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Fan

A fan is a mechanical device consisting of rotating blades or vanes driven by an electric motor or other power source to generate airflow, typically for ventilation, cooling equipment or spaces, and circulating air or gases.^[1]^[2] Fans operate on principles of fluid dynamics, where the rotation imparts kinetic energy to the air, increasing its velocity and facilitating heat dissipation or material transport, with applications ranging from household appliances to industrial exhaust systems.^[3] The modern electric fan traces its origins to the late 19th century, when Schuyler Skaats Wheeler developed the first practical electric model in 1882, marking a shift from manual or steam-powered predecessors to electrically driven designs that enabled widespread adoption for personal and commercial use.^[4] Key types include axial fans, which propel air parallel to the rotation axis for high-volume low-pressure flow, and centrifugal fans, which accelerate air radially for higher pressure in ducted systems; these distinctions arise from engineering needs for efficiency in specific volumetric and pressure requirements.^[5] While bladeless variants using Coandă effect principles have emerged for safety and aesthetics, traditional bladed fans dominate due to cost-effectiveness and proven performance in empirical testing for airflow metrics like cubic feet per minute (CFM).^[6]

Engineering and technology

Air circulation and cooling devices

The electric fan emerged in the late 19th century, building on earlier steam-powered precursors used for industrial ventilation in mines and factories during the mid-1800s.^[7] These steam-driven devices provided mechanical air movement without manual labor but were limited by their size and fuel requirements.^[8] In 1882, Schuyler Skaats Wheeler developed the first practical electric fan by mounting blades on an electric motor shaft, enabling tabletop models by 1886 that operated independently of steam or human power.^[9] This innovation leveraged electromagnetic principles to convert electrical energy into rotational motion, producing consistent airflow for personal and light industrial use.^[10] Mechanical fans operate on fluid dynamics principles, where rotating blades impart kinetic energy to air molecules, generating directed flow. Axial fans propel air parallel to the shaft axis using propeller-like blades, achieving high volume at low pressure—typically measured in cubic feet per minute (CFM), the standard metric for airflow capacity.^[11]^[12] Centrifugal fans, by contrast, draw air radially into a spinning impeller and expel it perpendicularly, building higher static pressure for overcoming duct resistance, though at lower volumes.^[13] Household variants include ceiling-mounted axial fans, which circulate air downward for evaporative cooling via increased convection, and pedestal fans offering adjustable directional flow. Bladeless designs, such as Dyson's 2009 Air Multiplier, use Coanda effect entrainment—where high-speed air from a narrow annular slot induces surrounding ambient air amplification up to 15 times the base output—enhancing safety and smooth airflow without exposed blades.^[14] In heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, axial fans facilitate exhaust in cooling towers and condensers, while centrifugal units handle pressurized distribution through ductwork.^[15] Industrial applications deploy these for machine cooling and fume extraction, dissipating heat from processes like welding or electronics assembly to prevent thermal overload.^[16] Household fans primarily enhance occupant comfort by accelerating sweat evaporation, with effective models delivering 4,000–8,000 CFM in larger spaces. Modern variable-speed drives enable efficiency gains following affinity laws: halving fan speed reduces power consumption to one-eighth, yielding up to 50% energy savings in partial-load scenarios compared to constant-speed operation.^[17]^[18] A 20% speed reduction can cut energy use by 50%, optimizing performance in fluctuating demand environments like HVAC.^[19]

Mechanical and structural applications

In centrifugal pumps, the impeller functions as a radial-flow device with blades resembling fan structures, imparting kinetic energy to fluids through rotational torque that increases both pressure and velocity as the fluid moves from the inlet eye to the periphery.^[20] This torque is generated via fluid dynamic forces acting on the blade surfaces, calculated by integrating pressure and shear contributions from the blades, hub, and shroud, enabling efficient energy transfer in applications like water supply systems where head rises can exceed 100 meters in multistage designs.^[21] Blade profiles, often backward-curved for stability, optimize torque by balancing centrifugal forces against fluid drag, with empirical designs showing hydraulic efficiencies up to 85% under matched impeller-motor torque-speed curves.^[22] Turbine blades, configured in axial or radial fan-like arrays, convert fluid momentum or pressure differentials into rotational torque perpendicular to the axis, driving generators in gas, steam, or hydraulic systems.^[23] In gas turbines, expanding hot gases accelerate through stationary vanes to impart torque on rotating blades, with material stresses managed via nickel alloys enduring temperatures over 1,500°C and rotational speeds up to 15,000 RPM.^[24] Propellers in marine or aeronautical engineering employ similar aerofoil-section blades to generate thrust torque from fluid interactions, following blade element momentum theory for optimizing lift-to-drag ratios and power coefficients around 0.4-0.5 in efficient designs.^[25] Fan trusses in structural engineering feature radial web members diverging from a central support, distributing loads across spans up to 30 meters by triangulating forces into axial tensions and compressions, ideal for roofs bearing snow loads exceeding 2 kN/m² or wind pressures.^[26] These configurations, often steel-fabricated, enhance material efficiency over parallel-chord trusses by 20-30% in weight for equivalent stiffness, as radial elements minimize bending moments through geometric dispersion.^[27] In industrial settings like cooling towers, mechanical fan drive systems—geared reducers and shafts—experience failure rates dominated by bearing wear and imbalance, with empirical data indicating mean times between failures of 5-7 years absent vibration monitoring, per standards like ISO 10816 for machinery protection.^[28]^[29]

