing vast quantities daily through auction and direct sales to retailers and institutions. In 1869, the newly formed Fulton Market Fishmongers Association constructed a dedicated two-story facility with lofts, enhancing storage and handling capacity to accommodate escalating volumes driven by urban expansion and rail linkages to inland markets. By the late 1800s, the site had solidified as the nation's preeminent fish center, with sea bass initially prominent but diversity expanding to include species from broader Atlantic fisheries.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Twentieth-Century Expansion and Challenges

The Fulton Fish Market underwent substantial expansion in the early twentieth century, driven by rising urban demand and improved rail and maritime logistics that funneled greater seafood volumes to New York City. Annual handling grew from 31 million pounds in 1881 to a peak of 394 million pounds by 1926, reflecting the market's role as the primary East Coast hub for wholesale distribution. In 1924 specifically, it processed 384 million pounds of fish, equivalent to about 25% of total U.S. seafood sales that year. This growth solidified its dominance in national fish provisioning, which persisted from roughly 1850 through 1950, as the market accommodated more dealers operating from open-air structures along South Street. Infrastructure adaptations were modest amid this expansion, with the market relying on rented facilities from the city, including the aging Tin Building and adjacent piers for unloading catches from regional fleets. However, volumes began a gradual decline after the 1920s peak, influenced by broader economic pressures including the Great Depression, which strained fishing operations and consumer demand. The market encountered recurrent physical and operational challenges that disrupted activities and necessitated repairs. In 1936, a section of the old building collapsed into the East River when pilings failed—possibly exacerbated by a boat impact—prompting city officials to declare it unsafe for repair and order demolition to avert further risk. Operations rebounded with the 1939 opening of the New Market Building, designed by architects Albert W. Lewis and John D. Churchill to replace the lost capacity. Labor unrest compounded issues, as evidenced by multiple fish strikes in 1934 that halted unloading and distribution at the piers. The September 1938 hurricane further battered the regional fishing industry by devastating Long Island fleets and infrastructure en route to New England, curtailing supply inflows. A major fire in 1995, later determined to be arson, destroyed one of the two primary commercial buildings, highlighting ongoing vulnerabilities in the aging Manhattan setup. These events, alongside emerging signs of overfishing depleting key stocks, underscored the market's precarious balance between scale and sustainability.

Involvement of Organized Crime

The Genovese crime family exerted control over the Fulton Fish Market and its associated International Longshoremen's Association Local 359 since the 1930s, primarily through extortion, labor racketeering, and monopolistic practices that inflated fish prices and extracted illicit payments from dealers and unloaders.^[12]^[13] This dominance enabled the family to dictate unloading operations, where non-compliant trucks faced deliberate delays causing spoilage, and to enforce kickbacks via union officials who received employer payments in violation of the Taft-Hartley Act.^[9]^[14] Investigations in the late 1970s and 1980s revealed systemic corruption, culminating in the 1980 conviction of 44 defendants, including union leaders, on charges related to wire fraud and extortion, with fines totaling $331,000.^[15] Carmine Romano, a key Local 359 official tied to the Genovese family, was convicted of racketeering in the 1980s for schemes that involved coercing market participants into inflated labor costs and payoffs.^[16] In August 1981, federal prosecutors indicted eight individuals, including union executives, for racketeering tied to systematic payoffs from fish dealers, following Local 359's earlier $200,000 fine for Taft-Hartley violations.^[17] The U.S. government's 1987 civil RICO lawsuit sought to dismantle this control by appointing an independent trustee to oversee market and union operations, alleging the Genovese family treated both as "captive organizations" for generating annual revenues exceeding $1 million in illicit gains from a $500 million market.^[12]^[14] Despite these efforts, a 1990 investigation by a court-appointed investigator documented ongoing racketeering, including continued extortion and fraud, indicating incomplete eradication of organized crime influence prior to the market's 2005 relocation.^[18] Lax historical regulation, including subsidized rents and minimal oversight, facilitated such entrenchment by creating economic rents exploitable through violence and intimidation rather than competitive efficiencies.^[19]

Relocation to the Bronx Facility

The Fulton Fish Market relocated from its historic Manhattan site at the South Street Seaport to a new 400,000-square-foot facility in the Hunts Point Food Distribution Center in the Bronx, opening on November 14, 2005.^[20]^[21]^[22] This move concluded nearly 200 years of operations in Lower Manhattan, where space constraints and aging infrastructure had become increasingly problematic for the wholesale seafood trade.^[5]^[3] The new Bronx facility, constructed at a cost exceeding $86 million on approximately 30 acres of land, was designed to house around 37 independent seafood wholesalers and provide modern amenities such as improved refrigeration, loading docks, and office spaces.^[21]^[23] By situating the market adjacent to the Hunts Point Produce and Meat Markets, the relocation enhanced logistical efficiencies, facilitating integrated food distribution for New York City while reducing transportation costs and times for suppliers and buyers.^[24]^[5] The project brought roughly 600 jobs and supported a billion-dollar seafood industry segment to the Hunts Point peninsula, bolstering the area's role as a major food hub.^[20] Planning for the relocation dated back decades, with initial proposals in the 1970s, but accelerated in the early 2000s amid city efforts to modernize operations and enforce stricter licensing and integrity standards to address longstanding issues with market governance.^[25]^[26] The transition faced minor delays, including a temporary stall in early 2005 due to construction and regulatory hurdles, yet ultimately succeeded in creating a more controlled and expansive environment conducive to competitive wholesale functioning.^[27]

