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Groundshare

A groundshare is an arrangement in sports, particularly , in which two or more teams share the use of a single or , typically to divide facilities, , and operational costs. This practice allows smaller or financially constrained clubs to access high-quality venues without the full burden of ownership, while also fostering local rivalries or collaborations between teams. Groundsharing has become widespread in European football leagues, especially in , , and other countries where land scarcity and rising infrastructure expenses make dedicated stadiums prohibitive for many clubs. It can occur within the same (intrasport), such as between two teams, or across different (intersport), like a club sharing with a team. Regulatory bodies, including the and , permit such arrangements but impose rules on scheduling, pitch maintenance, and fan safety to prevent conflicts. Historically, groundsharing surged after amid post-war reconstruction and economic pressures, with many clubs relying on it for facilities; it persisted into the late 20th century as lower-tier clubs sought to comply with rising league standards following the 1990 . Notable examples include Italy's and , who have shared the since 1947, creating one of the world's most iconic dual-use venues with a capacity of over 75,000, though in November 2025 they acquired the stadium and plan to build a new shared venue by the 2030-31 season. Similarly, and share Rome's , a setup rooted in post-World War II that accommodates both clubs' passionate fanbases. In , and shared from 2003 to 2020, highlighting how groundshares can support nomadic or relocated teams during financial recoveries. These arrangements often endure due to mutual benefits but can end amid disputes over usage rights or ambitions for independent homes.

Definition and Background

Definition of Groundshare

Groundsharing, also known as a shared or shared , refers to the practice of two or more local sports teams utilizing the same or as their primary venue for home games and events. This arrangement allows teams to collectively access high-quality facilities while primarily aiming to reduce the substantial costs associated with constructing, maintaining, and operating dedicated sports venues. The core components of groundsharing include shared access to essential facilities such as the playing surface, spectator seating, and ancillary amenities like locker rooms, training areas, and media facilities. These setups are typically formalized through legal agreements that detail scheduling protocols to prevent fixture conflicts—often prioritizing matches—along with shared responsibilities for , with standards, and allocation from sources including tickets, concessions, and sponsorships. Groundsharing differs from temporary venue use, such as neutral-site or short-term rentals during renovations, by establishing an ongoing, multi-team tenancy that endures across multiple seasons rather than isolated events or ownership changes. This model fosters a collaborative tenancy structure, enabling sustained without implying full venue by any single party. The practice is widespread in resource-limited leagues where independent stadium ownership is economically challenging. In , groundsharing is especially common in , with numerous clubs in countries like relying on shared, often municipally owned venues to host matches. In , it was prevalent during the early professional eras, as and teams frequently shared ballparks amid limited infrastructure development.

Historical Development

Groundsharing emerged in the late during the of s, particularly as clubs in lacked dedicated venues and relied on municipal or shared grounds to host matches. In the and , many early professional teams, such as those in , played on public recreation grounds or fields leased from local authorities, reflecting the nascent stage of organized where was limited and communal facilities were common. By the early , groundsharing expanded widely in for , driven by post-industrial urban growth that concentrated populations in cities with limited space for individual club facilities. In and , teams increasingly shared municipal stadiums or athletic grounds to accommodate rising attendance and league schedules, as seen in the proliferation of shared venues amid rapid . In , the practice became common in and the early (NFL), with teams like the Chicago Bears and Cubs sharing from the 1920s onward, utilizing ballparks originally built for that were adapted for football due to economic constraints. The mid-20th century marked a peak in groundsharing, particularly from the to , with the boom of multi-purpose stadiums in the United States designed to host both (MLB) and games. Innovations like , first installed at the in 1966, enabled seamless transitions between sports on artificial surfaces, facilitating shared use in venues such as in . In , post-World War II economic recovery spurred reconstruction and shared stadium development as nations prioritized cost-effective for sports amid rebuilding efforts. From the late 20th to early , groundsharing declined as leagues shifted toward sport-specific stadiums, beginning in the , to capitalize on television revenue and demands for luxury suites that maximized income from premium seating. In MLB and the , relocations to single-use facilities, such as the moving to in 1998, were driven by the need for tailored designs that boosted broadcast appeal and suite sales, rendering multi-purpose venues obsolete. In recent years (as of 2024), groundsharing has seen a resurgence in cost-sensitive markets, including lower-tier European football where clubs share facilities to manage financial pressures from and reduced sponsorships, and in the with multi-team arrangements like the and Jets at .