Natural sciences

Biological structures

In marine environments, gorgonian corals, commonly known as sea fans, form colonies with a characteristic flattened, fan-like branching structure supported by a flexible internal axis of gorgonin and sclerites.^[30] This morphology positions polyps perpendicular to prevailing currents, maximizing surface area for suspension feeding on plankton and diffusive exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, as the colony's planarity reduces drag while enhancing nutrient capture efficiency.^[31] Natural selection favors such designs in flow-dominated habitats, where deviations from optimal orientation reduce polyp viability through diminished resource acquisition.^[32] Bivalve mollusks such as the stiff pen shell (Atrina rigida) exhibit obliquely fan-shaped valves, reaching lengths of up to 300 mm with radiating ribs that contribute to structural rigidity.^[33] This shell form facilitates semi-infaunal burrowing in soft sediments, with the fan orientation aligning inhalant and exhalant siphons to optimize filter feeding on suspended particles via ciliary action on lamellar gills.^[34] The biomechanical advantage lies in the increased aperture for water flow without compromising anchorage, as evidenced by byssal threads anchoring the concave valve downward, promoting survival under hydrodynamic stresses.^[35] Among gymnosperms, Ginkgo biloba possesses dichotomous, fan-shaped leaves unique to seed plants, with a broad lamina divided into segments that elevate surface area-to-volume ratio for photosynthetic gas exchange.^[36] This configuration, retained as the sole surviving gingkophyte species, supports efficient transpiration and CO₂ uptake in variable wind regimes, where the leaf's flexibility minimizes tearing while exposing stomata to airflow.^[36] Evolutionary persistence of this trait underscores adaptation to Mesozoic environments, with fossil analogs indicating early divergence around 170 million years ago under selection for light interception in forest understories.^[36]

Geological formations

Alluvial fans are depositional landforms consisting of unconsolidated sediments that radiate outward in a conical or fan-like pattern from a point source, typically where a sediment-laden stream emerges from a confined mountain canyon onto an adjacent basin floor. This morphology arises from the abrupt reduction in flow confinement and gradient, leading to hydraulic energy dissipation that promotes radial sediment spreading and aggradation rather than incision. In arid and semi-arid regions, such fans predominate due to infrequent but intense precipitation events that generate flash floods capable of transporting coarse debris from upland catchments.^[37] ^[38] ^[39] The primary formative processes involve gravity-driven sediment transport via debris flows, sheetfloods, and channelized fluvial action, with deposition governed by flow unsteadiness and decreasing transport capacity downslope. Proximal fan sectors near the apex feature steeper gradients (often 5-10 degrees) and coarser gravels from high-energy debris flows, transitioning distally to gentler slopes (1-5 degrees) with finer sands and silts as water velocity wanes and infiltration increases. Hydrological models, incorporating variables like discharge hydrographs and sediment grain-size distributions, demonstrate how episodic high-magnitude flows—rather than steady-state rivers—build fan volume through avulsion and lobe progradation, as evidenced by satellite-derived digital elevation models of arid fan surfaces. In Death Valley, California, extensive alluvial fans along the eastern mountain fronts, such as those sourced from volcanic terrains, exhibit elongated profiles with slopes averaging 2-4 degrees and finer-grained deposits, reflecting basinward sediment dispersal over Pleistocene timescales.^[37] ^[40] ^[41] Debris fans, distinct from purely fluvial alluvial fans, form through mass-wasting processes like landslides and rockfalls that deliver sediment to basin margins, often amplified by glacial meltwater in periglacial or formerly glaciated settings. These features accumulate as aprons of coarse, matrix-supported debris at gully mouths, where slope failure initiates hyperconcentrated flows that lose momentum upon reaching lower gradients, resulting in lobate deposits with embedded boulders up to several meters in diameter. Empirical studies of debris-flow deposits indicate fan slopes typically range from 3-8 degrees, with stability influenced by pore-water pressures and seismic triggering, as observed in high-relief alpine environments where glacial retreat exposes unstable talus. Examples include icy debris fans in glaciated valleys, where supraglacial melt combines with rock avalanche material to form sediment-ice mixtures that prograde onto forelands, contributing to glacier mass balance through slowed deglaciation rates documented via repeat lidar surveys.^[42] ^[43]^[44]

Computing and mathematics

Hardware and electronics

Computer cooling fans, typically axial designs mounted on heatsinks for CPUs and GPUs, actively circulate air to dissipate heat generated by high-power densities in modern processors, which can exceed 200 watts thermal design power (TDP).^[45] These fans feature brushless DC motors and operate within RPM ranges of 1000 to 3000 for balanced performance, though high-end models reach up to 5000 RPM under load to maintain temperatures below thermal limits.^[46] Noise output is measured in dBA, with quiet operation targeting under 25 dBA for idle states and up to 35 dBA at full speed, where levels above 30 dBA become audible in typical environments.^[47] Heat dissipation per 120 mm fan varies from 60 to 100 watts, contingent on airflow (CFM) and static pressure against obstructions like heatsink fins.^[48] The shift from passive cooling—relying solely on conductive heatsinks—to active fan-assisted systems accelerated in the 1990s as CPU clock speeds surpassed 100 MHz, generating insufficient dissipation via conduction alone and risking thermal runaway without forced convection.^[49] By the mid-1990s, integrated fan-heatsink units became standard on Intel and AMD processors, enabling higher TDPs but introducing mechanical wear factors like bearing degradation over time.^[50] Liquid cooling alternatives, often using radiator-mounted fans, emerged around 1996 for enthusiasts seeking superior dissipation (up to 300+ watts per loop), though they demand maintenance to prevent issues like coolant evaporation or blockages.^[51] Pulse-width modulation (PWM) standards, via 4-pin connectors defined in Intel specifications around 2004, enable precise speed control by varying duty cycles at 25 kHz frequencies, outperforming DC voltage regulation in efficiency by minimizing power draw at low loads and reducing acoustic noise through smoother operation.^[52]^[53] This allows dynamic response to temperature sensors, sustaining optimal airflow without constant high-speed operation that accelerates bearing wear. Dust accumulation on fan blades and heatsink surfaces obstructs airflow, elevating component temperatures by 10-20°C or more, which triggers thermal throttling—automatic clock speed reductions to avert damage—and shortens silicon lifespan via mechanisms like electromigration.^[54]^[55] Benchmarks indicate that maintaining sub-70°C averages under load via effective fan cooling extends CPU/GPU mean time between failures (MTBF) by mitigating thermal stress, with fans themselves exhibiting 2-5 year operational lifespans under continuous use before potential failure from lubricant dry-out or imbalance.^[56]^[57] Regular cleaning and PWM-optimized curves thus preserve both thermal margins and hardware durability.