Operations and Facilities

Market Mechanics and Daily Functioning

Seafood deliveries commence in the evening at the Fulton Fish Market's Hunts Point facility, where up to 20 tractor trailers are unloaded simultaneously using forklifts to distribute product to the stands of approximately 30 independent wholesale companies. The market opens to buyers at 2:00 a.m. and remains active until around 7:00 a.m., Monday through Friday, with peak trading occurring at 3:00 a.m. as retailers, restaurateurs, and other purchasers arrive to inspect offerings displayed on beds of ice.^[24]^[28]^[29] Trading mechanics rely on direct negotiation rather than formal auctions, with buyers haggling prices with salesmen based on quality, freshness, and market conditions; agreed-upon purchases are marked with the buyer's code or name for identification. Selected seafood is then weighed—such as large tuna portions hoisted onto scales—and loaded onto customer trucks by specialized journeymen and loaders to ensure rapid turnover. The cooperative structure, involving 22 shareholder families with multi-generational involvement, facilitates these interactions, handling up to 2 million pounds of diverse global seafood varieties nightly across a 400,000-square-foot warehouse.^[24]^[29]^[2] Post-transaction, wholesalers maintain detailed records of each sale, documenting fish type, quantity, and buyer details for inventory management, while cleanup and restocking prepare for the next cycle; this efficient, labor-intensive process supports annual volumes exceeding hundreds of millions of pounds and over $1 billion in sales.^[24]^[1]

Infrastructure Evolution from Manhattan to Bronx

The Fulton Fish Market in Manhattan functioned for over 180 years as a predominantly open-air wholesale operation along Fulton and South Streets near the East River, beginning in 1822. Initially relying on wooden stalls and rudimentary ice-based preservation methods, the infrastructure evolved modestly with the construction of a dedicated permanent building in 1869 between South Street and the river, followed by the Tin Building in 1907 for expanded storage and sales. However, the facilities remained vulnerable to environmental factors, including multiple devastating fires in 1835, 1845, 1918, and 1995, and suffered from chronic issues like urban traffic congestion, limited space for modern trucking, and inadequate temperature-controlled storage, which hindered efficient handling of perishable seafood volumes exceeding millions of pounds annually.^[16]^[30]^[24] By the late 1990s, these infrastructural limitations, compounded by the need for regulatory reforms to curb organized crime influence, prompted city-led plans for relocation to the Hunts Point Food Distribution Center in the Bronx, announced under Mayor Giuliani in 2001. The move aimed to consolidate operations within a larger, integrated food hub alongside produce and meat markets, enabling a purpose-built facility with enhanced logistics for rail, truck, and barge access. Construction of the approximately 285,000-square-foot state-of-the-art complex, later expanded, was financed in part by the city at a cost of $85 million, addressing Manhattan's spatial constraints and outdated setup.^[31]^[5] The New Fulton Fish Market opened in November 2005 on 33 acres at Hunts Point, featuring a 400,000-square-foot temperature-controlled complex that houses around 35-36 seafood wholesalers in a cooperative structure. This modern infrastructure includes extensive freezer and refrigeration systems, streamlined loading docks, and centralized waste management capabilities, processing millions of pounds of seafood daily with improved hygiene and efficiency compared to the Manhattan era's ad-hoc arrangements. The facility's design supports year-round operations with reduced spoilage risks and better integration into regional supply chains, marking a shift from chaotic, weather-exposed trading to a controlled, industrial-scale distribution model.^[32]^[5]

Economic Significance

Role in New York City's Seafood Supply Chain

The Fulton Fish Market serves as the primary wholesale hub for seafood distribution in New York City, handling approximately 45% of the city's seafood requirements through its cooperative of dealers located in the Hunts Point Food Distribution Center in the Bronx.^[33] This central role positions it as a critical node in the supply chain, where fresh catches from domestic ports, international shipments, and regional fisheries converge nightly for auction and direct sales, ensuring rapid turnover to maintain quality and minimize spoilage.^[29] Operating from midnight to early morning, the market processes over 5 million pounds of seafood weekly, encompassing 100 to 300 species ranging from Atlantic cod to imported tuna, which are then redistributed to restaurants, supermarkets, hotels, and institutions across the tri-state area.^[34] In the broader supply chain, Fulton acts as an intermediary aggregator, sourcing product via refrigerated trucks and vessels from major fishing grounds like the Northeast Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, as well as air-freighted specialties from Asia and Europe, before matching supply with demand through competitive bidding among buyers who prioritize immediacy and variety.^[24] This mechanism supports NYC's status as a seafood-intensive market, where high-volume buyers such as fine-dining establishments and grocery chains rely on the market's efficiency to secure daily deliveries, often within hours of landing, thereby underpinning the freshness that defines the city's culinary ecosystem.^[29] The cooperative structure, comprising independent wholesalers, fosters a decentralized yet coordinated flow that contrasts with more vertically integrated chains elsewhere, allowing for specialized handling that preserves product integrity amid urban logistics constraints.^[33] Economically, Fulton's dominance—generating annual sales exceeding $1 billion—amplifies its influence, employing around 1,500 workers and sustaining ancillary industries like trucking and ice production, while providing a buffer against supply disruptions from weather or fuel costs that could otherwise inflate retail prices for NYC consumers.^[34] By concentrating wholesale activity, it enables economies of scale in inspection, grading, and waste management, though this centralization also exposes the city's seafood access to localized risks, such as infrastructure vulnerabilities at Hunts Point.^[35] Without Fulton's throughput, alternative distribution routes—such as direct imports or smaller regional markets—would likely increase costs and reduce variety, given the market's established networks with over 200 dealer members.^[1]