Reasons and Impacts

Motivations for Groundsharing

Groundsharing arrangements in sports, particularly in association football, are often driven by economic pressures associated with the high costs of stadium construction and maintenance. Modern venues typically require investments exceeding $500 million for facilities accommodating 20,000 or more spectators, encompassing advanced infrastructure, safety features, and multi-purpose capabilities to generate revenue beyond matchdays. By sharing stadiums, teams can avoid or defer these capital expenditures, distributing the financial burden across multiple users and enabling smaller clubs to operate without the full ownership costs. Additionally, annual maintenance expenses—such as utilities, security, and pitch upkeep—can be shared, reducing individual outlays through joint agreements that transfer operational risks and optimize resource use. Operational necessities further motivate groundsharing, especially for smaller or newly established teams that lack the resources to develop or maintain independent high-quality facilities. franchises or clubs in financially challenged leagues benefit from access to established venues that meet professional standards for , , and fan amenities, allowing them to focus investments on player development and operations rather than infrastructure. This approach is common in scenarios where independent ownership would strain limited budgets, providing a practical pathway for and growth without compromising competitive viability. Strategic considerations also play a key role, particularly in densely populated or competitive urban markets where establishing a foothold requires navigating high acquisition costs and fan base rivalries. Groundsharing facilitates entry into such environments by leveraging existing infrastructure, avoiding direct clashes over local support, and ensuring compliance with league-mandated venue quality thresholds that might otherwise delay . Regulatory influences in various leagues reinforce these motivations, as groundsharing often serves as a mechanism for or entry requirements. In the (EFL), clubs without owned stadiums meeting grading criteria can secure eligibility for through approved groundshare agreements, typically limited to five years at the board's discretion to encourage long-term development. Similarly, (MLS) permits shared venues as an interim solution for new teams, though it strongly prefers soccer-specific stadiums; this flexibility aids expansion in major markets while teams plan dedicated facilities.

Advantages

Groundsharing arrangements offer significant financial benefits to participating teams by allowing them to share the substantial costs associated with , maintenance, and operations. This cost-sharing model enables teams to allocate resources more efficiently toward player development, , and other core activities rather than bearing the full burden of expenses. Additionally, shared facilities can generate pooled revenue streams from ticket sales, concessions, and sponsorships, including deals that provide stable income distributed among tenants. Teams involved in groundsharing gain access to upgraded facilities and modern amenities that might otherwise be unaffordable for individual clubs, such as premium seating, advanced lighting, and integrations that enhance the overall spectator experience. These improvements not only elevate the quality of play for athletes but also allow the venue to host diverse non-sporting , like concerts, which create supplementary income opportunities through increased utilization during off-seasons or non-game days. On a level, groundsharing fosters between teams, promoting shared experiences and local rivalries that strengthen ties within multi-team cities. This setup encourages of events, potentially increasing overall attendance as supporters from different clubs interact and discover new teams through joint efforts. Such builds a vibrant sports culture, enhancing social cohesion among residents. From a perspective, groundsharing supports more efficient in areas by consolidating needs, thereby reducing the environmental footprint compared to constructing separate stadiums for each team. This approach aligns with contemporary goals in stadium design, minimizing , , and demands while optimizing and transportation logistics for multiple events.

