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Gaba

Gaba or GABA may refer to:

[[Places]] ** Modern places ** Historical places
[[People]] ** Surname ** Given name
[[Biology]] ** Neurotransmitter function ** Applications in food and health
[[Other uses]] ** Businesses and organizations ** Cultural and media references ** Science and technology

Places

Modern places

Gąba is a small village in east-central Poland, situated in the administrative district of Gmina Mszczonów within Żyrardów County, Masovian Voivodeship. As of the 2021 census, it has a population of 178 residents.^[1] The local economy is primarily based on agriculture, typical for rural communities in the region, with surrounding fields supporting crop cultivation and small-scale farming. Jaba' (also historically known as Gaba or Geba) refers to a site near Mount Carmel in the Haifa District of Israel, where a Palestinian Arab village once stood until its depopulation during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The area now hosts the moshav of Geva Carmel.^[2] The village was part of the "Little Triangle" with Ein Ghazal and Ijzim, known for fruit trees irrigated by the Ein Ayala spring; nearby modern banana plantations continue agricultural use. Jaba' is a village in the Jenin Governorate of the West Bank, Palestine, located southwest of Jenin city amid fertile plains suitable for farming. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 10,323 in 2017, with projections estimating growth to 11,903 by 2025.^[3] It plays a key role in local agriculture, with residents cultivating olives, vegetables, and grains on terraced lands, contributing to the governorate's economy as one of the West Bank's primary agricultural zones.^[4] The community maintains traditional practices, including olive harvesting, which supports household livelihoods and local markets. Ggaba (often spelled Gaba) is a residential neighborhood and parish in the Makindye Division of Kampala, Uganda's capital, situated along the northern shores of Lake Victoria. The 2024 Uganda Population and Housing Census records a population of 28,501 in the Ggaba Parish, part of greater Kampala's estimated 1.8 million residents.^[5] As a suburban area, it features a mix of housing estates, small businesses, and proximity to urban amenities like markets and schools, while benefiting from lakeside access for fishing and recreation; its development reflects Kampala's expansion as a bustling East African metropolis.^[6] Gaba Station (尕巴站) is a remote stop on the Qinghai–Tibet Railway in China, approximately 397 kilometers from the line's starting point at Xining, serving high-altitude transport through the Tibetan Plateau. Located at an elevation exceeding 4,000 meters, it facilitates connectivity to Tibetan regions, aiding passenger and freight movement in one of the world's most challenging terrains. The station underscores the railway's engineering feats, with over 960 kilometers of track above 4,000 meters, supporting economic links between Qinghai Province and the Tibet Autonomous Region.^[7]

Historical places

Gaba, also known as Gaba Hippeon, was an ancient settlement located at Tel Shush (or Tell Abu Shusha) in the Jezreel Valley of modern-day Israel, situated on the eastern slopes of the Menashe Hills near Kibbutz Mishmar HaEmek. Although not explicitly named in Joshua 19:23, which delineates the territorial inheritance of the tribe of Issachar—including nearby cities like Jezreel and Shunem—the location falls within this tribal allotment, suggesting Gaba's integration into the Iron Age settlement network of northern Israel around the 10th–8th centuries BCE.^[8] Later, in the Hellenistic and Roman eras, Herod the Great refounded the site as Gaba Hippeon circa 20 BCE, establishing it as a planned urban center for his cavalry veterans to secure trade routes in the fertile valley; excavations have uncovered Hellenistic coins, Roman-era buildings, and a Byzantine church, underscoring its evolution from an Iron Age tell to a key Herodian outpost.^[9] In ancient Persia, Gabae (Old Persian *Gaba-) was a significant town and regional designation in the area corresponding to modern Isfahan province, Iran, documented in Achaemenid administrative records such as the Persepolis Fortification Tablets where it appears as Kabaš.^[10] Etymologically derived from the Old Persian root *gaba-, meaning "hill" or "elevated place," the name reflected its topographic setting amid the central Iranian plateau, serving as an administrative hub during the Achaemenid Empire (c. 550–330 BCE) for managing local resources, tribute collection, and communication networks between Persis and Media.^[11] Archaeological traces, including Achaemenid-era seals and inscriptions from nearby sites, indicate Gabae's role in imperial governance, though the town itself remains partially unexcavated; it later became a Parthian provincial capital before evolving into the Sasanian city of Aspahan (precursor to Isfahan) by the 3rd century CE.^[12]