Market Dynamics and Imperfect Competition

The Fulton Fish Market operates as a centralized wholesale exchange where approximately 35 dealers handle the distribution of fresh seafood to New York City buyers, including retailers and restaurants, primarily through direct bargaining rather than posted prices.^[4] This structure facilitates rapid matching of heterogeneous supply—often 100 to 300 fish varieties arriving overnight from global sources—with differentiated demand, but perishable inventory and dealer-specific factors introduce frictions absent in textbook perfect competition.^[4] Dealers rent fixed stalls in the Bronx facility, enabling them to observe buyer characteristics and negotiate individualized terms, which sustains long-term relationships and loyalty-based pricing over anonymous spot trading.^[19] Empirical analysis of transaction data reveals persistent price dispersion for ostensibly homogeneous products like whiting, rejecting models of perfect competition where identical goods sold to informed buyers in large numbers should yield uniform prices.^[36] Kathryn Graddy's 1995 study, using buyer-specific prices from Fulton dealers, found that observed dispersion aligns with monopolistic competition or price discrimination frameworks, where sellers exploit varying buyer elasticities—such as repeat customers paying premiums for reliability versus one-off buyers receiving discounts.^[37] For instance, dealers adjusted markups dynamically based on inventory levels and buyer history, with higher prices charged to those demonstrating lower price sensitivity, consistent with profit-maximizing behavior in oligopolistic settings rather than competitive convergence.^[38] Barriers to entry, including stall rental costs, specialized knowledge of seafood grading, and established networks, limit the number of active wholesalers despite the market's scale, fostering oligopolistic tendencies.^[4] Economic rents arise from these imperfections, historically amplified by subsidized facility rents and weak oversight that allowed extortion, but persisting post-2005 relocation through market power in segmented buyer groups.^[4] While reforms under the Business Integrity Commission have curbed overt collusion, the institutional reliance on opaque bargaining continues to enable dealers to capture surpluses, as evidenced by dealer-level profit models incorporating inventory carryover and discriminatory pricing strategies.^[38] This deviates from competitive equilibria, where rents would dissipate, underscoring the market's role in efficient allocation tempered by strategic seller behavior.^[36]

Regulatory Environment and Reforms

Historical Lax Regulation and Crime Enablement

Prior to reforms in the mid-1990s, the Fulton Fish Market operated under minimal regulatory oversight from New York City authorities, which facilitated extensive infiltration by organized crime. Subsidized rents, fixed at approximately $270,000 annually from 1982 to 1995 despite market values exceeding $2 million, effectively subsidized criminal operations by generating excess economic rents that the mafia could extract through extortion and monopolistic practices.^[39] City officials deliberately avoided long-term leases or stricter enforcement due to concerns over entrenched mafia ties, allowing informal control mechanisms to persist unchecked.^[39] The Genovese crime family dominated the market from the 1930s onward, leveraging the absence of licensing requirements and fragmented oversight to control key operations such as fish unloading, transportation, and union activities.^[12] Through Local 359 of the United Seafood Workers, established in 1923 under mob-aligned leader Joseph "Socks" Lanza, the family enforced protection rackets on wholesalers and retailers, demanding payoffs disguised as "insurance" against sabotage or theft, while loading crews monopolized parking and transport via threats of violence.^[40] This lax environment enabled routine skimming, including the theft of thousands of pounds of fish nightly and overcharging for underfilled boxes (e.g., billing 130 pounds for 100-pound containers), with costs passed to buyers and ultimately consumers.^[40] Federal investigations in the 1980s highlighted the totality of mob control, from fish arrival to departure, underscoring how unregulated dealer operations and union dominance created fertile ground for racketeering without effective intervention until Local Law 50 in 1995 mandated licensing, rent hikes to $2 million by 1998, and auctioning of loading privileges to dismantle these networks.^[41]^[42] The pre-reform era's regulatory vacuum, compounded by historical tolerance dating to the early 1900s when police guards were needed for basic security, perpetuated a cycle of extortion and inefficiency that inflated prices and stifled competition.^[39]

Post-2001 Oversight and Business Integrity Commission

In 2001, the New York City Business Integrity Commission (BIC) was established through a charter revision that merged the oversight functions of the previous Markets Division with regulations for trade waste and shipboard gambling, specifically to address persistent organized crime infiltration in wholesale markets including the Fulton Fish Market.^[43] The BIC's creation aimed to centralize enforcement efforts to prevent corruption, fraud, violence, and anti-competitive practices, drawing from historical patterns of criminal influence dating back to the mid-1950s at the Fulton Fish Market.^[43] The BIC regulates market participants through mandatory licensing for dealers, wholesalers, and related service providers, requiring background checks, financial disclosures, and demonstrations of business integrity to exclude individuals or entities with ties to organized crime.^[43] Chaired by the BIC Commissioner and comprising representatives from the New York City Police Department, Department of Investigation, Department of Sanitation, Department of Consumer and Worker Protection, and Department of Small Business Services, the commission conducts investigations, holds hearings on license applications, and enforces rules via penalties including fines, suspensions, or revocations.^[43] This structure ensures ongoing monitoring of operations, with regular commission meetings to review and amend regulations as needed to maintain fair competition and public safety.^[43] Post-relocation to the Bronx in 2005, BIC oversight continued to emphasize integrity in seafood distribution, adapting rules to the new facility's infrastructure while prohibiting practices that could enable extortion or monopolistic control previously associated with mob activities.^[44] The agency's efforts have focused on verifiable compliance, such as audited transactions and anti-collusion measures, though challenges persist in fully eradicating legacy influences in an industry characterized by high-volume, cash-based dealings.^[43]

Controversies and Criticisms

Organized Crime's Economic Exploitation

The Genovese crime family exerted control over the Fulton Fish Market beginning in the 1930s, primarily through domination of United Seafood Workers Local 359 and the crews responsible for loading and unloading fish.^[12] This influence enabled systematic extraction of economic rents via labor manipulation, where wholesalers were compelled to make payoffs to mob-affiliated unloaders to ensure timely handling; failure to pay resulted in fish being left to spoil on the streets, disrupting operations and imposing direct costs.^[9]^[41] Key mechanisms included protection rackets enforced by threatened or actual violence, forcing market participants to rent union signs, contribute to discretionary "Christmas funds," and hire cartelized loading companies owned or influenced by organized crime figures such as the Romano brothers (Carmine and Peter Romano).^[45]^[41] These groups operated as de facto monopolies, limiting entry by independent firms, fixing service fees, and charging unauthorized "parking" fees for delivery vehicles on city-subsidized piers, thereby capturing profits with minimal overhead.^[45]^[46] Federal prosecutors in 1982 described this as complete oversight "from the arrival to the departure of the fish," with Local 359 serving as a puppet entity to funnel tribute payments.^[41] The exploitation translated to broader economic distortions, as payoffs and racketeering inflated operational costs, which were passed onto wholesalers and ultimately New York consumers in the form of higher seafood prices on an annual volume exceeding $750 million in the early 1980s.^[41] Reduced competition from mob-enforced cartels stifled efficiency, while subsidized low rents on municipal property amplified illicit gains for controlled entities, creating fertile conditions for rent-seeking absent robust oversight.^[45] Convictions, such as Carmine Romano's 12-year sentence for racketeering in the 1980s, highlighted the scale, yet persistent influence underscored the entrenched nature of this parasitic control until federal interventions in the late 1980s.^[41]^[16]

