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Intercity 2

The Intercity 2 (IC2) is a fleet of double-deck trains operated by Deutsche Bahn for intercity passenger services across Germany, designed to provide enhanced capacity and comfort on medium-distance routes.^[1] Introduced in December 2015 to replace aging single-deck Intercity coaches, the IC2 trains feature two levels of seating with generous legroom, panoramic views from the upper deck, and amenities such as onboard trolley service for snacks and drinks, family zones with play areas, power sockets at seats, Wi-Fi access, and air conditioning throughout.^[1]^[2] The IC2 fleet comprises two main variants: the locomotive-hauled Class 146/147 sets, consisting of 54 five-car Bombardier Twindexx Vario double-deck trains powered by electric locomotives (such as the Class 146), each offering 461 seats, a length of 135 meters, a weight of 270 tons, and a maximum speed of 160 km/h; and the electric multiple-unit Class 4110 sets, with 9 shorter four-car trains providing 295 seats, measuring 100 meters long, weighing 218 tons, and capable of reaching 200 km/h.^[1]^[3] These trains emphasize sustainability, running on 100% green electricity and consuming 20% less energy than their predecessors, while operating on key routes such as the Dresden–Berlin–Rostock line since March 2020, connecting regions like Saxon Switzerland and the Baltic Sea coast.^[1] Despite their modern design and increased passenger capacity—up to twice that of traditional Intercity trains—the IC2 has faced some criticism for its regional-express-like performance on certain lines and occasional comfort issues in second class, though first-class sections are generally praised for spaciousness and quiet environments.^[2] Overall, the IC2 represents Deutsche Bahn's effort to modernize its Intercity network with efficient, eco-friendly double-deck rolling stock tailored for Germany's dense rail corridors.^[1]

Overview

Concept and Purpose

Intercity 2 (IC2) is a branded long-distance train service operated by Deutsche Bahn (DB), featuring double-deck rolling stock specifically designed for medium-distance routes spanning up to approximately 400 km. Launched in December 2015, IC2 represents the second generation of DB's Intercity trains, aimed at enhancing connectivity on conventional rail lines where maximum speeds are typically limited to 160-200 km/h due to infrastructure constraints.^[1]^[4] The primary purpose of IC2 is to modernize DB's aging Intercity fleet by introducing efficient double-decker configurations that replace older single-deck coaches, thereby expanding the network to include secondary cities and improving regional accessibility. This initiative addresses growing passenger demand on non-high-speed corridors previously underserved by premium services, offering a cost-effective alternative to full-speed Intercity Express (ICE) operations without requiring extensive infrastructure upgrades. For instance, IC2 trains provide up to 461 seats per set, enabling higher capacity on routes like Dresden-Berlin-Rostock while maintaining operational flexibility. As of mid-2025, the fleet has been expanded with additional trains to meet growing demand.^[5]^[1]^[6]^[7] Strategically, IC2 forms a key component of DB's broader fleet modernization efforts to accommodate rising ridership on conventional lines, emphasizing environmental sustainability through fully electric traction powered by 100% green electricity and achieving approximately 20% lower energy consumption compared to predecessor models. By prioritizing high-capacity transport on these routes, IC2 supports DB's goals of efficient resource use and reduced emissions in long-distance rail services.^[1]^[8]