People

Surname

Gaba is a surname associated with several notable figures across business, arts, sports, politics, and entertainment. Harold Gaba (January 22, 1946 – March 9, 2009) was an American businessman who served as president and CEO of Act III Communications, a multimedia holding company founded by Norman Lear that included theater chains and broadcast properties, contributing to real estate developments through cinema operations in New York and beyond.^[13]^[14] Lester Gaba (June 24, 1907 – August 12, 1987) was an American sculptor, writer, and retail display designer renowned for revolutionizing mannequin aesthetics in the 1930s by creating lifelike figures like the "Gaba Girls" for Saks Fifth Avenue, modeled after New York socialites to lampoon high society.^[15] His iconic mannequin Cynthia, introduced in 1932, became a media sensation, featured in Life magazine and even starring in a 1938 Hollywood short film, while he authored books on soap carving and display techniques.^[15] Gaba also contributed to fashion design, including innovative handbag concepts that blended sculpture with functionality.^[16] Marianne Gaba (November 13, 1939 – May 3, 2016) was an American model and actress who gained prominence as Miss Illinois USA 1957, placing 15th at the Miss Universe pageant that year, and later as Playboy's Playmate of the Month for September 1959.^[17] Her acting career included roles in films such as How to Murder Your Wife (1965) as a party guest and Missile to the Moon (1958) as a Moon Girl, alongside television appearances on Burke's Law (1963) and Mike Hammer (1958).^[18] Milan Gába (fl. 1970s–1980s) was a Czechoslovak slalom canoeist of Slovak nationality who competed internationally from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, earning a bronze medal in the C-1 team event at the 1981 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Bulgaria alongside teammates Karel Třešňák and Karel Ťoupalík.^[19] He participated in three World Championships, placing eighth in the individual C-1 event at the 1979 edition in Jonquière, Canada.^[20] Millind Gaba (born December 7, 1990) is an Indian singer, songwriter, music producer, and actor known for his contributions to Punjabi and Bollywood music, including hits like "Nazar Lag Jayegi" from Welcome Back (2015) and playback singing in films such as Street Dancer 3D (2020).^[21] His acting roles include appearances in Bollywood productions like Yaariyan 2 (2023) and Tutak Tutak Tutiya (2016), alongside television work in shows such as Yeh Vaada Raha (2015–2016).^[22] Mo Gaba (January 26, 2006 – July 28, 2020) was an American sports superfan from Baltimore, Maryland, who battled osteosarcoma and other cancers from infancy, losing his sight to a retinal tumor but remaining an inspirational figure for the MLB's Baltimore Orioles and NFL's Baltimore Ravens.^[23] Despite undergoing multiple treatments including chemotherapy and a bone-marrow transplant, he became a radio call-in favorite, announced an NFL draft pick in Braille in 2020, threw the first pitch at an Orioles game, and called a play in a Ravens huddle that led to a touchdown; tributes included his induction into the Orioles Hall of Fame on the day of his death and special bobbleheads honoring his legacy.^[23]^[24] Pierre Toura Gaba (December 28, 1920 – 1998) was a Chadian politician and diplomat who served as the first Minister of Foreign Affairs of independent Chad from 1960 to 1961 under President François Tombalbaye, playing a key role in establishing the nation's post-colonial foreign relations.^[25] He later held ambassadorships, including to West Germany (1974), Italy, Switzerland, and the United States (1977–1978), where he advanced Chad's diplomatic ties during turbulent periods of civil conflict.^[26]

Given name

Gaba is a feminine given name of Hebrew origin, derived from the word gib'ah (גִּבְעָה), meaning "hill" or "height." This etymology reflects its biblical roots, where similar terms denote elevated landscapes, and it has been adopted in Jewish naming traditions as a standalone name symbolizing elevation or prominence.^[27] In Eastern European cultures, particularly among Slovak and Polish communities, Gaba functions primarily as a diminutive or pet form of the name Gabriela, offering an affectionate, shortened variant for everyday use. This usage aligns with regional naming customs where diminutives add warmth and familiarity, often appearing in informal contexts or as stage names. While it occasionally overlaps with surname variants in family naming practices, Gaba as a given name remains distinct in its personal, first-name application.^[28]^[29] The name Gaba is relatively rare in contemporary usage, especially in English-speaking regions, with fewer than five recorded births per year in the United States from 1880 to 2023 according to naming databases. Globally, its incidence as a standalone given name in Hebrew-derived or Eastern European contexts is low, estimated at under 100 bearers in recent records, though broader forename counts may include variants from other cultural origins. A notable example of its modern adoption is Gaba Kulka (born Gabriela Konstancja Kulka in 1979), a Polish singer-songwriter and performer recognized for her innovative pop and alternative music, including albums like Hat, Rabbit (2007) and Wriggle and Spark (2009), where she employs Gaba as her professional moniker.^[30]^[31]^[32]