Algorithms and data processing

In digital logic design, fan-out quantifies the maximum number of input loads that the output of a logic gate can drive while preserving signal integrity, typically defined in terms of standard gate loads. For TTL logic families, such as the 7400 series, fan-out is commonly 10 for both high and low output states, limited by output current sourcing/sinking capabilities and input impedance mismatches that degrade voltage levels or increase propagation delays.^[58]^[59] Excessive fan-out raises capacitive loading, slowing signal transitions and risking timing failures in high-speed circuits, prompting algorithmic optimizations like automated buffer insertion or gate resizing to enforce fan-out limits (e.g., targeting 4-5 loads per gate) during synthesis for reduced latency.^[60]^[61] In computational geometry, fan triangulation decomposes a polygon into triangles by selecting a central vertex and connecting it to all non-adjacent vertices, forming contiguous triangular sectors. This method suits convex polygons, where any vertex acts as the fan apex, enabling linear O(n construction via sequential edge additions without intersection checks.^[62] For mesh generation in computer graphics and simulations, fan triangulation provides a baseline for initial tesselation, though it yields elongated triangles prone to numerical instability; hybrid algorithms refine it toward balanced meshes, with general polygon triangulation inheriting Ω(n log n) lower bounds under algebraic models due to sorting-like preprocessing for reflex vertex handling.^[63] Mathematical fans in computational geometry represent radial assemblages of rays or segments from a focal point, underpinning data structures for spatial queries like visibility polygons and motion planning. In visibility algorithms, a fan of incremental rays (parameterized by angular resolution δθ) sweeps from the query point to delineate unobstructed sectors amid obstacles, enabling O(n log n) construction of visibility graphs for shortest paths.^[64] Applications extend to robotics, where fan expansions from a robot's position integrate with visibility-based planning to resolve local optima in dynamic environments, computing collision-free trajectories via tangent ray bundles that scale with obstacle complexity.^[65]^[66]

Fandom and society

Enthusiasts and cultural phenomena

The term "fan" refers to a devoted supporter or enthusiast of a sports team, performer, hobby, or cultural pursuit, originating as a late-19th-century abbreviation of "fanatic," a word entering English around 1520 from Latin fanaticus, denoting someone "inspired by a deity" or exhibiting frenzied devotion. This usage first appeared in American contexts for baseball enthusiasts circa 1889, reflecting organized spectator interest amid the sport's professionalization.^[67] By the early 20th century, it broadened to other domains, including organized football supporter groups in England, which emerged in the late 19th century alongside the Football Association's 1863 founding and the sport's shift to professional leagues.^[68] Psychological research identifies key motivations for fandom, including identity formation—where supporters derive personal meaning from group affiliation—and community bonding through shared rituals like attending events or online discussions.^[69] Empirical studies link these dynamics to improved social connectedness and self-esteem, as fans report higher well-being from collective experiences, though individual outcomes vary by engagement intensity.^[70] In surveys, such drivers manifest in participation rates; for instance, 37% of U.S. adults self-identify as sports fans, with many citing emotional investment and social ties as primary reasons.^[71] Fandom's societal role includes fostering large-scale communities, from hobbyist clubs (e.g., model train or comic book collectors forming national associations since the early 20th century) to mass events, without implying inherent rationality or excess. Economically, it sustains industries via attendance, subscriptions, and merchandise; global licensed sports apparel and gear generate $35 billion annually, while the broader sports sector contributes over $700 billion to worldwide GDP through fan-driven consumption.^[72]^[73] These figures underscore fandom's causal link to revenue, as loyalty translates to repeat purchases and event turnout, independent of media hype.^[74]

Representations in arts, entertainment, and media

In cinema, the obsessive fan has been depicted as a thriller archetype, often highlighting the dangers of unchecked admiration turning violent. The 1981 film The Fan, directed by Edward Bianchi and starring Lauren Bacall as Broadway actress Sally Ross, portrays a record store clerk named Douglas Breen who escalates from sending fan letters to murdering perceived rivals for her attention, adapting Bob Randall's 1977 novel of the same name.^[75] Similarly, the 2016 Indian thriller Fan, directed by Maneesh Sharma and featuring Shah Rukh Khan in dual roles as superstar Aryan Khanna and his lookalike devotee Gaurav Chandna, explores a fan's descent into impersonation and revenge after rejection at a fan meet.^[76] In music, "fan" appears thematically in band names and lyrics evoking enthusiasm or excess. The indie folk-rock band Fanfarlo, formed in 2006 in London by Swedish musician Simon Balthazar, draws its name from a literary term for exuberant storytelling, blending folk and post-punk elements in albums like Reservoir (2009).^[77] Songs addressing fandom dynamics include explorations of celebrity worship, though direct titles like "Fan" are rarer; for instance, tracks in wrestling-inspired albums reference fan interactions, as in Miles Kane's 2018 Coup de Grace, where wrestling fandom influences themes of finishing moves and audience passion.^[78] Literature and digital media represent fans through fanfiction, a practice originating in the 1960s with science fiction communities producing unauthorized extensions of source material. Star Trek fans pioneered modern fanfiction via zines in the late 1960s, creating stories expanding canon characters like Captain Kirk and Spock, which evolved into online platforms.^[79] The Archive of Our Own (AO3), launched in 2009 by the Organization for Transformative Works, hosts over 16 million fanworks as of 2025, encompassing fiction, art, and videos across 75,000 fandoms, serving as a nonprofit repository for fan-created content.^[80] Television and conventions feature fans as communal participants, with Star Trek media franchises depicting organized gatherings since the 1970s. The first major Star Trek convention occurred on January 21, 1972, in New York City, inspiring portrayals in later episodes and documentaries of fans engaging in cosplay, panels, and debates, which influenced broader media tropes of dedicated viewer communities.^[81] In video games, fans appear as environmental elements, such as cheering crowds in sports simulations like FIFA series titles, where audience reactions dynamically affect gameplay morale and atmosphere.^[82]