Service Characteristics

Intercity 2 (IC2) services operate as part of Deutsche Bahn's long-distance network under DB Fernverkehr, providing reliable connections on medium-distance routes across Germany with frequencies typically ranging from hourly to every two hours on core lines such as Dresden–Berlin–Rostock.^[1]^[4] This scheduling allows for efficient integration with high-speed Intercity-Express (ICE) and legacy Intercity 1 (IC1) trains, where onboard information screens display upcoming connection details to facilitate seamless transfers at major stations.^[2] Ticketing for IC2 follows Deutsche Bahn's standard long-distance options, including the flexible Flexpreis fare, discounted Sparpreis, and Super Sparpreis advance-purchase tickets, all eligible for 25% or 50% reductions with a BahnCard.^[9]^[2] Reservations are optional but recommended, costing €5.50 in second class or €6.90 in first class (as of June 2025), and can be added during booking.^[10] Bicycle transport is standard on these double-deck trains, requiring a €9 day ticket and advance reservation for dedicated spaces, while small pets (up to cat size) travel free in carriers, and larger dogs require a half-fare ticket without occupying seats.^[11]^[12]^[2] IC2 trainsets emphasize capacity and comfort, accommodating up to 461 passengers across double-deck configurations with spacious open-plan seating, generous legroom, and upper-deck views that enhance the travel experience.^[1]^[13] Key features include dedicated quiet zones for undisturbed travel, phone zones for calls, and family areas equipped with toddler spaces, positioning IC2 as a versatile option for both business and leisure passengers on regional express routes.^[2]^[1] Economically, IC2 offers lower standard Flexpreis fares compared to ICE services on overlapping routes, making it an attractive choice for cost-conscious travelers while maintaining comparable amenities like power sockets at every seat and trolley service.^[14] This pricing model targets a broad audience, including commuters and tourists seeking efficient, eco-friendly journeys powered entirely by renewable energy.^[1]

History

Development and Procurement

The development of Intercity 2 (IC2) originated from Deutsche Bahn's (DB) strategic initiative in the late 2000s to modernize its aging long-distance fleet, which included outdated Intercity coaches facing increasing capacity demands and reliability issues.^[15] In response, DB launched a tender process around 2010 for high-capacity double-deck rolling stock to enhance efficiency on key routes.^[16] In January 2011, DB awarded Bombardier Transportation a €362 million contract as part of a broader framework agreement to supply 137 Twindexx double-deck coaches, including cab and intermediate cars with high- and low-floor entrances, along with 27 Traxx P160 AC electric locomotives, forming the core of the IC2 push-pull trains.^[16] Deliveries began in 2015 and continued into 2020, though acceptance of the remaining units was halted in February 2020 due to reliability issues such as excessive wear and technical faults, ultimately enabling the formation of 42 IC2 trainsets (with 17 completed by then) to address immediate capacity shortages in DB's Fernverkehr division.^[15]^[17] To accelerate fleet expansion amid ongoing delays in new-build deliveries, DB pursued an interim solution in 2020 by acquiring 17 second-hand Stadler KISS double-deck electric multiple units from the Austrian open-access operator Westbahn.^[18] The purchase agreement, finalized in July 2019, involved refurbishment and repainting in DB livery, with 9 four-car units entering IC2 service starting March 2020 to bridge capacity gaps on high-demand lines.^[19] This acquisition formed part of DB's €8.5 billion long-distance fleet renewal investment, prioritizing rapid deployment over new manufacturing.^[20] However, in May 2025, DB sold the 17 KISS units to ÖBB, which integrated them into its long-distance services.^[13]

Introduction and Early Operations

The Intercity 2 (IC2) service launched in December 2015 as Deutsche Bahn's initiative to modernize its long-distance fleet with double-deck rolling stock, replacing older single-level coaches to boost capacity on busy corridors. The debut involved nine Bombardier Twindexx Vario push-pull trainsets, each consisting of five cars, deployed on the Leipzig–Hannover–Norddeich Mole route with daily diagrams supporting multiple return trips. This initial rollout focused on northern German lines, providing up to 461 seats per set and emphasizing accessibility features like low-floor entry for passengers with reduced mobility.^[21]^[22] By 2016, the IC2 had integrated into the broader Intercity network, expanding to additional routes such as Cologne–Dresden and Hannover–Leipzig to meet growing demand. The fleet grew with more Twindexx units entering service, enabling rapid scaling to over 20 daily trains across multiple lines by 2017, supported by framework agreements for further procurement. Early operations, however, encountered teething issues, including certification delays that postponed the launch from 2013 and reports of excessive side-to-side swaying at speeds above 140 km/h on certain tracks, attributed to wheel-rail interactions and suspension tuning; these were addressed through collaborative adjustments by Deutsche Bahn and Bombardier.^[23]^[24]^[25] A key milestone came in March 2020, when nine Stadler KISS electric multiple units joined the IC2 fleet on the Dresden–Berlin–Rostock route, coinciding with post-pandemic recovery efforts to restore passenger confidence and volume. These self-propelled double-deck trains offered 295 seats each and up to 200 km/h speeds, but faced initial hurdles with European Train Control System (ETCS) compatibility, delaying their certification and deployment on cross-border routes to Switzerland until 2022.^[1] In its formative years, the IC2 contributed to revitalizing intercity travel, with DB long-distance passenger numbers reaching a record 142 million in 2017.^[26]