Biology

Neurotransmitter function

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), also known as 4-aminobutanoic acid, is a non-proteinogenic amino acid with the chemical formula \ce{NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH}. It features a linear four-carbon chain where an amino group (\ce{-NH2}) is attached to the gamma carbon (the fourth carbon from the carboxyl group), and a carboxylic acid group (\ce{-COOH}) terminates the chain at the alpha position. This structure can be visualized as a straight aliphatic backbone, distinguishing GABA from other neurotransmitters like glutamate, which shares a similar biosynthetic precursor but possesses an additional carboxyl group.^[33] GABA is biosynthesized primarily in the presynaptic terminals of neurons from the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate through a decarboxylation reaction catalyzed by the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). This irreversible process requires pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), a derivative of vitamin B6, as a cofactor and occurs within the glutamate-GABA-glutamine cycle, where GABA is later metabolized back to glutamate via GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). In mammals, two isoforms of GAD—GAD65 and GAD67—facilitate this synthesis, with GAD67 being cytosolic and involved in general GABA production, while GAD65 is membrane-associated and supports synaptic vesicle loading. This pathway ensures GABA's availability as the chief inhibitory signaling molecule in the central nervous system (CNS).^[33]^[34] As the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mature mammalian CNS, GABA reduces neuronal excitability by binding to two main receptor types: ionotropic GABA_A receptors and metabotropic GABA_B receptors. Activation of GABA_A receptors, which are ligand-gated chloride ion channels composed of multiple subunits (e.g., α, β, γ), allows influx of \ce{Cl-} ions into the postsynaptic neuron, leading to hyperpolarization and generation of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) that decrease the likelihood of action potential firing. In contrast, GABA_B receptors, G-protein-coupled heterodimers (typically GB1-GB2), inhibit neurotransmitter release presynaptically by reducing calcium influx and hyperpolarize postsynaptically via potassium channel activation, further dampening excitability. This dual mechanism maintains neural balance, preventing overexcitation in circuits across the brain and spinal cord.^[35]^[36] GABA plays crucial physiological roles in regulating anxiety, sleep, muscle tone, and seizure activity. In anxiety modulation, GABA inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, with reduced GABAergic tone linked to heightened stress responses; for instance, GABA_A receptor agonists like benzodiazepines alleviate anxiety by enhancing inhibitory signaling. For sleep, GABA promotes sedation and slow-wave sleep through brainstem and thalamic circuits, where imbalances (e.g., excessive GABA in hypersomnia) disrupt arousal states. In muscle tone control, GABA_B receptor activation reduces spasticity by inhibiting spinal motor neuron excitability, as seen with agonists like baclofen for conditions such as multiple sclerosis. Regarding seizure prevention, GABA counteracts glutamatergic excitation; disruptions in GABA synthesis or receptor function contribute to epileptic activity by allowing unchecked neuronal firing. These roles underscore GABA's essential function in homeostasis.^[33]^[37]^[35] GABA concentrations in the mammalian brain reach millimolar levels (typically 1-5 mM), varying by region to support localized inhibition; for example, the highest levels occur in the substantia nigra, a basal ganglia structure rich in GABAergic projection neurons from the striatum, facilitating motor control. Distribution is widespread, with elevated GABA in areas like the neocortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum, reflecting its role in diverse circuits. These levels are maintained through active synthesis and vesicular storage, ensuring rapid release during synaptic transmission.^[38]^[33] Evolutionarily, GABA signaling is ancient, present in invertebrates such as gastropod molluscs where it serves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in neural circuits, and in plants where it regulates stress responses and growth via glutamate decarboxylase without a dedicated CNS. However, in mammals, GABA's role evolved to become central to CNS development, initially acting excitatorily in immature neurons due to high intracellular chloride (via depolarizing GABA_A receptors) to promote proliferation, migration, and synaptogenesis in regions like the cortex and hippocampus. As development progresses, expression of the potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC2 shifts GABA to its mature inhibitory function through chloride extrusion, establishing balanced neural networks essential for mature brain function. This transition highlights GABA's conserved yet specialized role across phylogeny, with mammalian adaptations emphasizing inhibitory control in complex CNS architecture.^[39]^[40]^[41]