Controversies and criticisms of fandom

Fandom communities have drawn criticism for enabling toxic behaviors, particularly organized online harassment that enforces conformity and targets dissenters. The 2014 Gamergate episode in video game fandom involved sustained campaigns of doxxing, death threats, rape threats, and bomb threats against women such as developer Zoe Quinn and critic Anita Sarkeesian, escalating from debates over journalistic ethics into broader misogynistic attacks.^[83]^[84] Similar dynamics appear in music fandoms, where K-pop "stan wars" between supporter groups have resulted in cyberbullying, including racial slurs, death threats, and doxxing of rival fans, artists, and journalists perceived as disloyal.^[85]^[86] Psychological studies highlight how fandom echo chambers exacerbate these issues by promoting group polarization and emotional contagion, where homogeneous online interactions intensify extreme views and reduce tolerance for opposition.^[87]^[88] In TV and celebrity fandoms, this manifests as "patrolling" behaviors, where fans police opinions, leading to pile-ons against perceived heretics and amplifying parasocial attachments into real-world aggression.^[89] Political and sports fandoms extend this to offline violence; for example, soccer match days correlate with a 17% rise in violent crime, while post-championship riots, such as those after Super Bowl wins, have involved widespread assaults, property destruction, and fatalities driven by collective euphoria turning mob-like.^[90]^[91] Critiques from right-leaning observers emphasize fandom's role in suppressing dissent via cancel culture, where ideological fans weaponize social media to enforce orthodoxy, often overlooking the creator's contributions. J.K. Rowling faced such a backlash from Harry Potter enthusiasts after expressing views prioritizing biological sex over gender identity, prompting boycott calls, actor disavowals, and accusations of transphobia despite her foundational role in the series.^[92]^[93] Commercial exploitation compounds these harms, as industries capitalize on fans' devotion through inflated merchandise pricing and manipulative loyalty schemes, transforming voluntary enthusiasm into extractive labor that preys on vulnerability without reciprocal value.^[94] Mainstream media coverage, often biased toward minimizing fandom's downsides, underreports causal links to groupthink, privileging narratives of isolated incidents over empirical patterns of extremism.^[95]

People

Individuals with the surname Fan

Fan Bingbing (born 1981) is a Chinese actress and producer recognized for her roles in domestic films such as Cell Phone (2003) and international projects including X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014). In October 2018, Chinese authorities fined her 883 million yuan (approximately $129 million) for tax evasion, stemming from the use of dual "yin-yang" contracts to underreport income from a 2015 television series, leading to a temporary disappearance from public view and a five-year hiatus from major film roles.^[96]^[97] The scandal highlighted systemic issues in China's entertainment industry tax practices, with Fan repaying the penalties to avoid criminal charges.^[98] Fan Wei (born 2 September 1962) is a Chinese comedian, skit performer, and film actor, best known for his collaborations with Zhao Benshan in CCTV Spring Festival Gala sketches starting in 1995, which propelled his fame through rural character portrayals.^[99] He gained acclaim for his supporting role in the 2003 comedy Cell Phone, earning the Hundred Flowers Award for Best Supporting Actor, and later won the Golden Rooster Award for Best Actor for Back to 1942 (2012).^[100] In 2025, Fan received the Best Actor award at the Imagineindia International Film Festival for his performance in The Long Season.^[101] Fan Chung (born 1949), also known as Fan-Rong King Chung Graham, is a Taiwanese-American mathematician specializing in spectral graph theory, combinatorics, and their applications to computer science and physics.^[102] A distinguished professor at the University of California, San Diego since 1998, her research since the 1970s includes foundational work on random graphs and eigenvalues of graph Laplacians, with over 200 publications and citations exceeding 45,000.^[103]^[104] Chung's contributions extend to interdisciplinary problems, such as modeling internet structures and quantum walks.^[105]

Individuals with the given name or nickname Fan

Jiang Fan (born circa 1986) is a Chinese business executive known for his roles at Alibaba Group Holding. He joined the company in 2010 and advanced to senior positions, including president of its international e-commerce operations.^[106] In April 2020, Alibaba demoted him following an internal probe into alleged inappropriate workplace conduct, though specifics were not publicly detailed.^[107] By July 2023, amid organizational shifts prioritizing partnerships and growth, Jiang was reinstated to lead Alibaba International Digital Commerce Group as CEO, underscoring his expertise in cross-border e-commerce strategies.^[106] The given name Fan appears infrequently among globally prominent figures, with Jiang Fan representing a key example in contemporary business circles. In Chinese naming conventions, Fan as a given name derives from characters implying concepts like "sail" or "fan," but lacks widespread association with historical luminaries distinct from surname usage.^[108]

Places

Geographical and administrative locations

Fan County (Chinese: 范县; pinyin: Fàn Xiàn) is a county administered by Puyang City in northeastern Henan Province, China, bordering Shandong Province to the east across the Yellow River. Established in the early Western Han dynasty circa 200 BCE, the county spans 610 square kilometers at coordinates approximately 35.87°N 115.46°E and recorded a permanent resident population of 445,700 as of late 2024.^[109]^[110] The Fan River (Albanian: Lumi i Fanit) flows through northern Albania, originating from the confluence of its Great Fan (Fan i Madh) and Lesser Fan (Fan i Vogël) tributaries in the rugged terrain before joining larger waterways. Measuring 94 kilometers in length with a basin area of 1,080 square kilometers, it supports regional agriculture and hydrology in areas including Lezhë and Kurbin districts.^[111] Smaller localities named Fan include rural villages such as one in Alsheyevsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia, with a 2010 population of 108, and a locality in Southeast Maluku Regency, Indonesia; these lack significant administrative status or documentation beyond local mapping.^[112]^[113]