Environmental and Health Regulation Impacts

Federal health regulations enacted in the late 20th century, emphasizing refrigeration to prevent spoilage and contamination, rendered open-air sales at the historic Manhattan site untenable, directly contributing to the market's relocation to Hunts Point in the Bronx in November 2005.^[26] These rules, aligned with FDA guidelines for seafood handling, required enclosed, temperature-controlled facilities to maintain chain-of-custody integrity and reduce risks of bacterial growth, such as from Vibrio species prevalent in unrefrigerated seafood.^[47] The South Street Seaport's infrastructure, amid intensifying urban pollution that elevated heavy metal levels in local waters and fish stocks, could not economically retrofit for compliance without disrupting the 24-hour wholesale operations.^[48] The Bronx facility, spanning 400,000 square feet with climate-controlled zones, enables adherence to Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) standards, mandatory under FDA oversight for wholesale seafood distributors to monitor pathogens, allergens, and adulterants. This upgrade mitigated prior sanitation challenges, including waste accumulation and pest issues in the congested Manhattan piers, but imposed higher operational costs for energy-intensive cooling systems and periodic health inspections by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.^[49] No major sanitation violations have been publicly documented post-relocation, though the market remains subject to penalty schedules for infractions like improper waste disposal under NYC Health Code provisions.^[50] Environmentally, regulations under the Clean Water Act and NYC's Blue Highway initiative govern the market's discharge of fish processing wastewater and solid waste, which generate high biochemical oxygen demand from organic matter.^[51] To comply, the cooperative partnered in 2024 with recycling programs to divert shellfish shells—comprising a significant waste fraction—for oyster reef restoration, reducing landfill methane emissions and supporting estuarine habitat remediation in New York Harbor.^[52] ^[53] Fishery management rules enforced by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation led to citations against multiple vendors in April 2025 for possessing undersized species, such as black sea bass below the 15-inch minimum, underscoring regulatory efforts to curb overexploitation and maintain stock sustainability amid broader ecological pressures like historical mercury bioaccumulation traced through market-sourced fish.^[54] ^[55]

Recent Disputes Over Offshore Wind Developments

In July 2025, the Fulton Fish Market Cooperative, operator of the Bronx facility handling over half of the U.S. fresh seafood supply, joined a federal lawsuit filed by commercial fishermen against the U.S. Department of the Interior and Equinor, developer of the 810-megawatt Empire Wind project. The suit contends that the project's approval under the Biden administration violated the National Environmental Policy Act by failing to adequately assess impacts on fisheries, including restricted access to 80,000 acres of federal lease area in the New York Bight containing productive fishing grounds for species like summer flounder and black sea bass that supply the market.^[34]^[56] The cooperative's involvement stems from concerns that the 54 planned turbines, positioned between New York Harbor shipping lanes, would disrupt vessel traffic and trawl operations essential to the market's wholesalers, potentially increasing costs and reducing supply volumes amid already strained Northeast fisheries. Market CEO Michael Russo argued the development represents "greenwashing" that prioritizes intermittent energy over reliable food production infrastructure, trading thousands of permanent fishing jobs for temporary construction roles estimated at under 1,000 per project.^[57]^[34] On July 15, 2025, approximately 100 seafood workers, fishermen, and supporters gathered at the Hunts Point market for a rally organized by the cooperative, chanting "Stop all offshore wind" and petitioning incoming President Trump to revoke permits, citing unproven turbine foundations' risks to seabed habitats and migratory fish stocks that underpin the facility's daily auction of 300-500,000 pounds of product. Participants highlighted sonar and pile-driving noise during construction as threats to marine mammals, exacerbating regulatory closures like those for right whales, which have already curtailed lobster and squid landings by up to 20% in affected areas.^[58]^[59]^[60] Equinor and federal agencies maintain that environmental impact statements, including mitigation for fisheries via compensatory funds exceeding $10 million, demonstrate negligible long-term effects on commercial catches, drawing on European precedents where wind farms occupy less than 1% of EEZ fishing areas without documented yield declines. However, the lawsuit seeks to vacate the approval pending further modeling of cumulative effects from multiple New York projects, which could collectively exclude vessels from 15-20% of historical grounds, according to fisherman-submitted affidavits.^[61]

Academic Research and Analysis

Studies on Market Behavior and Rents

Kathryn Graddy's 1995 study analyzed wholesale prices for whiting at the Fulton Fish Market using data from 111 trading days in 1988 and 1989, testing the law of one price in a market with no formal barriers to entry. She found systematic price differences across individual buyers, with some paying up to 20% more than others for identical quality fish, indicating imperfect competition through price discrimination rather than perfect competition.^[62] These differences persisted after controlling for observable factors like quantity and time of day, suggesting dealers exploited heterogeneous buyer demand elasticities and repeat business relationships to charge higher prices to less price-sensitive buyers.^[37] In her 2006 overview, Graddy detailed how the market's institutional features—such as verbal auctions, product differentiation via dealer-specific handling, and long-term buyer-dealer ties—facilitated tacit collusion among the roughly 20-30 dealers, enabling supra-competitive pricing and extraction of economic rents. Dealers segmented the market by buyer type, with restaurants and institutions facing markups of 10-15% over retail stores due to differing elasticities and urgency, yielding rents estimated at 5-10% above marginal costs on average transactions.^[4] This behavior contradicted neoclassical expectations of uniform pricing in a perishable goods auction but aligned with oligopolistic models where information asymmetries and switching costs allowed rent-seeking without explicit agreements.^[63] Subsequent research built on Graddy's dataset, including a 2009 NBER working paper by Graddy, Joshua Angrist, and Guido Imbens, which estimated wholesale demand elasticities for whiting at around -0.5 to -1.0, confirming dealers' market power in setting prices above competitive levels and capturing rents through inventory management. A 2011 dynamic model by Graddy and others simulated dealer pricing under stochastic supply, showing that forward-looking inventory decisions amplified price volatility and rent extraction, with simulated markups matching observed data where low-stock conditions led to 15-25% temporary price spikes.^[38] These studies collectively demonstrate the Fulton market's deviation from perfect competition, attributing rents to structural factors like dealer concentration and buyer lock-in rather than exogenous shocks.^[64]