Rolling Stock

Bombardier Twindexx

The Bombardier Twindexx Vario double-deck coaches serve as the primary rolling stock for Deutsche Bahn's Intercity 2 (IC2) services, consisting of non-powered intermediate and cab control cars hauled in push-pull mode by Class 146 or 147 electric locomotives. A standard IC2 formation includes five cars: one cab control car at the trailing end and four intermediate cars offering a mix of first- and second-class open-plan seating for approximately 460 passengers, without a dedicated dining facility.^[3] Deutsche Bahn placed an initial order in late 2010 for 27 five-car Twindexx Vario sets to modernize its long-distance fleet, followed by an additional order for 25 sets in March 2017 under framework agreements dating back to 2008 and 2013. This resulted in a total fleet of 270 cars (54 sets), delivered progressively from 2014 to 2019, with the modular Vario design enabling adaptable configurations such as varying class distributions and bicycle storage to suit intercity demands.^[27]^[28] Key features of the Twindexx coaches include spacious open-plan interiors with ergonomic seating and generous legroom, expansive panoramic windows on the upper deck for improved visibility, and built-in accessibility ramps facilitating entry for passengers with reduced mobility. The cars are fitted with electric heating and air-conditioning systems throughout, supporting a maximum speed of 160 km/h while maintaining energy efficiency in electrified networks.^[1]^[29] These coaches entered revenue service in December 2015, forming the mainstay of the IC2 fleet and operating the majority of its routes, with ongoing maintenance managed through Deutsche Bahn's specialized facilities to support reliable push-pull operations. Unlike the self-propelled Stadler KISS units, the loco-hauled Twindexx sets provide comparable capacity but leverage existing locomotive infrastructure for flexibility.^[18]

Stadler KISS

The Stadler KISS double-deck electric multiple units (EMUs) served as interim rolling stock for Deutsche Bahn's Intercity 2 (IC2) services, acquired second-hand from Austrian operator WESTbahn in 2019 to address immediate capacity needs during the delayed rollout of primary Bombardier Twindexx coaches. The fleet comprised 17 units: 10 four-car sets designated Class 4110 and seven six-car sets designated Class 4010, all self-propelled with distributed traction and a maximum operating speed of 200 km/h. Refurbished for German IC operations, these lightweight aluminum-bodied trains featured modular designs optimized for high passenger volumes on regional and intercity routes. As of November 2025, all KISS units have been transferred to ÖBB and are no longer part of the DB IC2 fleet.^[30]^[20] Configuration emphasized accessibility and versatility, with low-floor entrances at 570 mm height facilitating barrier-free boarding for passengers with reduced mobility, bicycles, or luggage. The four-car Class 4110 units were equipped exclusively with second-class seating, while the six-car Class 4010 units offered a mix of first- and second-class accommodations, including 60 first-class seats across approximately 480 total seats per set. Dedicated bike areas accommodated up to eight bicycles, complemented by onboard Wi-Fi, power outlets at every seat, and spacious luggage storage to enhance passenger comfort.^[31]^[18]^[32] Introduced in March 2020, the KISS units initially operated on eastern IC2 routes, including Dresden–Berlin–Rostock, to boost capacity on high-demand lines amid the Twindexx delays. Service expanded in December 2022 when six-car sets entered the Stuttgart–Singen–Zürich corridor, supplanting locomotive-hauled formations and navigating ETCS Level 2 signaling challenges on cross-border sections. Equipped with ETCS onboard systems, the trains integrated into upgraded infrastructure but faced operational hurdles during initial deployment.^[18]^[32] Persistent maintenance challenges and escalating costs prompted divestment, with the fleet listed for sale in January 2025. By May 2025, all 17 units were sold to Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB) for redeployment on domestic long-distance services, completing the phase-out by mid-year and reducing DB's KISS holdings to zero. These EMUs had functioned as a critical stopgap, supporting IC2 network growth until sufficient Twindexx capacity was achieved.^[33]^[13]