Disadvantages

Groundsharing arrangements, while offering certain operational efficiencies, present several significant challenges that can undermine the viability and fairness of shared sports venues. These disadvantages often stem from the inherent complexities of coordinating multiple users, maintaining facilities across diverse needs, and navigating fan expectations and regulatory frameworks. One primary drawback is scheduling conflicts, which arise when overlapping game dates render venues unavailable and necessitate intricate calendar management. In sports with dense fixture lists, such as , teams must frequently adjust match times or relocate games to accommodate co-users, leading to logistical disruptions and potential fan dissatisfaction. For instance, at shared facilities like Milan's Stadium, multiple teams have had to navigate such constraints, complicating overall league timetables. Facility wear and adaptation issues further exacerbate operational difficulties, as multi-use demands accelerate degradation and incur substantial conversion expenses. Natural turf pitches, particularly in soccer, suffer damage from activities like rugby, where players' studs—often 21 mm long—tear up the surface, creating uneven conditions that impair play and require extensive repairs. Cold weather can hinder grass recovery, posing risks for subsequent events, as seen in South African stadiums preparing for the after Super 14 rugby matches. Additionally, adapting fields for differing sport dimensions, such as converting athletics tracks to football configurations, involves high costs; at London's , annual transformations between multi-use and soccer setups escalated to £6 million by 2019. These factors not only strain budgets but also compromise playing quality and safety. Fan and rivalry tensions represent another critical concern, as shared venues can erode team identity and alter perceptions of . Supporters often view groundsharing with rivals as diluting club loyalty and distinctiveness, fostering resistance and a sense of shared rather than exclusive territory; this sentiment has persisted among fans of and at since 1947. In matches at shared stadiums, home field advantage diminishes substantially—dropping to as low as 0.12 points per game in examples from 2001–2017, compared to 0.56 points in non-shared fixtures—due to mutual familiarity with the venue, which can heighten frustrations over perceived inequities in crowd support and exacerbate local rivalries. Legal and governance hurdles compound these issues through disputes over and . Conflicts frequently emerge regarding usage , with sharing parties clashing on fixture precedence and , as well as for and repairs, where unclear responsibilities lead to protracted negotiations. Lease terms often become contentious, involving debates over cost-sharing for upkeep and potential liabilities from facility damage. Moreover, governing bodies impose restrictions to prevent competitive imbalances; for example, the and enforce rules requiring board approval for venue changes and adherence to standards on capacity and safety, which can prohibit or limit intraleague groundshares to maintain equity.

Types of Groundshares

Intraleague Groundshares

Intraleague groundshares refer to arrangements where teams competing in the same or at the same competitive level share a single as their home venue, often necessitated by the substantial financial burdens of acquiring and maintaining independent facilities in . These setups are uncommon among direct rivals due to potential tensions arising from shared resources and fan rivalries, though they prove feasible in densely populated areas where stadium development costs are exceptionally high. Central features of intraleague groundshares include formalized agreements that outline equal or proportionally negotiated usage rights, prioritizing league fixtures while adhering to venue standards set by governing bodies. Such shares are more prevalent in leagues, particularly at lower tiers, where smaller clubs existing to meet operational demands without the full expense of ownership. In contrast, North American leagues like the exhibit structural elements—such as the 17-game introduced in —that offer scheduling leeway to accommodate potential sharing amid elevated venue expenses, though actual implementations remain infrequent. The practice has seen a decline since the early 2000s, coinciding with widespread stadium redevelopment and new constructions in leagues like English football, driven by post-1990 safety mandates that encouraged clubs to invest in dedicated, compliant facilities for market consolidation and fan experience enhancement. Despite this trend, intraleague groundshares persist selectively in resource-constrained environments to sustain league viability. Unique to this type are intensified regulatory challenges, as leagues impose rigorous oversight on agreements to avert , scheduling biases, or competitive imbalances that could undermine the of intraleague play. This often mandates board approvals and detailed contractual reviews to safeguard equitable and operational fairness.

Intrasport Groundshares

Intrasport groundshares refer to arrangements where teams within the same , but competing in different leagues or tiers, share a facility. These setups commonly feature a higher-division team acting as the primary occupant, providing access to its venue for a lower-tier or affiliate club that lacks adequate . This model allows smaller teams to meet regulatory standards for participation or without investing in standalone grounds. A defining characteristic is the hierarchical priority system, under which the senior team's fixtures and events take precedence over those of the junior , ensuring minimal disruption to the host's . Such shares are to pyramid-structured competitions, particularly in , where venue criteria escalate with each tier—for instance, in England's system, clubs must satisfy specific ground grading requirements to advance. explicitly permits groundsharing in the (NLS), provided it aligns with individual league rules and the NLS Regulations for the Establishment and Operation. In the (EFL), such arrangements require board approval. These arrangements are prevalent in the lower echelons of European football pyramids, where resource constraints make independent facilities challenging for emerging clubs. In England's non-league , groundsharing is common across various steps, predominantly through landlord-tenant models where higher-step clubs host those from lower steps, supporting with grading criteria. This practice aids financial viability for tenants by reducing costs and enables shared from events. Intrasport groundshares are frequently temporary, lasting until the lower-tier team secures , constructs its own venue, or finds an alternative. They foster intrasport by facilitating talent pipelines and access, while minimizing direct due to non-overlapping competitions; however, geographic proximity can lead to overlapping bases and community integration.