Broader Economic and Sociological Insights

The Fulton Fish Market serves as a critical node in the U.S. seafood supply chain, handling over 5 million pounds of fish weekly and supplying approximately half of New York City's seafood needs through its wholesale operations to restaurants, retailers, and food service providers across the region.^[34]^[29] As the largest seafood market in the United States and second only to Tokyo's Tsukiji globally, it accounts for about 5% of national seafood sales, underscoring its role in distributing wild-caught and farmed products from domestic and international fisheries to urban consumers.^[65]^[66] This concentration facilitates efficient aggregation and distribution but also exemplifies imperfect competition in perishable goods markets, where dealer relationships and rapid turnover influence pricing and access for smaller buyers.^[4] Sociologically, the market has long reflected patterns of intergenerational labor and ethnic succession in New York City's working-class economy, with operations sustained by third-, fourth-, and even sixth-generation fishmongers whose families trace roots to early 20th-century immigrant waves.^[29] Immigrants, particularly from Italian, Irish, and later Hispanic and Asian communities, provided essential low-wage labor for unloading, sorting, and distribution, shaping the market's culture of dawn-to-dusk shifts and verbal bargaining while introducing diverse seafood preparation traditions that influenced broader urban cuisine.^[67]^[68] These dynamics highlight how ethnic enclaves within the market fostered economic mobility for some entrants, enabling transitions from manual labor to business ownership, though persistent challenges like physical demands and market volatility have limited upward mobility for many.^[69] On a wider scale, the market's evolution mirrors shifts in American urbanization and globalization, from dominating national wholesale fish provisioning between 1850 and 1950—when it centralized catches from expanding coastal fisheries—to adapting to containerized shipping and air freight that reduced its monopoly on fresh imports.^[9] This transition has broader implications for regional economies, as the New York seafood sector, bolstered by Fulton, supported nearly 70,000 jobs and generated over $9.2 billion in sales in 2022, illustrating how localized markets sustain multiplier effects in processing, transportation, and hospitality.^[70] Yet, reliance on distant sourcing has amplified ecological pressures, contributing to overfishing debates and calls for sustainable practices that intersect with labor sociology by pressuring workers to handle increasingly regulated, traceability-focused supply chains.^[9]^[71]

Cultural Representations

Literature and Journalism

Joseph Mitchell's profiles in The New Yorker portrayed the Fulton Fish Market's eccentric inhabitants and nocturnal rhythm, as in "Old Mr. Flood" (1944), where the titular character, a waterfront philosopher, frequents the market's pre-dawn auctions amid fishmongers and stevedores. Mitchell's essays, later compiled in Up in the Old Hotel (1992), emphasized personal anecdotes over market mechanics, drawing from his observations of Italian and Irish workers who dominated the scene in the mid-20th century.^[72] These pieces romanticized the market's chaos—stench of gutted fish, haggling in multiple languages—while hinting at underlying labor tensions, though Mitchell rarely delved into organized crime influences documented elsewhere.^[73] Non-fiction histories like Jonathan H. Rees's The Fulton Fish Market: A History (2022) synthesize primary sources, including city records and oral histories, to chronicle the market's evolution from a 1822 general bazaar to a seafood hub supplying 25% of U.S. fresh fish by the 1990s, before its 2005 relocation to Hunts Point amid corruption probes.^[74] Rees highlights immigrant contributions, such as Sicilian tuna techniques introduced in the 1880s, and critiques romanticized depictions by noting empirical declines in efficiency due to waterfront decay.^[68] Journalistic accounts often focused on transitions and characters: Mark Singer's "Gone Fishing" (The New Yorker, August 29, 2005) examined the 2005 move's disruption to family dynasties, with wholesalers lamenting lost Manhattan access after 183 years. A 2024 New York Times feature detailed Hunts Point operations, where 3 a.m. arrivals yield 500 tons of daily seafood for city restaurants, underscoring generational continuity amid modern logistics.^[29] Earlier coverage, like Joseph Mitchell's 1952 profile of Sloppy Louie's eatery proprietor Louis Morino, captured adjacent culinary culture, with Morino sourcing directly from market hauls of striped bass and clams.^[73] Such reporting consistently prioritized vivid ethnography over systemic critiques, though Rees notes this overlooked verifiable racketeering data from federal probes.^[72]

Film, Television, and Music References

The Fulton Fish Market has inspired several musical works, often evoking its gritty, labor-intensive atmosphere. James Late's 1971 soul album Fulton Fish Market, released on the 33 label, features a title track and draws from the artist's experiences working manual labor at the market's Bronx location after its relocation, blending themes of urban struggle with R&B influences across 12 tracks including "Very Good Man" and "Hard Hard Life." Later references include Community Housin's 2004 indie track "Fulton Fish Market," which nods to the market's cultural legacy in a raw, lo-fi style, and The Dymaxion Quartet's experimental composition "Fulton Fish Market" from their 1990s output, incorporating avant-garde elements to mimic the market's chaotic energy.^[75] Documentary films have captured the market's operations and history with a focus on its pre-relocation Manhattan era. Mark Street's Fulton Fish Market (date unspecified, distributed by the Film-Makers' Cooperative) is an experimental short depicting the wholesale frenzy from midnight to 7 a.m., Monday through Friday, emphasizing sensory overload through visuals of fish handling and vendor interactions in lower Manhattan.^[76] Similarly, Fulton Fish Market U.S.A. (2009), directed by Nicolay, eschews narration to let the market's workers and routines convey its narrative, earning acclaim for tight editing that highlights daily commerce without imposed storytelling.^[77] Television coverage includes archival footage in episodes like the 1970s Discovery '70 series installment "While the City Sleeps," which profiles New York wholesale markets, devoting segments to the Fulton Fish Market's nighttime bustle alongside Hunts Point and the flower district, produced by Jules Power to showcase urban logistics.^[78] The documentary Bx46 (release date unspecified) examines the market's Bronx operations post-2005 move, focusing on its adaptation to new facilities and ongoing role in seafood distribution.^[79] These portrayals underscore the market's endurance as a symbol of New York's working-class maritime economy, though narrative fiction films or series with prominent roles for the market remain scarce.