Operations

Routes and Network

The Intercity 2 (IC2) network forms a key component of Deutsche Bahn's long-distance rail services, focusing on conventional lines rather than high-speed corridors dedicated to ICE trains. As of 2025, the IC2 operates on multiple bi-directional routes across Germany, serving mid-sized cities and regional hubs with stops designed to enhance connectivity in eastern and western areas. Core routes include the Dresden–Leipzig–Halle–Magdeburg–Braunschweig–Hannover–Bielefeld–Dortmund–Wuppertal–Köln–Bonn–Koblenz–Mainz–Frankfurt (Main) line, which spans from Saxony to the Rhineland and integrates stops in central Germany. Another prominent route runs from Dresden via Berlin to Rostock, linking the Saxon Switzerland region, Mecklenburg lakes, and the Baltic Sea coast.^[2]^[1] Additional representative IC2 services cover connections such as Karlsruhe–Stuttgart–Crailsheim–Nürnberg–Bamberg–Jena Paradies–Leipzig, providing east-west links through Bavaria and Thuringia, and Köln–Düsseldorf–Duisburg–Gelsenkirchen–Münster–Rheine–Leer–Emden, serving the Ruhr area and Lower Saxony's northwest. The network totals over a dozen lines, emphasizing non-high-speed infrastructure with maximum speeds of 160 km/h to complement ICE services on parallel paths. Following the sale of all 17 Stadler KISS double-decker units to ÖBB in May 2025, operations have shifted exclusively to Bombardier Twindexx formations, prompting adjustments to maintain service levels on these routes without expanding into new territories.^[2]^[13] Schedules for IC2 trains typically operate every two hours on most lines, with combined ICE/IC frequencies reaching up to every 30 minutes during peak hours on busy segments like Hannover–Berlin or Köln–Hannover. Seasonal extensions enhance access to tourist destinations, such as additional services along the Baltic coast route to Rostock during summer months to accommodate demand for beach and lake travel. These timetables support bi-directional travel, allowing flexible connections between urban centers and intermediate stops in mid-sized cities like Magdeburg, Bielefeld, and Crailsheim.^[1]^[34] Integration with Deutsche Bahn's broader system occurs seamlessly at major hubs including Berlin, Leipzig, Hannover, Köln, and Frankfurt, where IC2 trains link directly to ICE services for high-speed extensions to destinations like Munich or Hamburg. Cross-border operations remain limited, with no extensions to Switzerland or other neighbors following the 2025 timetable refinements, focusing instead on domestic coverage to optimize capacity post-fleet changes.^[35]^[13]

Passenger Experience and Amenities

The Intercity 2 (IC2) trains provide a spacious onboard environment leveraging their double-deck configuration, which enhances passenger comfort on medium-distance routes. Seating arrangements feature open-plan saloons on both upper and lower decks, with 2+2 abreast layouts offering generous legroom and panoramic views from the upper level. First-class sections include dedicated business zones with wider seats and more privacy, while family compartments on select cars provide ample space for children and strollers, allowing undisturbed travel for groups.^[1]^[2] Amenities emphasize practicality without a full dining car, featuring a catering trolley that circulates on the lower deck to serve hot and cold drinks, snacks, and light meals directly to seats. Restrooms are available on the lower deck for easy access, and vending machines are not standard but can be found at major stations for pre-boarding needs. Accessibility features include wheelchair spaces, accessible toilets, and onboard ramps or lifts for passengers with reduced mobility. Free Wi-Fi is available across the IC2 fleet as of 2025.^[2]^[36]^[37] Power outlets compatible with standard EU two-pin plugs are provided at all seats in both classes, supporting device charging throughout the journey. Designated quiet zones promote a serene atmosphere by prohibiting phone calls and loud conversations, with reservable seats to ensure availability. Pet policies align with Deutsche Bahn standards, permitting small animals (up to cat size) to travel free in carriers, while larger dogs require a ticket and must remain leashed, though no dedicated pet areas are available onboard.^[4]^[2]^[12] Passenger feedback highlights the IC2's strengths in spatial comfort and views, often praising the double-deck design for a more enjoyable ride compared to single-level predecessors, though some note limitations in dining variety addressed through the trolley service. Overall satisfaction focuses on reliability and modern touches like Wi-Fi, contributing to positive experiences on core routes despite occasional criticisms of the basic food offerings.^[3]^[2]