Applications in food and health

GABA-enriched teas, such as GABA oolong or GABA green tea, are produced by subjecting leaves of Camellia sinensis to anaerobic fermentation under nitrogen or vacuum conditions, which enhances GABA synthesis through glutamate decarboxylation and can elevate levels by 10–20 times compared to conventional teas.^[42] This process typically involves anoxic treatment for several hours at controlled temperatures, resulting in GABA concentrations reaching up to 2.5 mg/g in optimized products like pickled or oolong variants.^[43] These teas are promoted for relaxation effects, with human studies showing that consumption of GABA-fortified oolong tea (containing approximately 2 mg GABA per serving) increases alpha brain waves and reduces autonomic stress markers like heart rate variability in stressed individuals.^[44] Additionally, regular intake has been linked to modest reductions in diastolic blood pressure (around 4–5 mmHg) and improved quality of life in hypertensive subjects, attributed to GABA's inhibitory neurotransmitter role in promoting calmness.^[45] Dietary supplements containing synthetic or fermented GABA are widely available in doses of 100–500 mg, often marketed for alleviating anxiety and improving sleep quality.^[46] A 2020 systematic review of human trials found limited evidence that oral GABA reduces subjective stress and shortens sleep latency (by 5–10 minutes in some cases), though effects are inconsistent and primarily observed with prolonged use over 1–4 weeks.^[47] While traditional views hold that GABA has poor blood-brain barrier penetration, emerging 2020s research indicates potential peripheral and gut-brain axis mechanisms, where oral GABA modulates vagal nerve signaling and microbiota to influence mood without direct central entry.^[48] For instance, a 2025 mouse study demonstrated that chronic 200 mg/kg oral GABA supplementation mitigated anxiety-like behaviors by regulating immune homeostasis and complement activation, suggesting translational potential for human gut-mediated anxiolysis.^[49] GABA has been self-affirmed as GRAS by manufacturers for use in foods at levels up to 100 mg per serving, though FDA has not issued letters of no objection on submitted notices; safety reviews indicate no significant adverse effects in doses up to 18 g daily for short periods or 120 mg daily for 12 weeks.^[50]^[51] In fermented foods, GABA is biosynthesized by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Levilactobacillus brevis via glutamate decarboxylase enzymes, converting dietary glutamate into GABA during fermentation, which enriches products like kimchi, yogurt, and cheese.^[52] For example, kimchi fermented with L. brevis strains can achieve GABA levels of 5–100 mM, while yogurt enriched with L. plantarum reaches about 150 mg/100 mL, enhancing the functional probiotic profile.^[53] These GABA-producing LAB strains contribute to health applications by supporting gut microbiota balance, with clinical trials showing that consumption of GABA-fortified fermented milk (300–320 mg/L GABA) lowers systolic blood pressure by 3–4 mmHg in mildly hypertensive adults over 12 weeks.^[54] A 2024 review of probiotic interventions highlighted GABA's role in mood regulation through anti-inflammatory effects and gut-brain signaling, with meta-analytic evidence from related trials indicating reduced anxiety scores (effect size ~0.4) in mood disorder patients consuming LAB-fermented products, though direct GABA-specific meta-analyses remain limited.^[48] Safety profiles indicate no toxicity risks at typical intake levels (under 200 mg/day from diet), consistent with reviews showing safety at higher doses.^[51] Plant sources like germinated grains or tomatoes naturally contain trace GABA, but microbial fermentation with Lactobacillus species is preferred for scalable functional foods due to higher yields and stability.^[52] This biosynthesis enables the development of GABA-enriched beverages and snacks, where LAB strains optimize production under acidic conditions (pH 3.5–5.0), yielding up to 300 mg/L in dairy ferments for targeted nutritional applications.^[55] Overall, these food and health uses leverage GABA's established inhibitory effects on neural excitability to offer non-pharmacological support for relaxation and metabolic health.^[47]

Other uses

Businesses and organizations

Gaba Corporation is a Japanese operator of eikaiwa schools specializing in one-on-one English conversation lessons, founded in March 1995 to provide customized instruction outside traditional group formats. Initially offering lessons in public spaces, the company opened its first dedicated studios in 2000 and has since expanded to 36 Learning Studios across major regions including Kanto, Kansai, and Chubu. The company name derives from the acronym "Girls, Be Ambitious; Boys, Be Audacious," inspired by a historical phrase encouraging ambition.^[56]^[57]^[58] In the 2010s, Gaba Corporation faced significant controversies related to its employment practices, including disputes over instructors' contractor status and unpaid preparation time, leading to legal challenges and union actions. A 2010 report highlighted accusations of misleading financial disclosures regarding labor relations, while a 2011 court case addressed compensation for non-teaching hours. The company underwent restructuring efforts, including a 2018 rebranding of select studios to "Gaba Corporation NEXT Learning Studios" and renewals in locations like Chiba and Tsukuba in 2020. In July 2022, Nova Holdings acquired Gaba Corporation from Nichii Gakkan, making it a wholly owned subsidiary.^[59] These changes have allowed it to continue operations into 2025.^[60]^[61]^[56] GABA Holding AG, a Swiss-based oral care company, was acquired by Colgate-Palmolive in 2004 for approximately $841 million, enhancing the latter's presence in European pharmacy channels. Founded with a focus on therapeutic oral health products, GABA specializes in toothpastes and mouthwashes featuring patented technologies such as stabilized stannous fluoride and enzyme-based formulations in brands like Meridol and Elmex. Prior to the acquisition, the company generated nearly $300 million in annual sales across 15 European countries, primarily from oral care items endorsed by dental professionals. As an integrated subsidiary, GABA continues to contribute to Colgate-Palmolive's global oral care portfolio, which reported $15.6 billion in segment net sales for 2024.^[62]^[63]^[64] Other organizations bearing the GABA name include the German American Business Association, a non-profit alliance promoting transatlantic commerce since 1991, and the Global African Business Association, which supports African diaspora entrepreneurship; no major expansions or mergers for these entities were reported as of 2025.^[65]^[66]