References

[1]
Fulton Fish Market Cooperative: America's Largest Seafood ...
We're the Fulton Fish Market Cooperative, formerly the New Fulton Fish Market, and we've been serving NYC since 1822.Vendors · Visitor Information · Cost of Entry · Leadership
[2]
About Fulton Fish Market | Online Seafood Market - Order Fish Online
### Summary of Fulton Fish Market About Us
[3]
Fulton Fish Market: A New York City maritime landmark
Mar 21, 2023 · The market first opened in 1807, where it sold fish and goods other than seafood, but later moved to the location between Fulton and Beekman ...
[4]
Markets: The Fulton Fish Market - American Economic Association
In 2005 the market moved from the South Street Seaport in lower Manhattan to Hunts Point in the South Bronx. ... The Fulton Fish Market--now called The New Fulton ...Missing: relocation | Show results with:relocation
[5]
History - Fulton Fish Market Cooperative
The Fulton Market began in 1807 on donated land in lower Manhattan, initially serving as a general market for various goods, including fish. In 1822, it took a ...Missing: date founders development
[6]
Fulton Fish Market - History 101 NYC
Named after Robert Fulton, engineer and inventor of the first commercially successful steamboats, this open air market began construction in 1807 and was opened ...Missing: date | Show results with:date<|separator|>
[7]
Fulton Fish Market — Blog - For The Record
The Fulton Market was established in 1822 to replace the old Fly Market, but a new market building (shown here) was built in the 1830s. Washington Market in ...
[8]
The Fulton Fish Market : a history / Jonathan H. Rees.
"The Fulton Fish Market started out in 1822 as a general food market like others in the city because it was located in a residential neighborhood.
[9]
The Fulton Fish Market: A History
Mar 15, 2023 · According to Rees, Fulton market handled forty-four varieties of fish in 1880 when it was the nation's preeminent fish market but a staggering ...
[10]
A Slice of the Fulton Fish Market Gets A New Life
Mar 1, 2020 · The third, constructed in 1869 by the newly formed Fulton Market Fishmongers Association, was a two-story and loft structure topped with a ...
[11]
The Fulton Fish Market: A History - AIANY calendar - AIA New York
Jan 10, 2023 · At first a neighborhood market for many different kinds of food, by the late nineteenth century, it became the nation's largest fish and seafood ...
[12]
Mafia Runs Fulton Fish Market, U.S. Says in Suit to Take Control
Oct 16, 1987 · ''The Genovese family has controlled the Fulton Fish Market and Local 359 since the 1930's,'' according to the suit. It said they were run in ...
[13]
United States v. Local 359, 705 F. Supp. 894 (S.D.N.Y. 1989) :: Justia
The amended complaint alleges that the Genovese family has been able to control the Fulton Fish Market by means of various racketeering acts, including ...
[14]
Government acts to end fish market corruption - UPI Archives
Oct 15, 1987 · The government moved in federal court Thursday to take charge of the $500 million-a-year Fulton Fish Market because it is run by the Mafia,<|control11|><|separator|>
[15]
https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9780814737965.003.0006/html
[16]
Top 10 Secrets of The Fulton Fish Market - Untapped New York
Dec 13, 2022 · It took decades for the Fulton Market to transform into the Fulton Fish Market. The change happened gradually until all of the other retail ...
[17]
8 INDICTED IN FULTON FISH MARKET PAYOFFS - The New York ...
Aug 14, 1981 · Local 359 was convicted and fined $200,000 earlier this year on related violations of the Taft-Hartley Act. If convicted of the racketeering ...Missing: 1980s 1990s
[18]
Racketeering Is Still Found at Fulton Fish Market - The New York ...
Aug 9, 1990 · His report was the latest statement pointing to continued racketeering at the market, with its center on South Street and the East River in ...Missing: 1980s | Show results with:1980s
[19]
The Fulton Fish Market - jstor
Additional economic rents at the market were created by subsidized rents, and lax regulation created fertile ground for organized crime to operate. History. The ...
[20]
New Fulton Fish Market Opens in the Bronx - The New York Times
Nov 14, 2005 · "The move to the Bronx brings a billion-dollar industry and roughly 600 jobs to the Hunts Point peninsula, further establishing Hunts Point as ...
[21]
The New Fulton Fish Market, NYC - Phil Eidenberg-Noppe
In 1822 the fish merchants moved to a new location in Manhattan on South Street between Fulton and Beekman Streets. The market was located at this site near the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[22]
[PDF] Economic Snapshot of the Hunts Point Food Distribution Center
The meat market employs about 2,565 people. Fulton Fish Market moved to Hunts Point in 2005 after operating in Lower Manhattan since 1822. The 400,000-square- ...Missing: size | Show results with:size
[23]
Press Release Archives # 370-01 - MAYOR GIULIANI BREAKS ...
As announced in January 2001, the City will construct an approximately 450,000-square-foot state-of-the-art wholesale facility on 30 acres of vacant land at the ...Missing: cost | Show results with:cost<|separator|>
[24]
How The Fulton Fish Market Works
### Summary of Fulton Fish Market Operations in Hunts Point, Bronx
[25]
Work Starts at Hunts Point in October On Long‐Planned Fulton Fish ...
Aug 21, 1974 · Ground will be broken in October for the long‐planned modernistic $16‐million Fulton Fish Market project within the Hunts Point food center ...Missing: facility size construction
[26]
Tails and Scales: The Fate of the Fulton Fish Market Hangs in the ...
The Fulton Fish Market was founded in 1807. The Market space was once a general supply area hosting produce stalls, butchers and fish mongers.
[27]
FISHY FULTON DELAY – BX. MOVE STALLED - New York Post