Military and weapons

Fan-shaped weaponry and tactics

In East Asian military history, folding hand fans served dual purposes as signaling tools and improvised weapons, with designs featuring reinforced ribs for parrying strikes or delivering blunt force impacts. These war fans, known as tessen in Japan, originated from Chinese folding fan traditions but evolved into combat implements by samurai during the feudal period, often incorporating iron or steel spokes to enhance durability against edged weapons. Historical records indicate their use for directing troop formations through gestural commands, as swords were sometimes prohibited in certain diplomatic or court settings, allowing fans to function as concealed defensive tools.^[114]^[115] Artillery tactics employing fan-like dispersion emerged prominently in the age of smoothbore cannons, where grapeshot—clusters of iron balls bound in canvas—disintegrated upon firing to project projectiles in a conical spread mimicking a giant shotgun pattern, optimized for close-range anti-infantry fire. Effective at distances under 300 meters, this dispersion maximized area coverage against massed formations, as demonstrated in Napoleon's 1795 defense of the Tuileries Palace, where grapeshot volleys dispersed protesters with high lethality due to the balls' unpredictable scatter and penetration. Declassified analyses of 19th-century field tests show dispersion angles widening to 20-30 degrees at 200 meters, yielding hit probabilities of 10-20% against exposed troops within 100 meters, though wind and barrel elevation influenced pattern consistency.^[116] Modern implementations include the M18A1 Claymore antipersonnel mine, developed in the 1950s and first deployed in Vietnam, which directs 700 steel spheres in a 60-degree horizontal fan-shaped arc extending 2 meters high and 50 meters wide at maximum effective range. Military field manuals specify this pattern achieves optimal lethality-area balance at 50 meters, with fragments retaining sufficient velocity for incapacitation beyond 100 meters, contributing to ambush countermeasures by denying avenues of approach. Combat evaluations from Vietnam-era operations report casualty rates exceeding 50% for exposed groups within the kill zone, underscoring the tactic's reliance on precise emplacement for causal effectiveness over random blast.^[117]^[118]

Other uses

Miscellaneous applications

In printing and crafting, fan-fold paper refers to continuous-feed stock with perforated accordion-style folds, designed for use in dot-matrix printers and label production to enable easy separation after printing.^[119] This format, often in sheets of 9.5 by 11 inches, supports high-volume output like invoices or shipping labels, with perforations allowing tear-off without scissors.^[120] In heraldry, a fan appears as a charge symbolizing a hand-held device for winnowing grain by creating airflow to separate chaff, typically depicted with the handle oriented toward the chief of the shield and no fixed tincture.^[121] Early crests incorporated fan-shaped ornaments, evolving from medieval European designs where the fan's outline supported sculptural elements atop the helm, as seen in post-13th-century armorial achievements.^[122] In scientific instrumentation, fan beams describe divergent laser or radiation patterns used in tomography for imaging gas concentrations or flames, such as tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) systems that project a collimated beam through a cylindrical lens across a measurement volume.^[123] These configurations enable simultaneous multi-point detection for reconstructing scalar properties like temperature in laminar fires via emission tomography.^[124]