Cultural and media references

In Cebuano culture from the Visayan regions of the Philippines, gabâ (also spelled gaba) represents a concept of imminent, non-divine retribution akin to negative karma, where misfortune or suffering arises as a direct consequence of moral wrongdoing. Rooted in pre-colonial folklore, this belief underscores ethical behavior through oral traditions and proverbs, portraying gabâ as a cyclic force that enforces social norms, such as respect for elders or prohibitions against harming nature. For instance, in traditional tales documented by Cebuano literature scholar Erlinda Kintanar-Alburo, gabâ manifests as physical afflictions like tumors or curses, as seen in stories where characters suffer for acts like striking a sacred animal, serving as cautionary narratives passed down through generations.^[67]^[68]^[69] Gába is a bilingual periodical magazine in Northern Sámi and Norwegian, established on International Women's Day, March 8, 1996, by the Sámi Women's Forum (Sami Nisson Forum) in Norway. Published six times annually, it emphasizes indigenous Sámi rights, cultural preservation, and gender-specific issues, featuring articles, interviews, poetry, short stories, and book reviews that highlight ethnic identity and social challenges faced by Sámi women. Supported by Norwegian state allocations, Gába has addressed key topics such as land rights disputes, cultural revitalization, and gender equality in indigenous contexts through its issues into the 2020s, fostering dialogue within the Sámi community.^[70] In media, the term "GABA" appears in Philip K. Dick's 1977 novel A Scanner Darkly in reference to the neurotransmitter fluid in the brain, which is depleted by substance abuse, leading to hallucinations and altered states of consciousness that explore themes of perception and societal control.^[71]

Science and technology

Gabapentin, an anticonvulsant medication, was first synthesized in the 1970s during efforts to develop GABA analogues for epilepsy treatment.^[72] It received FDA approval in 1993 as an adjunctive therapy for partial seizures in patients with epilepsy.^[73] Structurally related to the neurotransmitter GABA, gabapentin features a cyclohexane ring attached to a GABA-like backbone, allowing it to cross the blood-brain barrier more effectively than GABA itself.^[74] The medication is primarily indicated for epilepsy and postherpetic neuralgia, but it is commonly prescribed off-label for various neuropathic pain conditions, such as diabetic neuropathy and fibromyalgia.^[72] Its therapeutic effects stem from binding to the α₂δ-1 and α₂δ-2 subunits of high-voltage-activated calcium channels in the central nervous system, which inhibits calcium influx at presynaptic terminals and reduces the release of excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate.^[75] This mechanism indirectly enhances inhibitory signaling, drawing inspiration from the role of biological GABA in modulating neuronal excitability.^[76] By 2024, gabapentin prescriptions in the United States had risen to approximately 58.9 million annually, up from 24.2 million in 2010, underscoring its widespread adoption despite increasing concerns over misuse and dependency.^[77] In computational neuroscience, GABA serves as a conceptual foundation for algorithms modeling inhibitory networks in artificial neural systems, such as spiking neuron models that simulate fast GABAergic synapses to generate oscillatory patterns and asynchronous firing.^[78] These bio-inspired approaches aid in understanding and replicating brain-like dynamics in machine learning frameworks for tasks involving rhythmicity and synchronization.^[79]