The city's plans to move the Fulton Fish Market from its historic lower-Manhattan location up to The Bronx have hit a snag that has delayed the opening.
[28]
Inside New York's Fulton Fish Market at 2 a.m.
Address: 800 Food Center Drive, Bronx, NY 10474. ⏰ Hours: 2 a.m.–7 a.m., Monday–Friday. Subway: 6 train to Hunts Point, then a short taxi ride.
[29]
Inside New York's Fulton Fish Market, Where 3 A.M. Is Prime Time
Jul 24, 2024 · Since 2005, Fulton Fish Market has occupied a 400,000-square-foot warehouse in Hunts Point, the Bronx.Credit...Daniel Terna. “Breakfast ...
[30]
Duel at the Old Fulton Fish Market - The New York Times
Jan 24, 2014 · Under its plan, the New Market would be razed and the Tin Building would be moved 30 feet northeast, so that a 50-story hotel-residential ...Missing: improvements 20th
[31]
Press Release Archives #044-01 - MAYOR GIULIANI OUTLINES ...
To facilitate this move the City will construct an approximately 285,000-square-foot state-of-the-art facility, which will be called the Fulton Fish Market at ...Missing: relocation | Show results with:relocation
[32]
[PDF] An Economic Snapshot of the Hunts Point Food Distribution Center
The new $85 million, 400,000-square- foot complex, which was built with the City's assistance, is the largest and most modern seafood market in the world ...Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
[33]
About - Fulton Fish Market Cooperative
Originating in Manhattan's South Street Seaport, our market has led in seafood distribution, symbolizing New York's culinary legacy. Enhancing Quality And ...
[34]
Fulton Fish Market joins lawsuit against Empire Wind
Jul 10, 2025 · The Fulton Fish Market is the largest seafood market in the U.S., moving more than 5 million pounds of fish weekly and employing some 1,500 ...Missing: percentage | Show results with:percentage
[35]
Hunts Point Food Distribution Center: A Critical Infrastructure for NY ...
Jan 30, 2024 · It has been open since 1822, originally operating at South Street Seaport in Manhattan before moving to Hunts Point in 2005. The Fish Market ...
[36]
Testing for Imperfect Competition at the Fulton Fish Market - jstor
Section 3 has shown that the Fulton fish market does not follow the paradigm of perfect competition. ... The Economics of Imperfect Competition. London ...
[37]
[PDF] Testing for Imperfect Competition at the Fulton Fish Market
The market is located in an open-air structure in which various dealers rent stalls with closed offices at the back of the stalls. Many of the fish dealers are ...
[38]
[PDF] NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES A DYNAMIC MODEL OF PRICE ...
In this section we present our dynamic, profit maximization model of a fish dealer. The model is designed to be consistent with the structure of the Fulton fish ...
[39]
[PDF] The Fulton Fish Market
Additional economic rents at the market were created by subsidized rents, and lax regulation created fertile ground for organized crime to operate. History. The ...
[40]
Feature Articles 459 - AmericanMafia.com
The story of the takeover by an Italian mob of New York's Fulton Fish Market revealed the ability of racketeers to seize control of a major business.Missing: lax | Show results with:lax
[41]
U.S. PROSECUTORS SAY MOB CONTROLS FULTON MARKET
Feb 14, 1982 · Organized crime controls the Fulton Fish Market completely, from the arrival to the departure of the fish, according to Federal prosecutors ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
[42]
[PDF] Final Report - NYC.gov
In 1995, Local Law 50 was adopted to eliminate the. Page 80. 80 influence of organized crime in the Fulton Fish Market. ... and recommendations for reform in ...
[43]
About BIC - NYC.gov
... Fulton Fish Market, Hunts Point Produce Market, Hunts Point Meat Market, etc ... Business Integrity Commission. The City's wholesale markets and ...
[44]
Chapter 63: Business Integrity Commission
The business integrity commission shall be responsible for the regulation of the trade waste industry, the shipboard gambling industry, the Fulton fish market ...
[45]
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9780814737965.003.0013/html
[46]
Fulton today - SouthCoast Today
Sep 21, 2003 · The Mafia-controlled fish unloaders no longer charge illegal "parking" fees to vehicles stopped along the Fulton market. And ice cream and condominiums are ...
[47]
City Proceeds With Moving Fulton Fish Market to Bronx
Feb 15, 2001 · But several officials said yesterday that the main rationale for a new distribution center was recent federal health regulations ... because of ...
[48]
The Fulton Fish Market: A History on JSTOR
When Fulton Market first opened to the public, it was one building, located on South Street, between Fulton Street and Beekman Street.Missing: origins | Show results with:origins<|separator|>
[49]
§ 3-108 Fulton Fish Market/Other Seafood Markets/Public Wholesale ...
Pursuant to 48 RCNY § 3-81(b), a late admit fee of $30.00 will be added to the penalties for these charges for a failure to submit a payment by mail, ...
[50]
[PDF] §3-108 Fulton Fish Market/Other Public Markets Penalty Schedule
WHOLESALE MARKETS VIOLATIONS. Note: All penalties are in dollar amounts. Repeat penalties apply for violations of the same subsection penalty schedule.Missing: Bronx | Show results with:Bronx
[51]
NYCEDC and Con Agg Global Announce New Blue Highway ...
Apr 22, 2025 · ... Bronx in an environmental justice area. Removing ... Fulton Fish Market,” said Bronx Community Board 2 District Manager Ralph Acevedo.
[52]
Ramping Up Our Shell Recycling with The Fulton Fish Market ...
Nov 8, 2024 · The Fulton Fish Market Cooperative becomes our next shell transfer station, supporting Billion Oyster Project in scaling up the Shell Recycling Program.
[53]
Fulton Fish Market and First Down Materials form Partnership to ...