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The pen shell (Atrina rigida) has two thin-walled, fan-shaped shells and is one of the largest bivalves (two shells) in the world, reaching lengths up to 10 ...Missing: gills | Show results with:gills
[34]
Atrina rigida - Bailey-Matthews National Shell Museum
Shell size to 300 mm; shell fan-shaped, triangular. Hinge area straight, representing larger side of triangle. Surface sculpture of about 15-25 narrow ribs ...
[35]
Stiff Pen Shell (Atrina rigida) - ThoughtCo
Mar 10, 2019 · Stiff pen shells can be up to 12" long and 6.5" wide. They are a brown or purplish-brown color and have 15 or more radiating ribs that fan out ...
[36]
Biology, Biological Diversity, Seed Plants, Gymnosperms - OERTX
Gingkophytes. The single surviving species of the gingkophytes group is the Gingko biloba (Figure). Its fan-shaped leaves—unique among seed plants because they ...<|separator|>
[37]
[PDF] Alluvial Fans in the Death Valley Region California and Nevada
Fans built of detritus from the volcanic rocks of the region are longer, more gently sloping, and built of finer grained debris than those derived from ...
[38]
[PDF] Processes and Forms of Alluvial Fans
Alluvial fans are a conspicuous conical landform commonly developed where a channel emerges from a mountainous catchment to an adjoining valley.
[39]
Geology and geomorphology of alluvial and fluvial fans
Alluvial and fluvial fans are the most widespread depositional landforms bordering the margins of long-lived highland regions and actively subsiding ...
[40]
Characterizing arid region alluvial fan surface roughness with ...
May 26, 2007 · We exploit the high resolution of ALSM-derived digital elevation models to quantify changes in alluvial fan surface roughness through time.
[41]
Alluvial Fans and Fan Deltas: Depositional Models for Some ...
Sep 20, 2019 · In arid regions, where fans are most common, principal processes include debris-flows, sieve deposition, and fluvial deposition. Processes are ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[42]
Landslide Types and Processes - USGS Publications Warehouse
Nov 29, 2016 · Debris-flow source areas are often associated with steep gullies, and debris-flow deposits are usually indicated by the presence of debris fans ...
[43]
Geomorphology of icy debris fans: Delivery of ice and sediment to ...
Jun 4, 2018 · Icy debris fans supplied significant ice and sediment to valley glaciers, slowing the rate of deglaciation. Results of this study have ...
[44]
[PDF] Periglacial debris-flow initiation and susceptibility and glacier ...
The initiation sites were found to occupy a restricted part of the four-dimensional space defined by mean and standard deviation of simulated glacial meltwater ...<|separator|>
[45]
GN Mega Charts: CPU Cooler Benchmarks & Comparisons
Dec 2, 2023 · We've tested dozens of CPU coolers. These GN Mega Charts include our air vs. liquid benchmarks & more. · CPU Thermals: AMD 200W Noise-Normalized ...
[46]
[SOLVED] - what is a good pc case fan RPM? - Tom's Hardware Forum
Oct 23, 2020 · Usually fans are anywhere between 1000-3000rpm, performance ones are usually north of 2000, and balanced ones are 1500-2000, while quieter ones ...What rpm would be normal for my cpu fan? - Tom's Hardware ForumWhat max rpm is good for case fans? - Tom's Hardware ForumMore results from forums.tomshardware.comMissing: dBA dissipation watts
[47]
A Guide To CPU Cooler Noise Levels - Tech4Gamers
Oct 7, 2023 · 30 dBA of noise is quite noticeable but not disruptive. Most cooler fans are rated 35 dBA at the highest, and that's at max RPM. If your CPU ...
[48]
Watercooling max heat dissipation - Cooling - Level1Techs Forums
Jul 2, 2025 · 60-100 W per 120 mm fan mount is a common assumption, depending on noise tolerance, ambient temperature, and loop characteristics.Missing: dBA | Show results with:dBA
[49]
A New System for Cooling Down Computers Could Revolutionize ...
Sep 16, 2020 · ... cooling. By the 1990s, fans and heat sinks were integrated into virtually all central processing units—the physical heart of the computer ...
[50]
Active vs passive cooling: Thermal management of electronic devices
Jan 31, 2020 · Discover the two main types of electronic cooling, passive and active, and learn how they operate in electronic devices.
[51]
The Evolution of the PC Cooling Waterblock - Overclockers
May 23, 2006 · Brief History Water-cooling started in the home based computer market roughly in 1996-98, give or take a couple years. There doesn't seem to be ...
[52]
Fan Speed Control Techniques in PCs - Analog Devices
With pulse-width modulation (PWM), maximum voltage is applied for controlled intervals (the duty cycle of a square wave, typically at 30 to 100 Hz). As this ...
[53]
What is PWM Fan and Why It's Crucial for Efficient Cooling Systems
Sep 19, 2024 · PWM stands for Pulse Width Modulation, and it's a technique used to control the speed of a fan. Unlike traditional fans that run at a constant speed.
[54]
https://www.pugetsystems.com/support/guides/preventative-maintenance-dust-buildup/
[55]
Impact of Dust on Desktop Performance: How to Clean and Maintain ...
Apr 8, 2025 · 1. Overheating and Thermal Throttling. Dust accumulation blocks air vents and clogs fans, leading to poor ventilation. This causes components ...
[56]
Question - Lower temps and longevity of components
Apr 26, 2025 · If the CPU generally stays below the allowed temperatures then that certainly could extend longevity in that higher temperaturers could be ...
[57]
Fan life expectancy on GFX cards | TechPowerUp Forums
Aug 13, 2019 · From experience over the years fans tend to fail after 2-5 years of use, it really depends how often they're running and how dusty they get.
[58]
ECE 394 Lab 1: Logic Gates and Logic Families - ECE Labs
Fan-outspecifies the number of standard loads that the output of a gate can drive without impairing its normal operation. A standard load is usually defined as ...
[59]
[PDF] EXPERIMENT 3: TTL AND CMOS CHARACTERISTICS
The lower value of the two fanout values determines the fanout of the gate. In the case of 7400 TTL logic, they are equal, but for some other types of. Page 3 ...
[60]
[PDF] BUFFERS, ISOLATION & PROTECTION OF OUTPUTS, and FAN-OUT
FAN-OUT is the output driving capability or output current capability of a logic gate. It may be necessary to connect more than one logic.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[61]
[PDF] Simultaneous Gate Sizing and Fanout Optimization - Coldflux
Abstract. This paper describes an algorithm for simultaneous gate sizing and fanout optimization along the timing-critical paths in a circuit.<|separator|>
[62]
[PDF] Flavor of Computational Geometry Polygon Triangulation