References

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Feb 18, 2025 · GABA is a crucial inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human brain. Dysfunction in the GABA system can lead to various disease processes, ...
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GABA is a neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger in your brain. It slows down your brain by blocking specific signals in your central nervous system.
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GABA: Uses and Risks - WebMD
Sep 7, 2023 · GABA is used for mood, anxiety, and sleep, but there are limited studies on its effectiveness and safety, and it's not recommended for pregnant ...
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Ayala Spur (Shluhat Ayala) Trail on Mount Carmel - KKL JNF
In the plain at the foot of Mount Carmel lie Moshav Geva Carmel (which preserves the name of the vanished village of Jaba'), Moshav Tzrufa and Moshav Ayala.
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Year Population for Jenin Governorate by Locality 2017-2021
Projected Mid -Year Population for Jenin Governorate by Locality 2017-2021 ... Jaba', 10605, 10,323, 10,537, 10,757, 10,981, 11,208. Al Fandaqumiya, 10615, 4,228 ...
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Year Population for Jenin Governorate by Locality 2017-2026
Al A'sa'asa, 10585, 566 ; Al A'ttara, 10590, 1233 ; Siris, 10600, 5968 ; Jaba', 10605, 10323 ; Al Fandaqumiya, 10615, 4228 ...
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[PDF] KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY - Uganda Bureau of Statistics
Jun 2, 2025 · POPULATION PYRAMID FOR KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY ... GGABA. 15,163. 13,338. 28,501. KABALAGALA. 9,191. 6,387. 15,578. KANSANGA. 15,149. 12,527. 27,676.
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GGABA. Parish 28,501 people • 8,777 households. Share View Data.
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Jan 9, 2024 · Dubbed a "miracle" of engineering, the so-called Sky Train climbs to an elevation of 5,702m at the "roof of the world". The Qinghai-Tibet ...
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Tel Shush (Hebrew: תל שוש) or Tell Abu Shusha (Arabic: تل أبو شوشة) is a tell located next to Kibbutz Mishmar HaEmek on the eastern slopes of the Menashe ...Missing: ancient | Show results with:ancient
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Tell Abu Shusha | Jezreel Valley Regional Project
The theory that Tell Abu Shusha should be identified as the site of the important Roman city of Gaba is based on the results of 50 years of sporadic ...Missing: biblical | Show results with:biblical
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Dig King Herod's Ancient City. Tell Abu Shusha is the name given to a mysterious hill by the Ottoman era villagers who lived on its summit.Missing: Joshua 19:23
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Excavation Projects | Jezreel Valley Regional Project
Tell Abu Shusha is the site of ancient Gaba Hippeon, a city founded by King Herod as a base for his cavalry forces. Earlier, the site was an important town ...Missing: Shush | Show results with:Shush
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GABAE - Encyclopaedia Iranica
Dec 15, 2000 · GABAE (Gk. Gábai), the name of two places in Persia and Sogdiana. 1. A town in Persis with the name Gábai, which apparently is derived from ...
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ISFAHAN iv. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD - Encyclopaedia Iranica
The underlying Old Iranian toponym would be *Gaba (> Mid. Pers. Gay, as OPers. Ragā > Ray), for which a meaning of “lowland” (and hence, winter pasture) has ...
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Gabae (Isfahan) - Livius.org
Sep 24, 2020 · The town was a provincial capital in Parthian times and received its current name Isfahan in the age of the Sasanians (Aspahan, "place of the army").Missing: Gaba | Show results with:Gaba
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Concord Music Group Co-owner Hal Gaba Dies Aged 63 - Billboard
Mar 13, 2009 · While still partnering with Lear, Gaba gained the title of president and chief executive officer of multi-media holding company ACT III ...Missing: Harold businessman
[18]
Kkr To Acquire Act Iii Theater Chain In $660 Million Transaction
Oct 21, 1997 · Hal Gaba, ACT III's chief executive officer, said he doesn't expect cinema operations in this market to change. “They're buying the company ...Missing: Harold Communications
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Mannequin Pixie Dream Girl - 99% Invisible
Nov 26, 2019 · Carolyn grew up in Hannibal, Missouri and remembered a family friend named Lester Gaba. Gaba had grown up in Hannibal in the early 1900s and ...
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In 1932 the influential American mannequin designer and display director Lester Gaba (1907-1987) dismissed wax as 'old-fashioned as the bustle', critiquing ...<|separator|>
[21]
https://music.apple.com/us/artist/millind-gaba/595790785
[22]
Marianne Gaba - IMDb
She was the Playmate of the Month in the September, 1959 issue of "Playboy." Gaba went on to act in a handful of films and television shows in the wake of her ...
[23]
[PDF] Medal Winners - International Canoe Federation
World Championships Medal Winners • Canoe / Kayak Slalom Racing. World ... GABA Milan (TCH). SCHUMACHER Josef (FRG). 1979. Desbiens (CAN). VERGER Jean-Luc ...
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https://www.mlb.com/orioles/fans/mo-gaba-day
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Millind Gaba - Apple Music
Listen to music by Millind Gaba on Apple Music. Find top songs and albums by Millind Gaba including Paris Ka Trip, Nachi Nachi (From "Street Dancer 3D") and ...
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Millind Gaba - IMDb
Millind Gaba is known for Tutak Tutak Tutiya (2016), Dilliwaali Zaalim Girlfriend (2015) and Yaariyan 2 (2023). More at IMDbPro.Missing: Bollywood | Show results with:Bollywood
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Superfan Mo Gaba, beloved by Orioles, Ravens, dies at 14 - ESPN