Intersport Groundshares

Intersport groundshares involve the adaptation of a single venue to accommodate teams and events from distinct sports, often requiring convertible playing surfaces or modular configurations to meet varying field dimensions, surface types, and equipment needs. This approach was historically prevalent before the widespread adoption of sport-specific stadium designs, allowing public or municipal facilities to serve multiple athletic disciplines such as and . Key characteristics of these arrangements include technical modifications like retractable roofs, sliding turf trays, or protective overlays to enable seamless transitions between sports. For instance, systems such as the use transport carts and vertical lifts to store natural grass fields underground, facilitating switches to hard courts or synthetic surfaces for indoor events. These features are particularly common in multi-use public stadiums, where enclosed seating bowls and adaptable infrastructure support both outdoor field sports and indoor activities. Such groundshares dominated North American stadium construction from the 1960s to the 1990s, exemplified by "cookie-cutter" venues like the (1965) and (1970), which hosted and games through flexible configurations. Their prevalence has since declined due to the rise of specialized venues optimized for individual sports' unique requirements, such as precise sightlines and surface durability; however, international examples have included soccer-rugby shares at facilities like the Ricoh Arena (now ), where and co-utilized the space from 2014 to 2022. Unique logistics in intersport groundshares emphasize compatibility challenges, such as insulating covers placed over ice rinks to protect frozen surfaces during games without full removal, allowing rapid conversions in under a day. This approach, often involving non-slip barriers and modular flooring, also extends to shared non-game events like concerts, maximizing venue utilization and revenue while minimizing downtime between disparate athletic or entertainment uses.

Current Examples

Association Football

In association football, groundsharing remains uncommon at the elite levels of the sport, particularly within the and upper echelons of the (EFL), where clubs typically maintain dedicated stadiums to meet regulatory standards for capacity, facilities, and revenue generation. As of 2025, no intraleague groundshares exist among teams, though feasibility studies continue in the EFL for potential lower-tier arrangements to address financial pressures. In contrast, groundshares are more prevalent in the lower tiers of the English and non-league divisions, often involving clubs at similar competitive levels to optimize costs and infrastructure use. Intraleague groundshares, where clubs from the same league share a venue, are rare but occur in non-league setups to support sustainability. For instance, Athletic and Bridlington Town, both competing in the Division One, agreed to a groundshare at Bridlington's Queensgate for the 2025/26 , allowing to relocate temporarily while developing their own facilities. Similarly, Linnets and Victoria, teams in the Premier Division, entered a two-year groundshare at 's APEC Taxis starting in 2025/26, enabling both clubs to consolidate operations and reduce maintenance expenses. In Scottish , Hamilton Academical relocated to in , while Clyde moved into () for the full 2025/26 following disputes over ownership. Intrasport groundshares, involving clubs from different leagues but the same , provide opportunities for smaller teams to better venues without full costs. These arrangements often feature a primary tenant club hosting a secondary one, as seen in various non-league contexts, where shared pitches require careful scheduling to manage wear from frequent use. Post-2020 , such shares have proliferated in England's lower divisions, including League Two, as clubs recover from revenue losses by pooling resources for ground upkeep and compliance with safety regulations. Intersport groundshares between and other codes, such as , highlight adaptive venue utilization but pose challenges like conversion and surface damage. This intermittent model echoes broader trends in , where national football fixtures occasionally utilize rugby-dominant venues like Principality Stadium, though club-level intersport shares remain limited to avoid conflicting schedules.