Technical Aspects

Design Features

The Intercity 2 (IC2) trains employ a bi-level double-deck structure consisting of open-plan cars that maximize passenger capacity while providing enhanced views and space utilization. These trains utilize lightweight aluminum construction for the car bodies, which contributes to energy efficiency by reducing overall weight—intermediate coaches weigh approximately 50 tons and driving coaches around 52 tons—allowing for lower energy consumption during operations. The upper deck is designed with optimized height to offer panoramic views, accessed via brightly lit staircases that ensure safe navigation between levels.^[29]^[38] Interior design in IC2 trains emphasizes modularity and comfort through flexible seating systems that can be reconfigured for different needs, complemented by energy-efficient LED lighting throughout the cars. Climate control is zoned to maintain optimal temperatures across decks, achieving up to 30% energy savings compared to traditional systems, while insulated floors and pressure-resistant elements minimize noise and vibrations for a quieter ride. These features create an open, airy environment with large windows that enhance the travel experience on both decks.^[29]^[38]^[1] Accessibility is a core aspect of IC2 design, featuring low-entry thresholds at 600 mm above the top of rail and wide door openings—1,300 mm at low levels and 1,890 mm at high levels—to facilitate easy boarding for passengers with reduced mobility. Wide aisles and advanced sliding steps further support inclusive access, alongside audio-visual announcement systems for real-time information. The trains fully comply with European Union Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI) standards, ensuring barrier-free design across the fleet.^[29]^[38] Sustainability is integrated into the IC2 trains through the use of recyclable materials in construction and the incorporation of regenerative braking systems, which recover energy during deceleration to reduce overall power usage by up to 50% via advanced technologies like permanent magnet motors. These elements, combined with eco-friendly climatization, support a design lifespan exceeding 30 years, promoting long-term environmental and economic viability in intercity services.^[29]^[38]^[1]

Performance and Safety

The Intercity 2 (IC2) trains are engineered for efficient intercity operations, with performance specifications that balance speed, acceleration, and energy efficiency. The Bombardier Twindexx double-deck sets, hauled by Class 146 or 147 locomotives, operate at a top speed of 160 km/h, while the Stadler KISS multiple units achieve up to 200 km/h on compatible routes. Acceleration capabilities reach up to 1.2 m/s² for Twindexx variants and 1.1 m/s² for KISS sets, enabling quick starts in urban sections and maintaining momentum on regional lines.^[29]^[38] Energy consumption for IC2 trains aligns with broader Deutsche Bahn intercity standards at approximately 0.022 kWh per seat-km, representing a 20% reduction compared to predecessor models through optimized aerodynamics and electric propulsion systems powered by 100% green electricity.^[39]^[1] Safety is integrated into the core design of IC2 rolling stock, incorporating advanced control systems and structural protections. Both Twindexx and KISS trains are equipped with crash-optimized end structures compliant with EU Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI), which absorb impact energy to protect passengers and crew while minimizing repair costs. Fire-resistant materials in interiors and cabling meet EN 45545 standards for rail vehicle fire safety, reducing smoke propagation and toxicity in emergencies. On select international routes, particularly those interfacing with Switzerland, ETCS Level 2 is implemented alongside Germany's national Automatic Train Control (LZB) systems to prevent collisions and enforce speed limits via continuous radio-based supervision.^[40]^[41]^[1] Reliability of IC2 trains is supported by rigorous maintenance protocols, achieving high fleet availability through data-driven approaches. Predictive analytics monitor components in real-time using IoT sensors for vibration, temperature, and wear detection. This enables condition-based interventions.^[42] Ongoing updates incorporate digital signaling enhancements, such as ETCS baseline 3 integration, to support future network expansions and ensure compatibility with evolving European rail interoperability requirements.^[43]

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