Feb 15, 2024 · The goals of our partnership are wholly aligned with the City's Blue Highway initiatives and will enable us to start reducing the carbon impact ...Missing: regulations | Show results with:regulations
[54]
Vendors in New York's famed Fulton Fish Market ticketed for multiple ...
Apr 10, 2025 · The US state of New York's famed Fulton Fish Market has been ticketed for multiple violations of fishing conservation practices following an inspection of ...Missing: health | Show results with:health
[55]
Mercury in Commercial Fish: Optimizing Individual Choices to ...
Thus, commercial fish enter New Jersey markets from several sources: the Fulton Fish Market, the Philadelphia fish market, commercial landings along the New ...
[56]
https://www.savingseafood.org/news/law/fulton-fish-market-joins-lawsuit-against-empire-wind/
[57]
Businesses, environmentalists join forces to stop NY offshore wind ...
Jul 9, 2025 · The Bronx's massive Fulton Fish Market ... Ocean City, Maryland has also come out in opposition of another offshore wind project close to its ...
[58]
Seafood workers, supporters rally at Fulton market against Empire ...
Jul 16, 2025 · “These projects will eliminate access to vital fishing grounds, destabilize our seafood infrastructure, and trade American jobs for short-term ...
[59]
Long Island fishermen fight to stop offshore wind farm - PIX11
Jul 15, 2025 · The head of the Fulton Fish Market Cooperative rallied alongside local fishermen and joined a decade-long fight to stop an offshore wind farm now under ...
[60]
Fulton Fish Market Hosts Rally Urging President Trump to Stop ...
Fulton Fish Market Hosts Rally Urging President Trump to Stop Empire Wind Project Seafood News. ... “Offshore wind is not a supplement to our... To read the rest ...
[61]
Fulton Fish Market Cooperative rallies to urge Trump to halt Empire ...
“These projects will eliminate access to vital fishing grounds, destabilize our seafood infrastructure, and trade American jobs for short-term foreign-backed ...Missing: regulations | Show results with:regulations
[62]
Testing for Imperfect Competition at the Fulton Fish Market on JSTOR
In this article, I report the results of a study of the prices paid by individual buyers at the Fulton fish market in New York City.
[63]
[PDF] The Fulton Fish Market - American Economic Association
The high level of product differentiation and the institutional structure in the Fulton fish market can lead to patterns of behavior that suggest imperfect ...Missing: expansion | Show results with:expansion
[64]
A dynamic model of price discrimination and inventory management ...
Testing for imperfect competition at the Fulton Fish Market. The RAND Journal of Economics. (1995). K. Graddy. The Fulton Fish Market. Journal of Economic ...Missing: oligopoly | Show results with:oligopoly
[65]
Problems surface at Fulton Fish Market - Saving Seafood
Business at the 400,000-square-foot market, which accounts for 5% of U.S. seafood sales, has been shrinking. According to Local 359, which represents the vast ...
[66]
[PDF] How the Fulton Fish Market Really Works
Additional economic rents at the market were created by subsidized rents and lax regulation created fertile ground for organized crime to operate. History. The ...
[67]
The Fulton Fish Market | Columbia University Press
This book is a lively and comprehensive history of the Fulton Fish Market, from its founding in 1822 through its move to the Bronx in 2005.
[68]
[PDF] Immigrants and the Making of the Fulton Fish Market
Feb 1, 2024 · ... labor to purchase, provides far more robust insight into the specific impacts immigrants had on Fulton Fish Market and the American seafood.
[69]
A Market for Plenty: Immigrants and the Making of the Fulton Fish ...
This article builds on pre-existing general scholarship regarding the Fulton Fish Market and introduces perspectives found in contemporary newspapers, memoirs,Missing: sociological | Show results with:sociological
[70]
Fulton Fish Market Hosts Rally Urging President Trump to Halt ...
Jul 16, 2025 · “Our industry feeds America. NOAA reported that in 2022, New York's seafood industry supported nearly 70,000 jobs and over $9.2 billion in sales ...
[71]
https://fultonfishmarket.com/pages/sustainability
[72]
Joseph Mitchell's Human Interest in the Fulton Fish Market Jonathan ...
Nov 22, 2022 · Mitchell's stories indirectly traced the supply chains for seafood of all kinds. The Fulton Fish Market served as the hub for all of those ...
[73]
Louis Morino, the Wise Man of Seafood | The New Yorker
Joseph Mitchell's 1952 piece about the seafood restaurant Sloppy Louie's and its contemplative proprietor, Louis Morino.
[74]
The Fulton Fish Market | Columbia University Press
This book is a lively and comprehensive history of the Fulton Fish Market, from its founding in 1822 through its move to the Bronx in 2005.<|separator|>
[75]
Fulton Fish Market - song and lyrics by Community Housin | Spotify
Listen to Fulton Fish Market on Spotify. Song · Community Housin · 2004.
[76]
Fulton Fish Market - Mark Street - The Film-Makers' Cooperative
New York City's Fulton Fish Market explodes with movement, sound and color between the hours of midnight and 7 AM, Monday through Friday in lower Manhattan.<|separator|>
[77]
Fulton Fish Market U.S.A. (2009) - IMDb
Rating 8/10 (12) Nicolay lets the Fulton Fish Market speak for itself and tell its own story sans a narrator or an overly constructed story line. The editing was crisp yet ...
[78]
"WHILE THE CITY SLEEPS” DISCOVERY '70 TV SHOW EPISODE ...
Apr 6, 2024 · ... markets are Hunts Point Market, Fulton Fish Market, and Manhattan's wholesale flower market. The film is a Jules Power production in ...Missing: references | Show results with:references
[79]
The Billion Dollar New Fulton Fish Market in New York - YouTube
May 24, 2023 · Discover New Fulton Fish Market, the biggest and roughest fish market in America, located in the district of Hunt's Point in the Bronx.Missing: daily mechanics functioning