American Football

In , groundsharing is predominantly an intraleague arrangement within the (), where multiple teams co-occupy a single stadium to manage high construction and operational costs in major markets. This model allows franchises to share while maintaining distinct identities, a that has become essential in densely populated regions like the New York metropolitan area and . Unlike more temporary or multisport shares in other leagues, NFL groundshares emphasize long-term leases for modern, high-capacity venues designed specifically for play, with turf systems and field dimensions optimized for professional use. The most prominent example is the shared tenancy of the and at in , which opened in 2010 as a replacement for the aging . With a of 82,500, it is the largest stadium in the and features an equal split of costs, scheduling, and revenue between the two teams under a joint 25-year lease agreement. The arrangement ensures 10 home games per team annually, plus playoffs and other events, maximizing utilization of the $1.6 billion facility while avoiding the financial burden of separate venues in a competitive . Similarly, the and have shared in , since its opening in September 2020. The venue has a base capacity of 70,000 seats, expandable to 100,000 for major events, and was primarily developed by Rams owner as part of a $5.5 billion privately financed project that includes surrounding entertainment districts. The Chargers operate as a subtenant under a 20-year agreement, paying nominal rent of $1 per year while sharing operational expenses and non-game revenues, which allows both teams to establish a foothold in the vast Los Angeles market without individual stadium builds. Intrasport groundshares involving teams and college or leagues are rare and typically temporary, often necessitated by emergencies rather than ongoing arrangements. For instance, following in 2005, the played four home games at Louisiana State University's Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, adapting the college facility's dimensions and amenities for professional play amid the Superdome's damage. The Minnesota similarly used the University of Minnesota's TCF Bank Stadium from 2014 to 2015 during construction delays on , highlighting how such shares provide continuity but require logistical adjustments like field conversions. Shares with arena leagues, such as the former , have been even less common, limited to occasional exhibition or relocation scenarios without sustained examples in the . Economically, these intraleague groundshares have proven vital for market viability, particularly in , where Stadium's development has generated an estimated $1 billion in annual economic activity through events, tourism, and job creation, enabling the region to sustainably support two NFL franchises after decades without a dedicated venue. The shared model reduces per-team capital outlay—MetLife's joint financing spread costs across both teams—while fostering broader revenue streams from concerts and international events, though critics note that direct taxpayer benefits remain limited due to private funding structures. As of November 2025, both and arrangements remain stable, with the next opt-out opportunity for the Jets and Giants lease in 2030, ensuring continuity through at least then. These successes underscore groundsharing's role in NFL expansion strategies, influencing discussions around a potential second franchise in by demonstrating how shared facilities can activate emerging markets like the Raiders' footprint.

Other Sports

In professional and , a prominent example of an ongoing intersport groundshare is the shared use of in Los Angeles by the NBA's and the NHL's , which has been in place since the arena's opening in 1999 as a multi-purpose venue designed for both sports. This arrangement previously included the NBA's until their relocation to the in 2024, after which the Lakers and Kings continue as primary tenants, supported by the arena's convertible configuration for courts and ice rinks. In baseball, current groundshares are relatively uncommon at the major league level but occur in transitional contexts, such as the MLB's temporarily sharing in West Sacramento with their Class AAA affiliate, the , from 2025 through 2027 as part of the ' relocation process to . This intrasport arrangement leverages the facility's infrastructure for play during the interim period. In , the (MCG) exemplifies a long-standing intersport groundshare between and , where the venue hosts AFL matches for teams like the Melbourne Demons and Collingwood Magpies during the football season, then converts to cricket via portable pitches for international and domestic games by the . The MCG's annual schedule includes at least 45 AFL home-and-away games alongside cricket fixtures, facilitated by specialized turf management to accommodate both oval-based sports. Emerging groundshares in women's professional basketball include the WNBA's sharing in with the NBA's since 2020, an intrasport arrangement that utilizes the arena's basketball setup while integrating shared operational resources between the teams. Similarly, in the UK, rugby shares with soccer persist, such as the rugby league club co-occupying the with EFL Championship football club Hull City since 2003, a multi-use facility that supports both rectangular-pitch sports through modular seating and pitch configurations. Rugby union club Saracens also maintains an annual groundshare at for their "Big Game" fixture against rivals like , under a partnership extended beyond the initial 2019 five-year agreement. Globally, intrasport groundshares in minor professional leagues provide developmental pathways, as seen in North American ice hockey where American Hockey League (AHL) teams often coordinate facilities with their ECHL affiliates to optimize regional operations and player movement, though direct arena co-occupancy remains selective to align with league schedules.