Every convex polygon may be triangulated as a "fan," with all diagonals share a common vertex which is denoted by the fan center, any vertex in a convex polygon ...
[63]
(PDF) Triangulation and shape-complexity - ResearchGate
Aug 9, 2025 · This paper describes a new method for triangulating a simple n-sided polygon. The algorithm runs in time O(n log s), with s≤n.<|separator|>
[64]
[PDF] visibility of point clouds and exploratory path planning in unknown ...
size of the fan δθ. In particular, we demonstrate how the quality of ... Ntafos, “Shortest watchman routes in simple polygons”, Descrete Computational Geometry,.
[65]
Computational morphology of debris and alluvial fans on irregular ...
... computational geometry: the visibility polygon algorithm. Starting from one or more initial fan apexes, the proposed algorithm iteratively generates fan ...
[66]
[PDF] A visibility graph based method for path planning in dynamic ...
dynamical environments (environments that change in time). Computational geometry is very important for solving motion ... Fan YangChao CaoH. ZhuJean OhJi ...
[67]
fan, n.² meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary
A fan or follower; (now) esp. an enthusiastic and committed supporter of a particular sport or team. Often in plural: such fans collectively. View in ...
[68]
From violent peasants to multi-million pound megastars: the history ...
The growth of Association Football in the late 19th century was remarkable. Amateur clubs sometimes linked to firms or churches, but more often reflecting ...
[69]
Fandom and Wellbeing – Exploring the Psychological Link
The analysis shows that fanship and fandom domains are positively correlated with psychological well-being factors like social connectedness, self-esteem, and ...
[70]
(PDF) Fandom and Wellbeing - Exploring the Psychological Link
This chapter delves into the intricate relationship between fanship, fandom, and psychological well-being, particularly among young adults.<|separator|>
[71]
Who is the Modern Sports Fan? - Sportradar
37% of Americans identify as sports fans and 36% discuss sports with others at least once weekly (Statista).
[72]
Global Licensed Sports Merchandise Market - Ken Research
Global licensed sports merchandise market valued at USD 35 billion, driven by sports popularity, e-commerce growth, and fandom. Key regions include US ($6 ...
[73]
How Sport Builds Economies and Inspires Global Investment
Oct 17, 2025 · Sports play a central role in the global economy, generating over $700 billion annually, around 1% of global GDP, according to the World Bank.
[74]
2025 sports industry outlook | Deloitte Insights
Feb 13, 2025 · Fan data can enhance current revenue streams, like ticketing and merchandising. Sports organizations can also use this data to enhance fan ...
[75]
The Fan (1981) - Turner Classic Movies - TCM
The Fan · Synopsis. Stage and screen star Sally Ross is the object of the affection of a psychotic fan named Douglas Breen. Breen has been writing obsessive ...Missing: summary | Show results with:summary
[76]
Fan (2016) - IMDb
Rating 6.8/10 (52,786) Fan: Directed by Maneesh Sharma. With Shah Rukh Khan, Shriya Pilgaonkar, Sayani Gupta, Waluscha De Sousa. A man named Gaurav is obsessed with Bollywood ...Plot · Full cast & crew · Shah Rukh Khan · User reviews
[77]
Fanfarlo: Music For Book Lovers - NPR
Sep 27, 2009 · The band was formed in 2006 by Swedish musician Simon Balthazar, who, along with violinist Cathy Lucas, recently spoke with NPR's Guy Raz.
[78]
Miles Kane Unwraps the Sonics and Stories of 'Coup de Grace'
Aug 9, 2018 · You've stated that you're a wrestling fan, and that the album and song title “Coup de Grace” refers to WWE star Finn Balor's signature finishing ...
[79]
From Star Trek to Fifty Shades: how fanfiction went mainstream
Aug 8, 2018 · What most of us would recognise as fanfiction began in the 1960s, when Star Trek fans started creating zines about Spock and Captain Kirk's ...
[80]
Home | Archive of Our Own
more than 75,040 fandoms | 9,434,000 users | 16,110,000 works. The Archive of Our Own is a project of the Organization for Transformative Works. With an AO3 ...Harry Potter - J. K. Rowling · TV Shows · Fandoms · Movies
[81]
https://www.facebook.com/groups/227079345953752/posts/1243849930943350/
[82]
Video Games: Fans as part of a participatory culture - Study Rocket
The game industry caters to the participatory culture of fans, often inviting input and feedback, enabling genuinely interactive experiences beyond gameplay.
[83]
What we still haven't learned from Gamergate - Vox
Jan 20, 2020 · Among these was Gamergate, the year-long harassment campaign from 2014 ... doxxing, death threats, rape threats, and bomb threats, some so ...
[84]
What was Gamergate – and why are we still talking about it?
Aug 5, 2024 · Quinn and others faced sustained misogynistic and sexual harassment, enduring everything from doxxing (exposing a user's real identity and ...
[85]
Stan Twitter Community Has a Harassment Problem, Stars Are Part ...
Sep 12, 2021 · He received emails and direct messages containing homophobic language, memes edited to show the artist holding a gun, and comments telling him ...
[86]
Cyberbullying by K-pop Fans Must Stop | by Raphael Rashid | Medium
Jun 17, 2022 · Examples of relentless cyberbullying by K-pop fans. (source). Intimidation, racial slurs, misogynistic comments, and outright death threats ...
[87]
The echo chamber effect on social media - PNAS
Feb 23, 2021 · Some studies point out echo chambers as an emerging effect of human tendencies, such as selective exposure, contagion, and group polarization ( ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[88]
Echo Chambers: Emotional Contagion and Group Polarization on ...
Dec 1, 2016 · Our findings show that communities' emotional behavior is affected by the users' involvement inside the echo chamber. Indeed, to an higher ...Missing: fandom | Show results with:fandom
[89]
Ohio State film experts analyze fandom culture and its psychological ...
like parasocial relationships going sour and the patrolling of certain people's opinions — stem from different ...
[90]
How much violence does football hooliganism cause? - ScienceDirect
Our main result shows that violent crime increases by 17 percent on a match day, with associated social costs of roughly 58 million euros annually.
[91]
It's Not Just Eagles Fans. Why Do People Riot After Super Bowl Wins?
Feb 6, 2025 · Experts agree that the bulk of the violence is instigated by men. To start, men make up a majority of sports fans, and a majority of violent ...
[92]
JK Rowling dismisses backlash over trans comments: 'I don't care ...
Feb 22, 2023 · Harry Potter author JK Rowling has said she is not concerned about how the backlash to her position on transgender issues will affect her legacy.
[93]