Jul 28, 2020 · Mo Gaba, a beloved Baltimore superfan, died Tuesday from cancer. He was 14. A frequent caller on a sports talk-radio show, Gaba became an inspirational figure ...
[28]
Mo Gaba Day | Baltimore Orioles - MLB.com
Jul 28, 2020 · Gaba, who endured four different battles with cancer and lost his eyesight prior to his passing, began calling in to local sports radio ...
[29]
Foreign ministers A-D - Rulers
Chad 1960 - 1961 Pierre Toura Gaba (b. 1920 - d. 1998) 1961 - 1963 Djibrine Kerallah (b. 1926 - d. 2001) 1963 - 1964 Maurice Ngangtar (b. 1932 - d. 2001) ...Missing: Chadian | Show results with:Chadian<|separator|>
[30]
Chad - state.gov
April 13, 1977 Pierre Toura Gaba, Appt. May 13, 1977 Amb. E. and P. November 15, 1983 Mahamat All Adoum, Appt. November 21, 1983 Amb. E. and P. NOTE ...Missing: 1920– minister
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Aug 27, 2025 · The name "Gaba" is of Hebrew origin, meaning "hill" or "height." It is a relatively uncommon name, and its etymology connects it to the Hebrew ...
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Gaba - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Gaba f (genitive singular Gaby, nominative plural Gaby, declension pattern of žena). a diminutive of the female given name Gabriela. Declension. Declension of ...
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Senses by other category - Slovak diminutives of female given names
Eta (Proper name) a diminutive of the female given name Etela; Gaba (Proper name) a diminutive of the female given name Gabriela; Hanička (Proper name) a ...
[34]
What Does The Name Gaba Mean? - Names.org
How unique is the name Gaba? From 1880 to 2023 less than 5 people per year have been born with the first name Gaba. Hoorah! You are a unique individual. Weird ...Missing: globally | Show results with:globally
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Gaba Name Meaning, Origins & Popularity - Forebears
Gaba Forename. 83,640th. Most Common. name in the World. Approximately 6,230 people bear ...
[36]
Gaba Kulka - Biography | Artist - Culture.pl
Oct 14, 2016 · Gabriela Kulka, born 1979 in Warsaw, is a pianist, singer and songwriter. Since her début in 2006, she has never settled down artistically.Missing: Eurovision | Show results with:Eurovision
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May 1, 2023 · [7][13][14] GABA is synthesized from glutamate in the presynaptic neuron by the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), which requires pyridoxal ...Missing: biosynthesis | Show results with:biosynthesis
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Insights and progress on the biosynthesis, metabolism, and ...
Dec 16, 2024 · GABA is typically synthesized by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD; EC4.1.1.15), which utilizes pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) as a cofactor. This ...
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When GABA-A receptors open chloride channels in the developing brain, the cell becomes hypopolarized and thus more likely to fire an action potential.
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Jan 17, 2015 · The role of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA has long been regarded as central to the regulation of anxiety and this neurotransmitter ...Missing: muscle | Show results with:muscle
[41]
Gut Bacteria and Neurotransmitters - PMC - NIH
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA). GABA is found in high (millimolar) concentrations in many brain regions and is released into the synaptic cleft upon ...
[42]
GABA as a Neurotransmitter in Gastropod Molluscs
The conserved role of GABA as a neurotransmitter across phylogeny supports its ancient origins and ubiquitous function in the core operation of neural circuits.
[43]
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling in plants - PMC
We propose GABA regulation of ALMT activity could function as a signal that modulates plant growth, development, and stress response.
[44]
Role of gabra2, GABAA receptor alpha-2 subunit, in CNS development
Pleiotropic effects of GABA signalling during brain development include modulation of proliferation and neuronal maturation. During cortical development, ...
[45]
GABA-enriched teas as neuro-nutraceuticals
### Summary of GABA-Enriched Teas Production, GABA Levels, and Benefits
[46]
Process Optimization and Quality Components Analysis of γ ... - NIH
Jul 20, 2024 · The highest GABA content of 2.53 mg·g −1 was found in the pickled tea with 8 h of vacuum treatment, 20 min of rolling after microwave fixing, 20 min of ...
[47]
Effect of GABA-Fortified Oolong Tea on Reducing Stress ... - Frontiers
Mar 25, 2019 · We conclude that autonomic imbalance and HRV in people with acute stress is significantly reduced following a cup of GABA fortified oolong tea.Missing: anaerobic fermentation
[48]
Versatile Effects of GABA Oolong Tea on Improvements in Diastolic ...
Nov 12, 2023 · This study suggests that GO tea might potentially serve as a natural source for alternative therapy to improve blood pressure, stress relief, and QOL.
[49]
Gaba for Sleep - Sleep Foundation
Jul 15, 2025 · Although studies to date have been small, taking GABA supplements before bed has shown promise in decreasing how long it takes to fall asleep.
[50]
Effects of Oral Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Administration on ...
Sep 17, 2020 · Results show that there is limited evidence for stress and very limited evidence for sleep benefits of oral GABA intake.
[51]
The Effect of Oral GABA on the Nervous System: Potential for ... - MDPI
May 6, 2024 · Animal studies provide some evidence that small amounts of GABA can cross the BBB but there is a lack of human data to support the role of ...
[52]
Long-term GABA supplementation mitigates anxiety by modulating ...
Apr 24, 2025 · This study examined the anxiolytic effects of oral GABA in chronic restraint stress (CRS) mice. Mice were divided into control, CRS, and two ...
[53]
[PDF] GRAS Notice for gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) - FDA
Mar 30, 2015 · GABA is produced consistent with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) and an Establishment Inspection Report (EIR) issued by the FDA ...Missing: 2024 meta-