Historical Examples

Notable Intraleague Cases

In association football, one prominent intraleague groundshare occurred between Wimbledon FC and Crystal Palace at Selhurst Park, following negotiations announced in 1990 that led to Wimbledon's relocation from Plough Lane in 1991; this arrangement lasted until 2003, when Wimbledon relocated to Milton Keynes and rebranded as MK Dons, amid fan protests and the original club's dissolution in 2004. Similarly, Charlton Athletic shared Selhurst Park with Crystal Palace from 1985 to 1991 after being forced to leave The Valley due to safety concerns and financial issues, a period marked by tense rivalries and culminating in Charlton's return to their own stadium following legal battles and renovations. These cases in the lower tiers and emerging Premier League era highlighted early considerations for shared facilities amid rising costs, though they often exacerbated local rivalries without long-term viability. In , the and shared in , from 1984 until 2009, with the Giants having occupied it since its opening in 1976; this intraleague arrangement, one of the NFL's longest, ended when both teams moved to the adjacent in 2010, driven by the need for modern amenities and increased capacity. The shared venue, initially built for the Giants, fostered logistical challenges like scheduling conflicts but allowed both teams to benefit from a 78,741-seat facility that hosted multiple Super Bowls and boosted regional attendance. In , the and cohabited (formerly Staples Center) from its opening in 1999 until 2024, a 25-year intraleague groundshare that intensified their rivalry while accommodating both franchises' fanbases in a 19,067-seat venue designed for multi-use events. The arrangement concluded when the relocated to the in Inglewood, leaving the Lakers as sole NBA tenants, a move attributed to the Clippers' desire for an independent home to elevate their brand amid ongoing competition with the more storied Lakers. Many notable intraleague groundshares concluded due to one team constructing its own dedicated venue, reflecting broader trends in toward team-specific facilities for and revenue control; for instance, 1990s experiments in , such as temporary intraleague accommodations during expansions, largely failed amid league growth and the steroid era's scrutiny, leading to permanent separations rather than sustained shares.

Notable Intrasport and Intersport Cases

One prominent intrasport groundshare that concluded involved , a fan-owned club in England's non-league pyramid, sharing with from 2005 to 2014. This arrangement allowed to compete in the while utilizing Bury's facilities in the Football League, but it ended as transitioned to their own venue, , in May 2015, driven by the club's desire for independence and community-focused development. A key intersport example is in , which hosted Baseball's and the NFL's Steelers from 1970 to 2000. This multi-purpose facility accommodated both sports through convertible configurations, including , but the groundshare ended with the stadium's demolition in 2001 to make way for separate, sport-specific venues— for baseball and (formerly Heinz Field) for football—addressing obsolescence in design and surface suitability. In the UK, in served as an intersport groundshare between Queens Park Rangers () and London Wasps () from 1996 to 2002. The rugby club utilized the stadium during its non-football periods, but the arrangement concluded when Wasps relocated to in to pursue a more permanent, rugby-optimized home amid growing professional demands. Twickenham Stadium, primarily a venue, occasionally hosted intersport events including internationals and matches until the 2010s, such as early experimental soccer fixtures and NFL London Games starting in 2016, though these were limited by the stadium's rugby-centric layout. The shift away from such uses intensified post-2010s renovations prioritizing rugby-specific enhancements. In , the original Sydney Football Stadium (SFS) facilitated an intersport groundshare among rugby league's , rugby union's , and soccer's from its opening in 1988 until its final events in 2018. Demolition began in 2019 for a rebuild into a modern 42,000-seat venue, ending the share due to structural aging and the need for configurations better suited to each sport's field dimensions and spectator experiences. These terminations often stemmed from venue obsolescence, where aging multi-purpose designs failed to adapt to evolving sport-specific requirements like natural grass for or varied pitch orientations for and soccer, as well as the industry-wide move away from artificial surfaces like toward grass fields optimized for individual sports.

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