JK Rowling's journey from Harry Potter creator to gender-critical ...
Apr 18, 2025 · I was transphobic, I was a cunt, a bitch, a Terf, I deserved cancelling, punching and death.” The backlash included actors in the Potter ...Harry Potter · Starmer says he is proud of... · Caroline Davies · Maya Forstater
[94]
Fans and fanaticism: the vulnerability of devotion and sportswashing ...
Fanaticism turns sour when the devotion fans have for their team is systematically preyed upon and exploited to disastrous effect.
[95]
The Small but Mighty Danger of Echo Chamber Extremism - WIRED
Jan 20, 2023 · The Small but Mighty Danger of Echo Chamber Extremism. Research shows that relatively few people exist in perfectly sealed-off media bubbles ...
[96]
Fan Bingbing: Missing Chinese actress fined for tax fraud - BBC
Oct 3, 2018 · Chinese mega star Fan Bingbing has been fined around 883 million yuan ($129m; £98.9m) for tax evasion and other offences, authorities said ...
[97]
Fan Bingbing, China's Top Actress, Talks of Comeback After Scandal
Aug 2, 2019 · Fan had been fined nearly $70 million in unpaid taxes and penalties, while her eponymous studio was hit with a tax bill exceeding $60 million.
[98]
In Depth: Actress Fan Bingbing's Long Road Back From Tax Scandal
Oct 9, 2025 · Fan Bingbing, once China's top actress, faced a $129 million tax penalty in 2018, which led to her disappearance from the public eye and a major ...
[99]
Fan Wei - 范偉 - TMDB
Biography. Fan Wei is a Chinese skit, sitcom and film actor best known for his performances with Zhao Benshan and Gao Xiumin in CCTV New Year's Galas since 1995 ...
[100]
Fan Wei (范伟) - MyDramaList
Fan Wei is a Chinese skit and sitcom and film actor best known for his performances with Zhao Benshan in CCTV New Year's Galas since 1995.
[101]
Fan Wei wins Best Actor at Imagineindia 2025 |
Aug 19, 2025 · Fan was born in Dadong District of Shenyang, Liaoning, on 2 September 1962. His father was a publicity officer in a factory and his mother was a ...
[102]
Fan Chung Graham's Homepage
Fan Chung Graham (professional name: Fan Chung , Chinese name ) is a Distinguished Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at UC San Diego.
[103]
‪fan chung‬ - ‪Google Scholar‬
Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science, UC San Diego - ‪‪Cited by 45675‬‬ - ‪combinatorics‬ - ‪spectral graph theory‬
[104]
The Mathematical Life of Fan Chung
In 1971, Fan Chung was a promising graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania who had earned the highest marks on the qualifying exam.
[105]
Why the Key to a Mathematical Life is Collaboration
Jul 28, 2025 · Fan Chung has linked her mathematical work to problems in computer science, engineering and physics. In one case, she even drew a connection ...
[106]
Alibaba restores fallen star Jiang Fan in partnership as e-commerce ...
Jul 24, 2023 · Jiang Fan, the 37-year-old CEO of Alibaba Group Holding's international business unit, has cemented his status as one of the e-commerce ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[107]
Alibaba demotes top executive after probe into behaviour: source
Apr 27, 2020 · Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group Holding Ltd <BABA.N> has demoted Jiang Fan, one of its most senior executives, after an internal ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable<|separator|>
[108]
Fan - Baby Name, Origin, Meaning, And Popularity - Parenting Patch
Famous people named Fan Fan Bingbing is an actress and producer best known for Cell Phone, I Am Not Madame Bovary, and X-Men: Days of Future Past. Fan Zhang is ...
[109]
范县简介-范县人民政府
Apr 6, 2023 · 2020年2月26日，经河南省人民政府批准，范县退出贫困县序列，正式脱贫摘帽。 ... 人口. 44.57万人（2024年底常住人口）. 行政代码. 410926. 方言. 中原官话. 下 ...
[110]
范县地图-范县人民政府
Jun 22, 2020 · 2019年，面积为617平方公里，人口56万，耕地面积54万亩。地理位置在东经115.46°，北纬35.87°。
[111]
Main Rivers – Albania Travel & Vacation
Main Rivers: Drin River, Devoll River, Vjosa River, Shkumbin River, Osum River, Mat River, Erzen River, Fan River, Seman River, Drino River.
[112]
Urnyak Map - Hamlet - Bashkortostan, Russia - Mapcarta
Fan is a rural locality in Kazansky Selsoviet, Alsheyevsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 108 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Fan is ...
[113]
Fan Map - Locality - Southeast Maluku Regency, Indonesia - Mapcarta
Fan is a locality in Southeast Maluku Regency, Indonesia. Fan is situated nearby to the village Langgur, as well as near the locality Koiseer.
[114]
The Samurai War Fan | KCP International Japanese Language School
Feb 18, 2016 · The Samurai or Japanese war fan was specifically designed for warfare during the feudal era of Japan. The art of fighting with war fans is called tessenjutsu.
[115]
A Japanese Fan Became a Deadly Weapon in the Right Hands
The Tessen, a Japanese war fan, was one of the commonplace items that was disguised as a harmless accessory during feudal Japan.
[116]
Civil War Artillery - Military History - WarHistory.org
Nov 10, 2015 · When grapeshot was fired, the shock of the blast disintegrated the cloth wrapping and dispersed the shot in a scattered pattern along its ...
[117]
M18 Claymore
Jan 5, 1999 · The optimum effective range (the range at which the most desirable balance is achieved between lethality and area coverage) is 50 meters.
[118]
M18A1 Claymore American Anti-Personnel Mine
Aug 7, 2024 · The steel balls are projected in a 60° fan-shaped pattern that is 6.5 feet (2.0 m) high and 50 m (55 yd) wide at a range of 50 m (55 yd).
[119]
What is Fanfold Paper? - Computer Hope
Feb 21, 2025 · Fanfold paper is specially manufactured paper for use with a continuous feed printer. Its pages are attached by perforated folds and separated by tearing.
[120]
FirstZi Blank 9.5x11 Inches Continuous Feed Computer Paper ...
30-day returnsFirstZi Blank 9.5x11 Inches Continuous Feed Computer Paper Fanfold for Dot Matrix Printers, 1000 Count per Box, White 1 Part, Margin Perforated, Perfect for ...
[121]
Fan - Traceable Heraldic Art
A hand-held breeze-maker used to separate grains of wheat from their accompanying chaff. Default orientation: handle to chief. No proper coloration.
[122]
[PDF] THE COAT OF ARMS - The Heraldry Society
They became the norm only after 1340. Crests tended to be fan-shaped, and did not serve as underliers for arms until after 1327. There exist early examples of ...
[123]
Development of a fan-beam TDLAS-based tomographic sensor for ...
Aug 18, 2015 · This work aims to develop a fan-beam tomographic sensor using tunable diode lasers that can simultaneously image temperature and gas ...
[124]
[PDF] FAN BEAM EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY FOR LAMINAR FIRES
Based on the above, the objective of this work was to develop a fan beam emission tomography system to obtain the local scalar properties such as temperature ...