[54]
Biosynthesis of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA ... - PubMed Central
Among GABA-producing microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are commonly used in the production of many fermented foods. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ( ...
[55]
Contributions of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Produced by ...
This current review highlights the synthesis and food applications of GABA produced from LABs, discusses its health benefits such as, for example, alleviating ...Missing: FDA | Show results with:FDA
[56]
https://gabateachinginjapan.com/about-us/
[57]
Biosynthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid by Lactiplantibacillus ...
Nov 7, 2022 · One of the most exciting postbiotic is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), widely produced by lactic acid bacteria, due to its benefits in health.
[58]
About Us | Gaba Teaching in Japan
Gaba is Japan's premier provider of one-to-one English instruction. Our Learning Studios set the standard by which English language learning is measured.Missing: scandals | Show results with:scandals
[59]
Gaba Corporation - Teach English in Japan - World TESOL Academy
Jul 5, 2022 · Teach in a major metropolitan area in one of their 36 locations in the Kanto, Kansai, and Chubu regions (including Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, and ...
[60]
EF-Monocle Magazine | PDF - Slideshare
Gaba is one such school. The punchy name is a shortened acronym for “Girls, be ambitious! Boys, be audacious!” – a well-worn phrase uttered by an American ...Missing: 1995 | Show results with:1995
[61]
Gaba teachers challenge 'contractor' status - The Japan Times
Oct 19, 2010 · The union accuses Gaba Corp. of lying in its 2009 financial report filed in March with the Tokyo Stock Exchange, which states that there is no ...
[62]
Gaba 'contractor' status under fire from staff, courts - The Japan Times
Dec 20, 2011 · Gaba teachers are only paid for lessons taught, so the additional time William spent at the studio waiting for lessons was unpaid, yet the ...
[63]
Colgate Completes Purchase of European Oral Care Company
Included in the assets of the business acquired is $112 million of net cash. The agreement to purchase GABA, a privately-owned European oral care company, was ...Missing: 2000 | Show results with:2000
[64]
Colgate Announces Acquisition of GABA Holding AG
Dec 18, 2003 · Colgate-Palmolive Company (NYSE:CL), world leader in toothpaste, today announced it has agreed to purchase the European oral care company GABA Holding AG.Missing: 2000 | Show results with:2000
[65]
Colgate-Palmolive | Happi
Net sales in the oral, personal and home care product segment were $15.6 billion in 2024, up 3.0% from 2023, driven by volume growth of 3.7% and net selling ...
[66]
German American Business Association: GABA
GABA is an alliance of corporations, organizations and professionals with the purpose of strengthening transatlantic business.
[67]
Gaba Network | Home
The Global African Business Association (GABA) joined community members and local entrepreneurs to celebrate the grand opening of Club Tane.
[68]
(DOC) On Cebuano Folklore, by Erlinda Kintanar-Alburo (Excerpts
1 On Cebuano Folklore, by Erlinda Kintanar-Alburo (Excerpts) (From ... The buangan, we see, is a form of gaba, which in another story comes as a tumor ...
[69]
Chapter 4 The Divine in Transitions and The Sacred in Translations in
Feb 15, 2022 · Gaba, on the other hand, is analogous to the Hindu karma, though understood primarily in the negative sense. This belief is widely spread in ...
[70]
[PDF] The Filipino Mind, Philippine Philosophical Studies II
The belief on gaba as attested in several proverbs seems to mean that suffering is cyclic. Although a person may be successful (on top of the wheel), his ...
[71]
Sámi Culture in the Nordic Countries - LAITS
In the milieu around the Sámi women's forum the periodical Gába came out with its first issue March 8, 1996. Gába is a socially conscious periodical magazine ...
[72]
[PDF] brains, minds, and computers in literary and science fiction ...
... GABA in his cerebral spinal fluid. He incorporates this discussion in A Scanner Darkly, and his thoughts on GABA are present in the Exegesis. It is odd ...
[73]
Gabapentin - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Feb 21, 2024 · Gabapentin is an anticonvulsive medication that was first discovered in the 1970s.[1] The medication received approval from the US Food and Drug ...
[74]
Gabapentin: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action - DrugBank
It was originally developed as a novel anti-epileptic for the treatment of certain types of seizures - today it is also widely used to treat neuropathic pain.
[75]
GABA Analogues - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Gabapentin is a GABA analog that has FDA approval for the treatment of seizures yet is frequently used off-label for the treatment of anxiety, neuropathic pain, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[76]
Mechanisms of the gabapentinoids and α 2 δ‐1 calcium channel ...
Originally designed as analogs of GABA, the gabapentinoids bind to the α 2 δ‐1 and α 2 δ‐2 auxiliary subunits of calcium channels, though only the former has ...
[77]
Pharmacological disruption of calcium channel trafficking by ... - PNAS
Gabapentin (GBP) binds to an exofacial epitope of the α2δ-1 and α2δ-2 auxiliary subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels, but acute inhibition of calcium ...
[78]
Rate of Gabapentin Prescribing Increasing Since 2010
Oct 8, 2025 · The researchers found that from 2010 to 2024, there was an increase in gabapentin prescriptions from 24,186,175 to 58,868,142 (79.5 to 177.6 per ...
[79]
GABA Neurons and the Mechanisms of Network Oscillations - PMC
GABA neuron-mediated fast synaptic inhibition occurs when an interneuron fires an action potential (or spike) that propagates down its axon and triggers GABA ...
[80]
Networks of interneurons with fast and slow γ-aminobutyric acid type ...
Gamma rhythms may be generated locally by interactions within a class of interneurons mediating fast GABAA (GABAA,fast) inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym